灌溉方法与施氮对土壤水分、硝态氮和小麦生长发育的调控效应
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摘要
为探明玉米秸秆还田下小麦的合理灌溉与施肥方法,于田间研究了漫灌(FI)、微喷灌(SI)、滴灌(DI)和灌水施氮模式(N_1,基施纯N 157.5 kg·hm~(-2)+拔节期施纯N 67.5 kg·hm~(-2); N_2,基施纯N 157.5 kg·hm~(-2)+拔节期施纯N 45.0 kg·hm~(-2)+灌浆期施N 22.5 kg·hm~(-2))对土壤水分、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)含量和小麦生长发育的影响.结果表明:灌溉方法和灌水施氮模式共同影响土壤含水量和贮水量的变化.其中,灌溉方法对越冬期和返青期0～60 cm、孕穗期和灌浆期0～160 cm、成熟期100～160 cm土层含水量影响相对较小,对越冬期和返青期80～160 cm、成熟期0～80 cm土层含水量影响大;FI对含水量和贮水量影响最大,DI次之,SI最小;SI和DI的灌水施氮模式中灌水量多,则土层含水量高、贮水量多,变化大.NO_3~--N含量受灌溉方法和施氮的影响,施氮对0～20 cm土层影响大,SI生育期NO_3~--N含量变化大,DI越冬期至孕穗期NO_3~--N含量变化小,此后变化大,FI与DI相反;生育前中期灌水量对NO_3~--N含量影响大,后期施氮对NO_3~--N含量影响大;SI和DI的2种灌水施氮模式中冬前灌水量多的NO_3~--N含量变化大.灌溉方法中SI越冬期总茎数和单株分蘖高,成穗率高,成穗数多,产量、水分利用效率(WUE)和氮素利用效率最高,滴灌次之,漫灌最低;SI和DI中N_1生育期总茎数、成穗数多,但穗粒数和千粒重低,产量、WUE和氮素利用效率低于N_2.因此,玉米秸秆还田后播种小麦,微喷灌代替漫灌生育期灌4水,施足基肥,拔节期和灌浆期分次追氮,是山西南部小麦-玉米一年两熟区小麦节水高产高效栽培模式.
Field experiments were conducted to examine the effects of flooding irrigation(FI), micro-sprinkler irrigation(SI), drip irrigation(DI), combined with nitrogen application(N_1:157.5 kg·hm~(-2) as basal, 67.5 kg·hm~(-2) top dressed at jointing stage; N_2:157.5 kg·hm~(-2) as ba-sal, 45 kg·hm~(-2) and 22.5 kg·hm~(-2) top dressed at jointing stage and filling stage, respectively) on soil moisture, nitrate(NO_3~--N) content, and wheat growth and development, under maize straw returning to field. Results showed that irrigation methods and nitrogen application modes affected soil water content and soil water storage(SWS). Irrigation methods had limited effect on soil water content in the 0-60 cm soil depth at the wintering and re-greening stages, 0-160 cm soil depth at the booting and filling stages, 100-160 cm soil depth at the mature stage, but had substantial effect on water content in the 80-160 cm soil depth at the wintering and re-greening stages, 0-80 cm soil depth at the mature stage. The effects of irrigation methods on water content and SWS were in the order of FI>DI>SI. Under SI and DI, water content, SWS of soil layers, and their changes increased with increasing irrigation rate. Nitrogen application had obvious effect on NO_3~--N content in the 0-20 cm soil depth. In the SI, variation of NO_3~--N content among different growth stages was evident. In the DI, changes of NO_3~--N content were non-evident during wintering and booting stages, and were evident after booting stage, with opposite change treand in the FI. In general, NO_3~--N content was influenced by irrigation rate at early and middle stages of wheat growth, but was mainly affected by N application at late stage. In the SI and DI, NO_3~--N content changed larger by irrigation rate before winter. Total stem number and tillers per plant during overwintering period, panicle number rate, panicle number, yield, WUE and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) were in the order of SI>DI>FI. In the SI and DI, total stem number and panicle number were higher in the N_1 than that in the N_2, but grain number per panicle, 1000-grain mass, yield, WUE and NUE were lower. Sowing wheat after maize straw returning to the field, replacing FI with micro-sprinkler irrigation four times during the wheat growth period, applying sufficient basal fertilizer and then topdressing at jointing and filling stages, are the high-efficiency and water-saving cultivation strategies of wheat in wheat-maize double cropping area in southern Shanxi.
