不同生态恢复措施下宁夏黄土丘陵区典型草原土壤种子库特征
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摘要
开展土壤种子库的研究对草原植被恢复具有重要意义。以宁夏黄土丘陵区典型草原为对象,对封育(F15)、水平沟(S15)、鱼鳞坑(Y15)整地后15年草地以及长期放牧草地(F0)的0~15cm土壤种子库的物种组成、密度特征、物种多样性及其与地上植被的相似性进行了研究。结果表明:1)土壤种子库植物以多年生植物为主,F0和S15种子库以禾本科物种比例最高,Y15和F15以菊科最高;植物种类以鱼鳞坑最多,封育次之,放牧地最少。2)相对于F0,Y15、S15和F15措施使土壤种子库密度增加,且以Y15增加最为明显。各处理下种子库优势物种各异,种子库密度具有表聚特征。3)各措施下,土壤种子库优势度、多样性和均匀度指数接近,鱼鳞坑提高了种子库丰富度指数;处理间土壤种子库存在一定程度的相似性,以封育和鱼鳞坑相似性最高,达到0.81。4)各措施下土壤种子库与地上植被多样性、丰富度、均匀度和优势度存在一定差异,种子库与地上植被的相似性系数在0.37~0.55之间,相似性总体较低。相对而言,鱼鳞坑土壤种子库和地上植被的相似性最高,是最有利于土壤种子库密度和丰富度增加的措施。
The soil seed bank is of great significance in the restoration of grassland vegetation.We investigated the density characteristics,species diversity,and similarity to the above-ground vegetation of the soil seed bank in the 0-15 cm soil layer under different restoration measures in a typical steppe in Ningxia.The restoration measures were F15(exclosure for 15 years);S15(contour trench,15 years);Y15(fish-scale pits,15 years grassland),and F0(long-term grazed grassland).The results showed that:1)The soil seed bank was dominated by seeds of perennials.The F0 and S15 seed banks had the highest proportion of Gramineae seeds,and the Y15 and F15 seed banks had the highest proportion of Compositae seeds.2)Compared with F0,the Y15,S15,and especially the F15 treatments had denser seed banks.The seed banks had different characteristics and seed pool densities.3)Under the different restoration measures,the soil seed banks had the same degree of dominance,diversity,and evenness index,but the fish-scale pits treatment had a richer seed pool.The strongest similarity between the seed bank and existing vegetation was in the fish seed bank(0.81).4)There were some differences between the soil seed bank and above-ground vegetation in terms of diversity,abundance,evenness,and dominance.The values of the similarity coefficient between the seed bank and above-ground vegetation were generally very low(0.37-0.55).The highest similarity between the seed bank and above-ground vegetation was in the fish-scale pits treatment;therefore,this was the best restoration measure for increasing the density and abundance of the soil seed bank in the loess hilly region of Ningxia.
The soil seed bank is of great significance in the restoration of grassland vegetation.We investigated the density characteristics,species diversity,and similarity to the above-ground vegetation of the soil seed bank in the 0-15 cm soil layer under different restoration measures in a typical steppe in Ningxia.The restoration measures were F15(exclosure for 15 years);S15(contour trench,15 years);Y15(fish-scale pits,15 years grassland),and F0(long-term grazed grassland).The results showed that:1)The soil seed bank was dominated by seeds of perennials.The F0 and S15 seed banks had the highest proportion of Gramineae seeds,and the Y15 and F15 seed banks had the highest proportion of Compositae seeds.2)Compared with F0,the Y15,S15,and especially the F15 treatments had denser seed banks.The seed banks had different characteristics and seed pool densities.3)Under the different restoration measures,the soil seed banks had the same degree of dominance,diversity,and evenness index,but the fish-scale pits treatment had a richer seed pool.The strongest similarity between the seed bank and existing vegetation was in the fish seed bank(0.81).4)There were some differences between the soil seed bank and above-ground vegetation in terms of diversity,abundance,evenness,and dominance.The values of the similarity coefficient between the seed bank and above-ground vegetation were generally very low(0.37-0.55).The highest similarity between the seed bank and above-ground vegetation was in the fish-scale pits treatment;therefore,this was the best restoration measure for increasing the density and abundance of the soil seed bank in the loess hilly region of Ningxia.
引文
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[2]Leishman M R,Westoby M.Seed size and shape are not related to persistence in soil in Australia in the same way as in Britain.Functional Ecology,1998,12(3):480-485.
[3]Coffin D P,Lauenroth W K.Spatial and temporal variation in the seed bank of a semi-arid grassland.American Journal of Botany,1989,76(1):53-58.
[4]Schmiede R,Donath T W,Otte A.Seed bank development after the restoration of alluvial grassland via transfer of seed-containing plant material.Biological Conservation,2009,142(2):404-413.
[5]Darwin C.On the origin of species by means of natural selection:or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life.Quarterly Review of Biology,1951,71(1):354-357.
