射流混药器改进提高混药均匀性及动态浓度一致性
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摘要
提高喷嘴直接注入式变量喷雾系统中混药器浓度一致性与均匀性同样重要。该文根据多孔板穿过流脉动衰减原理提出了夹层孔管式新型混药器,并以普通射流混药器为参照进行在线混合试验,基于图像进行在线混合瞬时均匀性及动态浓度一致性分析。结果表明:单视角图像误差较小,算法适用性强;载流流量及混合比的增大能提升均匀性及一致性;与射流混药器相比,夹层孔管式混药器试验条件下(800 mL/min<载流流量<2 000 mL/min,4:100<药水混合比<10:100)平均瞬时不均匀性指数从16.70降至14.76,并在药水混合比>9∶100或载流流量>1 400 mL/min时普遍降至约13.00,达到均混效果;其虽难以保证所有工况下混合均匀,却显著提高了脉动注入时混合液浓度一致性,平均动态浓度不一致性值从0.039降至仅0.011,试验条件下只要混合比>5∶100,或注药频率>5.10 Hz,动态浓度不一致性指数均低于0.020,满足浓度一致性要求;由于夹层孔管式混药器相对射流混药器在瞬时均匀性上的优化没有动态浓度一致性明显,且夹层孔管式混药器的瞬时不均匀性指数值与动态浓度不一致性值相关性仅为0.684,低于射流混药器的0.848,因此未来夹层孔管式混药器的进一步优化应以均匀性为主要目标,即使提高浓度一致性也可能提高其混合均匀性。
The pesticide injections in nozzle direct injection system(NDIS) applied in plant protection machinery generally have flow-rate inconsistency characteristics, which cause fluctuations of mixing concentration and inaccuracy of spraying. The purposes in this study were to evaluate the inline mixing efficacy comprehensively based on index of dynamic inconsistency of the mixing concentration and the inline static mixing uniformity in NDIS. A new inline mixer known as the layered mixer(mixer B) with special structures(perforated tubes) to weaken concentration inconsistency and a traditional jet mixer(mixer A) were presented to carry out the direct injection and mixing experiments under variable working conditions. Moreover, image processing methods to quantify mixture concentration discontinuities based on calculating coefficient of variation(CV) values of mean pixels brightness in ROIs was proposed. Static mixing non-uniformity index to identify static mixing non-uniformity based on principal component analysis(PCA) was also proposed. These 2 indices were used to scientifically measure the inline mixing efficacy of the mixers. The relative differences between the calculation results of horizontal viewing and the vertical viewing images were only 2.86% for static mixing non-uniformity index values and 5.37% for CV values, indicating that the single horizontal viewing images could be used to obtain higher accuracy. The threshold of static mixing non-uniformity index for judging whether the mixture was uniform or non-uniform was set to be 13.00 as there weren't non-scatted viscous pesticides remaining in the detection tube when the static mixing non-uniformity index values dropped below it. In addition, the threshold for determining the concentration consistency was set to be only 2% because there weren't apparent brightness differences between ROIs at different moments when the CV values were less than it. The increase of carrier flow rate and the mixing ratios could generally improve the static uniformity and dynamic concentration consistency of inline mixing. However, when it was under the condition of a large mixing ratio, the static mixing uniformity of the jet mixer would decline due to the pesticide accumulation in the side wall of the jet mixer. The average static non-uniformity index of the proposed mixer here reduced from 16.70 to 14.76, and reduced to about 13.00 only when mixing ratios was higher than 9:100 and carrier flow rate was higher than 1400 m/min, which could achieve uniform mixing efficacy completely. Although it was difficult for the new mixer to guarantee high static mixing uniformity under all working conditions, it could still significantly improve the dynamic consistency of the mixing concentration under the pulsation injection conditions with the average CV value decreased from 0.039 to only 0.011. Moreover, when the working condition could meet the requirements of injection frequency higher than 5.10 Hz or the mixing ratios was higher than 5:100, the CV values would decline to 0.020, which could fully satisfy the dynamic consistency requirements. The linear correlations between the static uniformity and dynamic consistency of jet mixer and layered mixer were 0.848 and 0.684, respectively. Therefore, a more efficient inline pesticide mixer should be proposed especially when the pesticide injection pulse was strong. The independent sample test results showed that the optimization of the static uniformity of the proposed mixer was less than that of the concentration consistency, which indicates that the new mixer structure has significant concentration pulsation attenuation efficacy. To conclude, further optimization on static uniformity of the proposed mixer should be proposed.