Field experiments were conducted to examine the effects of flooding irrigation(FI), micro-sprinkler irrigation(SI), drip irrigation(DI), combined with nitrogen application(N_1:157.5 kg·hm~(-2) as basal, 67.5 kg·hm~(-2) top dressed at jointing stage; N_2:157.5 kg·hm~(-2) as ba-sal, 45 kg·hm~(-2) and 22.5 kg·hm~(-2) top dressed at jointing stage and filling stage, respectively) on soil moisture, nitrate(NO_3~--N) content, and wheat growth and development, under maize straw returning to field. Results showed that irrigation methods and nitrogen application modes affected soil water content and soil water storage(SWS). Irrigation methods had limited effect on soil water content in the 0-60 cm soil depth at the wintering and re-greening stages, 0-160 cm soil depth at the booting and filling stages, 100-160 cm soil depth at the mature stage, but had substantial effect on water content in the 80-160 cm soil depth at the wintering and re-greening stages, 0-80 cm soil depth at the mature stage. The effects of irrigation methods on water content and SWS were in the order of FI>DI>SI. Under SI and DI, water content, SWS of soil layers, and their changes increased with increasing irrigation rate. Nitrogen application had obvious effect on NO_3~--N content in the 0-20 cm soil depth. In the SI, variation of NO_3~--N content among different growth stages was evident. In the DI, changes of NO_3~--N content were non-evident during wintering and booting stages, and were evident after booting stage, with opposite change treand in the FI. In general, NO_3~--N content was influenced by irrigation rate at early and middle stages of wheat growth, but was mainly affected by N application at late stage. In the SI and DI, NO_3~--N content changed larger by irrigation rate before winter. Total stem number and tillers per plant during overwintering period, panicle number rate, panicle number, yield, WUE and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) were in the order of SI>DI>FI. In the SI and DI, total stem number and panicle number were higher in the N_1 than that in the N_2, but grain number per panicle, 1000-grain mass, yield, WUE and NUE were lower. Sowing wheat after maize straw returning to the field, replacing FI with micro-sprinkler irrigation four times during the wheat growth period, applying sufficient basal fertilizer and then topdressing at jointing and filling stages, are the high-efficiency and water-saving cultivation strategies of wheat in wheat-maize double cropping area in southern Shanxi.
引文
[1] Pei X-X (裴雪霞), Dang J-Y (党建友), Zhang D-Y (张定一), et al. Climate change during nearly 54 years in South of Shanxi and its effect on wheat yield in dry land. Journal of Triticeae Crops (麦类作物学报), 2016, 36(11): 1502-1509 (in Chinese)
[2] Zheng C-Y (郑成岩), Yu Z-W (于振文), Zhang Y-L (张永丽), et al. Effects of irrigation amount on water use characteristics and grain yield of wheat under diffe-rent nitrogen application rates. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2010, 21(11): 2799-2805 (in Chinese)
[3] Li L, Yu Q. Quantifying the effects of advection on cano-py energy budgets and water use efficiency in an irrigated wheat field in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management, 2007, 89: 116-122
[4] Zwart SJ, Bastiaanssen WGM. Review of measured crop water productivity values for irrigated wheat, rice, cotton and maize. Agricultural Water Management, 2004, 69: 115-133
[5] Jia D-L (贾大林). Target and task of agricultural water saving at beginning of 21st century. Water Saving Irrigation (节水灌溉), 2000(1): 9-10 (in Chinese)
[6] Li L-S (李立生). Thoughts about agricultural irrigation water in Shanxi Province. Scientific and Technological Innovation and Productivity (科技创新与生产力), 2010(5): 69-70, 73 (in Chinese)
