不同年型下冬小麦适宜播期及密度研究
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摘要
为探索气候变化背景下的小麦适宜播期和密度,明确不同年型下不同播期和密度对小麦群体性状和产量的影响,以1951—2015年泰安地区的气象数据为基础,根据冬前积温划分出不同年型,并利用DSSAT模型进行不同播期(10月3日、10月8日、10月13日、10月18日、10月23日、10月28日)和密度(每公顷分别为150万、180万、210万、240万、270万、300万)下的小麦生长模拟。结果表明:偏暖年型,该地冬小麦最适播期在10月13日左右,正常年型最适播期在10月8日左右,偏冷年型在10月3日左右;在一定种植密度范围内,小麦产量随密度增大而增加,适宜密度(基本苗)为300万/hm~2;小麦总茎数和叶面积指数随播期推迟和密度减少而减少;各播期下小麦总茎数均表现为偏暖年型﹥正常年型﹥偏冷年型。偏冷年型小麦总茎数随密度增大而增多,偏暖和正常年型低密度条件下小麦通过调节作用也可获得较高的总茎数。播期、密度对产量、穗粒数和单位面积穗数的影响均达极显著;年型与播期的交互作用对穗粒数和千粒重影响极显著,对产量和穗数影响显著;播期与密度的交互作用对产量的影响达显著水平。
In order to explore the optimal sowing date and appropriate planting density of wheat under the background of climate change, the effects of different sowing date and planting density on the population traits and yield of wheat under different year types were studied. Based on the meteorological data of Taian region from 1951 to 2015, different year types were classified according to the pre-winter accumulated temperature. The DSSAT model was used to simulate wheat growth at different sowing dates(October 3 rd, October 8 th, October 13 th, October 18 th, October 23 th, October 28 th) and densities(1.5 million/hm~2, 1.8 million/hm~2, 2.1 million/hm~2, 2.4 million/hm~2, 2.7 million/hm~2 and 3.0 million/hm~2). The results showed that the best sowing date for winter wheat was around October 13 th in warm years, October 8 th in normal year and October 3 th in cold years. In a certain planting density range, the wheat yield increased with the increase of planting density, the optimum density was 3.0 million/hm~2. The total stem number and leaf area index of wheat decreased with the delay of sowing date and the decrease of density. Under each sowing date, the total number of wheat stems presented as warm years﹥normal years﹥cold years. In cold years, the total stem numbers of wheat increased with the increase of density, while in warm or normal years, that might be high by self-regulation under low density. There was very significant difference in yield under different sowing time and densities as well as in grain number and panicle number per unit area. The grain number per ear and thousand-seed weight were influenced extremely significantly and the yield and panicle number were influenced significantly by interaction between year type and sowing date. The interaction between sowing date and density had a significant effect on yield.
In order to explore the optimal sowing date and appropriate planting density of wheat under the background of climate change, the effects of different sowing date and planting density on the population traits and yield of wheat under different year types were studied. Based on the meteorological data of Taian region from 1951 to 2015, different year types were classified according to the pre-winter accumulated temperature. The DSSAT model was used to simulate wheat growth at different sowing dates(October 3 rd, October 8 th, October 13 th, October 18 th, October 23 th, October 28 th) and densities(1.5 million/hm~2, 1.8 million/hm~2, 2.1 million/hm~2, 2.4 million/hm~2, 2.7 million/hm~2 and 3.0 million/hm~2). The results showed that the best sowing date for winter wheat was around October 13 th in warm years, October 8 th in normal year and October 3 th in cold years. In a certain planting density range, the wheat yield increased with the increase of planting density, the optimum density was 3.0 million/hm~2. The total stem number and leaf area index of wheat decreased with the delay of sowing date and the decrease of density. Under each sowing date, the total number of wheat stems presented as warm years﹥normal years﹥cold years. In cold years, the total stem numbers of wheat increased with the increase of density, while in warm or normal years, that might be high by self-regulation under low density. There was very significant difference in yield under different sowing time and densities as well as in grain number and panicle number per unit area. The grain number per ear and thousand-seed weight were influenced extremely significantly and the yield and panicle number were influenced significantly by interaction between year type and sowing date. The interaction between sowing date and density had a significant effect on yield.
引文
[1] 冯玉香,何维勋,孙忠富,等. 我国冬小麦霜冻害的气候分析[J]. 作物学报,1999, 25(3):335-340.
[2] 申玉香,陶红,王海洋,等. 气候变暖对沿海地区小麦生长的影响[J]. 江苏农业科学,1999(6): 18-21.
[3] 代立芹,李春强,姚树然,等. 气候变暖背景下河北省冬小麦冻害变化分析[J]. 中国农业气象,2010,31(3):467-471.
[4] 郜庆炉,薛香,梁云娟,等. 暖冬气候条件下调整小麦播种期的研究[J]. 麦类作物学报,2002,22(2):46-50.
[5] 河南省小麦高稳优低研究推广协作组. 小麦生态与生产技术[M]. 郑州:河南科学技术出版社,1986:150-164.