[6]Shaukat S S,Siddiqui I A.Spatial pattern analysis of seeds of an arable soil seed bank and its relationship with above-ground vegetation in an arid region.Journal of Arid Environments,2004,57(3):311-327.
[7]Rusterholz H P,Baur B.Disturbance of suburban fagus forests by recreational activities:Effects on soil characteristics,aboveground vegetation and seed bank.Applied Vegetation Science,2010,8(2):175-182.
[8]Greet J.The potential of soil seed banks of a eucalypt wetland forest to aid restoration.Wetlands Ecology&Management,2016,24(5):1-13.
[9]Li Q Y,Zhao W Z.Advances in soil seed banks in arid region.Advances in Earth Science,2005,20(3):350-358.李秋艳,赵文智.干旱区土壤种子库的研究进展.地球科学进展,2005,20(3):350-358.
[10]Bisigato A J,Bertiller M B.Seedling recruitment of perennial grasses in degraded areas of the patagonian monte.Rangeland Ecology&Management,2009,57:191-196.
[11]Liu H,Wang Z J.Effects of different dating years on germination characteristics of soil seed bank in desert steppe of Ningxia.Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology,2016,(6):1-2.刘华,王占军.不同封育年限对宁夏荒漠草原土壤种子库萌发特征的影响研究.宁夏农林科技,2016,(6):1-2.
[12]Dong J.Effects of Enclosure on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and Soil Seed Bank in Degraded Typical Grassland.Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2007.董杰.封育对退化典型草原土壤理化性质与土壤种子库的影响研究.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2007.
[13]Liu H,Jiang Q,Wang Z J,et al.Study on soil seed bank of desert steppe in Ningxia.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,18(5):96-98.刘华,蒋齐,王占军,等.不同封育年限宁夏荒漠草原土壤种子库研究.水土保持研究,2011,18(5):96-98.
[14]Bai W J,Jiao J Y,Zhang Z G,et al.The relationship between soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation in the hilly and gully region of Loess Plateau.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2007,16(6):30-38.白文娟,焦菊英,张振国,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地土壤种子库与地上植被的关系.草业学报,2007,16(6):30-38.
[15]Guo M,Zheng F L,An S S,et al.Quantitative characteristics and dynamic changes of soil seed bank germination in loess hilly vegetation restoration.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2009,27(2):233-238.郭曼,郑粉莉,安韶山,等.黄土丘陵植被恢复过程中土壤种子库萌发数量特征及动态变化.干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(2):233-238.
[16]Huang X Y,Wang K,Wang Y T,et al.Characteristics of soil seed bank change in typical grassland enclosure process.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2011,19(1):38-42.黄欣颖,王堃,王宇通,等.典型草原封育过程中土壤种子库的变化特征.草地学报,2011,19(1):38-42.
[17]Shen Y,Liu C F,Ma H B,et al.Response of soil seed bank to grassland management in desert steppe.Acta Ecological Sinica,2015,35(14):4725-4732.沈艳,刘彩凤,马红彬,等.荒漠草原土壤种子库对草地管理方式的响应.生态学报,2015,35(14):4725-4732.
[18]Sun J H,Wang Y R,Zeng Y J.Characteristics of soil seed banks of degraded desert grassland under enclosure and grazing conditions.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2005,25(10):2035-2042.孙建华,王彦荣,曾彦军.封育和放牧条件下退化荒漠草地土壤种子库特征.西北植物学报,2005,25(10):2035-2042.
[19]Wang Y R,Zeng Y J,Hua F U,et al.Affects of over grazing and enclosure on desert vegetation succession of Reaumuria soongrica.Journal of Desert Research,2002,22(4):321-327.
[20]Zhang Y M,He J,Pan K W,et al.Contribution of soil seed bank to vegetation restoration.Chinese Journal of Applied&Environmental Biology,2003,9(3):326-332.张咏梅,何静,潘开文,等.土壤种子库对原有植被恢复的贡献.应用与环境生物学报,2003,9(3):326-332.
[21]Ma K P,Liu Y M.Measurement method of diversity of biological communitiesⅠ.Measurements ofαdiversity(under).Biodiversity,1994,2(4):231-239.马克平,刘玉明.生物群落多样性的测度方法Ⅰ.α多样性的测度方法(下).生物多样性,1994,2(4):231-239.
[22]Ma K P,Liu Y M.Measurement of diversity of biological communityⅠ.Measurements of diversity of alpha(above).Biodiversity,1994,2(3):162-168.马克平,刘玉明.生物群落多样性的测度方法Ⅰ.α多样性的测度方法(上).生物多样性,1994,2(3):162-168.
[23]Peng S L.Ecological dominance of tropical forest communities in Guangdong.Acta Ecologica Sinica,1987,7(1):36-42.彭少麟.广东亚热带森林群落的生态优势度.生态学报,1987,7(1):36-42.
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