[7] Dong Z-Q (董志强), Zhang L-H (张丽华), Li Q (李谦), et al. Grain yield and water use characteristics of winter wheat under micro-sprinkler irrigation. Acta Agronomica Sinica (作物学报), 2016, 42(5): 725-733 (in Chinese)
[8] Men H-W (门洪文), Zhang Q (张秋), Dai X-L (代兴龙), et al. Effects of different irrigation modes on winter wheat grain yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2011, 22(10): 2517-2523 (in Chinese)
[9] Dang J-Y (党建友), Pei X-X (裴雪霞), Wang J-A (王姣爱), et al. Effects of irrigation time on the growth and water and fertilizer use efficiencies of winter wheat. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2012, 23(10): 2745-2750 (in Chinese)
[10] Sun HY, Liu CM, Zhang XY, et al. Effects of irrigation on water balance, yield and WUE of winter wheat in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management, 2006, 85: 211-218
[11] Mi W-H (宓文海), Jiang R-F (江荣风), Liu Q-Q (刘全清), et al. Influence of different irrigation technology on production of winter wheat in North plain. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica (华北农学报), 2013, 28(2): 175-179 (in Chinese)
[12] Hu M-J (胡明俊). Irrigation technology and water-saving measures of winter wheat. Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology (宁夏农林科技), 2011, 52(1): 11-12 (in Chinese)
[13] Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国农业部). Agricultural Industry Standards of the People’s Republic of China: Agricultural Irrigation Equipment, Micro-Sprinkling. NY/T 1361-2007. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2007 (in Chinese)
[14] Liu HJ, Yu LP, Luo Y, et al. Responses of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) evapotranspiration and yield to sprinkler irrigation regimes. Agricultural Water Management, 2011, 98: 483-492
[15] Yao S-M (姚素梅), Kang Y-H (康跃虎), Lyu G-H (吕国华), et al. Analysis on grain filling characteristics of winter wheat under sprinkler irrigation and surface irrigation conditions. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2011, 27(7): 13-17 (in Chinese)
[16] Wang J-D (王建东), Gong S-H (龚时宏), Gao Z-Y (高占义), et al. Effects of drip irrigation mode on spatial distribution of soil water and nitrogen and winter wheat yield. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2009, 25(11): 68-73 (in Chinese)
[17] Li H-R (李昊儒). Effects of Fertigation on Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Growth and Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency. Master Thesis. Beijing: Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2013 (in Chinese)
[18] Yang X-M (杨晓梅), Yin C-B (尹昌斌), Li G-C (李贵春), et al. Effects of reducing nitrogen application and replacing part of nitrogen fertilizer by crop residue on nitrogen leaching in winter wheat-summer corn system. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning (中国农业资源与区划), 2016, 37(7): 116-121 (in Chinese)
[19] Zhang X-J (张学军), Zhao Y (赵营), Chen X-Q (陈晓群), et al. Nitrogen fertilizer effects on N reco-very and residual soil NO3--N for green house-grown tomato. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2007, 27(9): 3761-3768 (in Chinese)
[20] Luo T (罗涛), Wang H-P (王煌平), Zhang Q (张青), et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on nitrate content of spinach under the production safety standard. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2010, 16(5): 1282-1287 (in Chinese)
[21] Li Y-K (李银坤). Study on the Nitrogen Loss in the Protected Soil under Different Water and Nitrogen Conditions during Cucumber Growing Season. Master Thesis. Beijing: Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2010 (in Chinese)
[22] Bao S-D (鲍士旦). Soil Agricultural Chemistry Analysis. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2008 (in Chinese)
[23] Zhang J-M (张洁梅), Wu J-C (武继承), Yang Y-H (杨永辉), et al. Effect of different irrigation technology on yield and water use efficiency of wheat. Water Saving Irrigation (节水灌溉), 2016(6): 30-32 (in Chinese)