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[7] 张明明,董宝娣,乔匀周,等. 播期、播量对旱作小麦‘小偃60’生长发育、产量及水分利用的影响[J]. 中国生态农业学报,2016,24(8):1095-1102.
[8] 杨卫君,贾永红,石书兵,等. 播期和密度对春小麦品种新春26号生长及产量的影响[J]. 麦类作物学报,2016,36(7):913-918.
[9] 李素真,周爱莲,王霖,等. 不同播期播量对不同类型超级小麦产量构成因子的影响[J]. 山东农业科学,2005(5):12-15.
[10] 胡焕焕,刘丽平,李瑞奇,等. 播种期和密度对冬小麦品种河农822产量形成的影响[J]. 麦类作物学报,2008,28(3):490-495,501.
[11] 余泽高,覃章景,李力. 小麦不同播期生长发育特性及若干性状的研究[J]. 湖北农业科学,2003(5):24-27.
[12] 李豪圣,宋健民,刘爱峰,等. 播期和种植密度对超高产小麦‘济麦22’产量及其构成因素的影响[J]. 中国农学通报,2011,27(5):243-248.
[13] 杨洪宾,徐成忠,王晓英,等. 济宁地区小麦冬前苗情评估体系及其适宜指标[J]. 山东农业科学,2011(5):42-45.
[14] 王夏,胡新,孙忠富,等. 不同播期和播量对小麦群体性状和产量的影响[J]. 中国农学通报,2011,27(21):170-176.
[15] 刘莹,唐清,王立峰,等. 播期和密度对襄麦D31籽粒产量及品质的影响[J]. 麦类作物学报,2017,37(3):376-381.
[16] Wight C P,O’Donoughue L S,Chong J,et al. Discovery,localization,and sequence characterization of molecular markers for the crown rust resistance genes Pc38, Pc39,and Pc48 in cultivated oat (Avena sativa L.)[J]. Molecular Breeding, 2004,14(4):349-361.
[17] 沈学善,李金才,屈会娟,等. 种植密度对晚播冬小麦氮素同化积累分配及利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业大学学报,2009,14(4):41-46.
[2] 申玉香,陶红,王海洋,等. 气候变暖对沿海地区小麦生长的影响[J]. 江苏农业科学,1999(6): 18-21.
[3] 代立芹,李春强,姚树然,等. 气候变暖背景下河北省冬小麦冻害变化分析[J]. 中国农业气象,2010,31(3):467-471.
[4] 郜庆炉,薛香,梁云娟,等. 暖冬气候条件下调整小麦播种期的研究[J]. 麦类作物学报,2002,22(2):46-50.
[5] 河南省小麦高稳优低研究推广协作组. 小麦生态与生产技术[M]. 郑州:河南科学技术出版社,1986:150-164.
[6] 何井瑞,陈之政,张洪树,等. 不同播期与基本苗对小麦生长发育及产量构成的影响[J]. 中国农学通报,2015,31(33):37-47.
[7] 张明明,董宝娣,乔匀周,等. 播期、播量对旱作小麦‘小偃60’生长发育、产量及水分利用的影响[J]. 中国生态农业学报,2016,24(8):1095-1102.
[8] 杨卫君,贾永红,石书兵,等. 播期和密度对春小麦品种新春26号生长及产量的影响[J]. 麦类作物学报,2016,36(7):913-918.
[9] 李素真,周爱莲,王霖,等. 不同播期播量对不同类型超级小麦产量构成因子的影响[J]. 山东农业科学,2005(5):12-15.
[10] 胡焕焕,刘丽平,李瑞奇,等. 播种期和密度对冬小麦品种河农822产量形成的影响[J]. 麦类作物学报,2008,28(3):490-495,501.
[11] 余泽高,覃章景,李力. 小麦不同播期生长发育特性及若干性状的研究[J]. 湖北农业科学,2003(5):24-27.
[12] 李豪圣,宋健民,刘爱峰,等. 播期和种植密度对超高产小麦‘济麦22’产量及其构成因素的影响[J]. 中国农学通报,2011,27(5):243-248.
[13] 杨洪宾,徐成忠,王晓英,等. 济宁地区小麦冬前苗情评估体系及其适宜指标[J]. 山东农业科学,2011(5):42-45.
[14] 王夏,胡新,孙忠富,等. 不同播期和播量对小麦群体性状和产量的影响[J]. 中国农学通报,2011,27(21):170-176.
[15] 刘莹,唐清,王立峰,等. 播期和密度对襄麦D31籽粒产量及品质的影响[J]. 麦类作物学报,2017,37(3):376-381.
[16] Wight C P,O’Donoughue L S,Chong J,et al. Discovery,localization,and sequence characterization of molecular markers for the crown rust resistance genes Pc38, Pc39,and Pc48 in cultivated oat (Avena sativa L.)[J]. Molecular Breeding, 2004,14(4):349-361.
[17] 沈学善,李金才,屈会娟,等. 种植密度对晚播冬小麦氮素同化积累分配及利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业大学学报,2009,14(4):41-46.