[24] Du P (杜盼), Zhang J-J (张娟娟), Guo W (郭伟), et al. Effect of nitrogen application on nitrogen nutrition and yield of wheat in fields of different fertility. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报), 2019, 25(2): 1-11 (in Chinese)
[25] Cao Y (曹颖), Yang L-H (杨路华), Gao H-Y (高惠嫣), et al. Experimental study on soil nitrogen distribution and its impact on groundwater at wheat growth season. Water Saving Irrigation (节水灌溉), 2017(6): 55-59 (in Chinese)
[26] Li X-X (李晓欣), Hu C-S (胡春胜), Chen S-Y (陈素英). Effects of controlled irrigation on nitrate accumulation in north China. Journal of Hebei Agricultural Sciences (河北农业科学), 2005, 9(3): 6-10 (in Chinese)
[27] Li SX, Wang ZH, Hu TT, et al. Nitrogen in dryland soils of China and its management. Advances in Agronomy, 2009, 101: 123-181
[28] Dang J-Y (党建友), Pei X-X (裴雪霞), Zhang D-Y (张定一), et al. Effects of nitrogen application ratios on growth of winter wheat and soil nutrient use efficiency under corn straw returned to soil. Journal of Triticeae Crops (麦类作物学报), 2014, 34(11): 1552-1558 (in Chinese)
[29] Deng R-L (邓若磊), Zhang S-H (张树华), Guo C-J (郭程瑾), et al. Regulation effects of nitrogen application methods on wheat grain filling and corresponding physiological mechanisms. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2008, 14(1): 1-8 (in Chinese)
[2] Zheng C-Y (郑成岩), Yu Z-W (于振文), Zhang Y-L (张永丽), et al. Effects of irrigation amount on water use characteristics and grain yield of wheat under diffe-rent nitrogen application rates. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2010, 21(11): 2799-2805 (in Chinese)
[3] Li L, Yu Q. Quantifying the effects of advection on cano-py energy budgets and water use efficiency in an irrigated wheat field in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management, 2007, 89: 116-122
[4] Zwart SJ, Bastiaanssen WGM. Review of measured crop water productivity values for irrigated wheat, rice, cotton and maize. Agricultural Water Management, 2004, 69: 115-133
[5] Jia D-L (贾大林). Target and task of agricultural water saving at beginning of 21st century. Water Saving Irrigation (节水灌溉), 2000(1): 9-10 (in Chinese)
[6] Li L-S (李立生). Thoughts about agricultural irrigation water in Shanxi Province. Scientific and Technological Innovation and Productivity (科技创新与生产力), 2010(5): 69-70, 73 (in Chinese)
[7] Dong Z-Q (董志强), Zhang L-H (张丽华), Li Q (李谦), et al. Grain yield and water use characteristics of winter wheat under micro-sprinkler irrigation. Acta Agronomica Sinica (作物学报), 2016, 42(5): 725-733 (in Chinese)
[8] Men H-W (门洪文), Zhang Q (张秋), Dai X-L (代兴龙), et al. Effects of different irrigation modes on winter wheat grain yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2011, 22(10): 2517-2523 (in Chinese)
[9] Dang J-Y (党建友), Pei X-X (裴雪霞), Wang J-A (王姣爱), et al. Effects of irrigation time on the growth and water and fertilizer use efficiencies of winter wheat. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2012, 23(10): 2745-2750 (in Chinese)
[10] Sun HY, Liu CM, Zhang XY, et al. Effects of irrigation on water balance, yield and WUE of winter wheat in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management, 2006, 85: 211-218
[11] Mi W-H (宓文海), Jiang R-F (江荣风), Liu Q-Q (刘全清), et al. Influence of different irrigation technology on production of winter wheat in North plain. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica (华北农学报), 2013, 28(2): 175-179 (in Chinese)
[12] Hu M-J (胡明俊). Irrigation technology and water-saving measures of winter wheat. Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology (宁夏农林科技), 2011, 52(1): 11-12 (in Chinese)
[13] Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国农业部). Agricultural Industry Standards of the People’s Republic of China: Agricultural Irrigation Equipment, Micro-Sprinkling. NY/T 1361-2007. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2007 (in Chinese)
[14] Liu HJ, Yu LP, Luo Y, et al. Responses of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) evapotranspiration and yield to sprinkler irrigation regimes. Agricultural Water Management, 2011, 98: 483-492
[15] Yao S-M (姚素梅), Kang Y-H (康跃虎), Lyu G-H (吕国华), et al. Analysis on grain filling characteristics of winter wheat under sprinkler irrigation and surface irrigation conditions. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2011, 27(7): 13-17 (in Chinese)
[16] Wang J-D (王建东), Gong S-H (龚时宏), Gao Z-Y (高占义), et al. Effects of drip irrigation mode on spatial distribution of soil water and nitrogen and winter wheat yield. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2009, 25(11): 68-73 (in Chinese)
[17] Li H-R (李昊儒). Effects of Fertigation on Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Growth and Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency. Master Thesis. Beijing: Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2013 (in Chinese)
[18] Yang X-M (杨晓梅), Yin C-B (尹昌斌), Li G-C (李贵春), et al. Effects of reducing nitrogen application and replacing part of nitrogen fertilizer by crop residue on nitrogen leaching in winter wheat-summer corn system. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning (中国农业资源与区划), 2016, 37(7): 116-121 (in Chinese)
[19] Zhang X-J (张学军), Zhao Y (赵营), Chen X-Q (陈晓群), et al. Nitrogen fertilizer effects on N reco-very and residual soil NO3--N for green house-grown tomato. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2007, 27(9): 3761-3768 (in Chinese)
[20] Luo T (罗涛), Wang H-P (王煌平), Zhang Q (张青), et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on nitrate content of spinach under the production safety standard. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2010, 16(5): 1282-1287 (in Chinese)
[21] Li Y-K (李银坤). Study on the Nitrogen Loss in the Protected Soil under Different Water and Nitrogen Conditions during Cucumber Growing Season. Master Thesis. Beijing: Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2010 (in Chinese)
[22] Bao S-D (鲍士旦). Soil Agricultural Chemistry Analysis. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2008 (in Chinese)
[23] Zhang J-M (张洁梅), Wu J-C (武继承), Yang Y-H (杨永辉), et al. Effect of different irrigation technology on yield and water use efficiency of wheat. Water Saving Irrigation (节水灌溉), 2016(6): 30-32 (in Chinese)
[24] Du P (杜盼), Zhang J-J (张娟娟), Guo W (郭伟), et al. Effect of nitrogen application on nitrogen nutrition and yield of wheat in fields of different fertility. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报), 2019, 25(2): 1-11 (in Chinese)
[25] Cao Y (曹颖), Yang L-H (杨路华), Gao H-Y (高惠嫣), et al. Experimental study on soil nitrogen distribution and its impact on groundwater at wheat growth season. Water Saving Irrigation (节水灌溉), 2017(6): 55-59 (in Chinese)
[26] Li X-X (李晓欣), Hu C-S (胡春胜), Chen S-Y (陈素英). Effects of controlled irrigation on nitrate accumulation in north China. Journal of Hebei Agricultural Sciences (河北农业科学), 2005, 9(3): 6-10 (in Chinese)
[27] Li SX, Wang ZH, Hu TT, et al. Nitrogen in dryland soils of China and its management. Advances in Agronomy, 2009, 101: 123-181
[28] Dang J-Y (党建友), Pei X-X (裴雪霞), Zhang D-Y (张定一), et al. Effects of nitrogen application ratios on growth of winter wheat and soil nutrient use efficiency under corn straw returned to soil. Journal of Triticeae Crops (麦类作物学报), 2014, 34(11): 1552-1558 (in Chinese)
[29] Deng R-L (邓若磊), Zhang S-H (张树华), Guo C-J (郭程瑾), et al. Regulation effects of nitrogen application methods on wheat grain filling and corresponding physiological mechanisms. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2008, 14(1): 1-8 (in Chinese)