The pesticide injections in nozzle direct injection system(NDIS) applied in plant protection machinery generally have flow-rate inconsistency characteristics, which cause fluctuations of mixing concentration and inaccuracy of spraying. The purposes in this study were to evaluate the inline mixing efficacy comprehensively based on index of dynamic inconsistency of the mixing concentration and the inline static mixing uniformity in NDIS. A new inline mixer known as the layered mixer(mixer B) with special structures(perforated tubes) to weaken concentration inconsistency and a traditional jet mixer(mixer A) were presented to carry out the direct injection and mixing experiments under variable working conditions. Moreover, image processing methods to quantify mixture concentration discontinuities based on calculating coefficient of variation(CV) values of mean pixels brightness in ROIs was proposed. Static mixing non-uniformity index to identify static mixing non-uniformity based on principal component analysis(PCA) was also proposed. These 2 indices were used to scientifically measure the inline mixing efficacy of the mixers. The relative differences between the calculation results of horizontal viewing and the vertical viewing images were only 2.86% for static mixing non-uniformity index values and 5.37% for CV values, indicating that the single horizontal viewing images could be used to obtain higher accuracy. The threshold of static mixing non-uniformity index for judging whether the mixture was uniform or non-uniform was set to be 13.00 as there weren't non-scatted viscous pesticides remaining in the detection tube when the static mixing non-uniformity index values dropped below it. In addition, the threshold for determining the concentration consistency was set to be only 2% because there weren't apparent brightness differences between ROIs at different moments when the CV values were less than it. The increase of carrier flow rate and the mixing ratios could generally improve the static uniformity and dynamic concentration consistency of inline mixing. However, when it was under the condition of a large mixing ratio, the static mixing uniformity of the jet mixer would decline due to the pesticide accumulation in the side wall of the jet mixer. The average static non-uniformity index of the proposed mixer here reduced from 16.70 to 14.76, and reduced to about 13.00 only when mixing ratios was higher than 9:100 and carrier flow rate was higher than 1400 m/min, which could achieve uniform mixing efficacy completely. Although it was difficult for the new mixer to guarantee high static mixing uniformity under all working conditions, it could still significantly improve the dynamic consistency of the mixing concentration under the pulsation injection conditions with the average CV value decreased from 0.039 to only 0.011. Moreover, when the working condition could meet the requirements of injection frequency higher than 5.10 Hz or the mixing ratios was higher than 5:100, the CV values would decline to 0.020, which could fully satisfy the dynamic consistency requirements. The linear correlations between the static uniformity and dynamic consistency of jet mixer and layered mixer were 0.848 and 0.684, respectively. Therefore, a more efficient inline pesticide mixer should be proposed especially when the pesticide injection pulse was strong. The independent sample test results showed that the optimization of the static uniformity of the proposed mixer was less than that of the concentration consistency, which indicates that the new mixer structure has significant concentration pulsation attenuation efficacy. To conclude, further optimization on static uniformity of the proposed mixer should be proposed.
引文
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[3]蔡祥,Martin Walgenbach,Malte Doerpmund,等.喷嘴直接注入式农药喷洒系统控制方法研究[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(11):100-105.Cai Xiang,Martin Walgenbach,Malte Doerpmund,et al.Control methods of direct nozzle injection system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(11):100-105.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[5]Zhu H,Ozkan H E,Brazee R D,et al.A system to determine lag time and mixture uniformity for inline injection sprayers[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,1998,14(2):103-110.
[6]Luck J D,Shearer S,Luck B D,et al.Recalibration methodology to compensate for changing fluid properties in an individual nozzle direct injection system[J].Transactions of the ASABE,2016,59(3):847-859.
[7]Zhu H,Ozkan H E,Fox R D,et al.Mixture uniformity in supply lines and spray patterns of a laboratory injection sprayer[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1998,14(3):223-230.
[8]邱白晶,徐溪超,杨宁,等.射流混药装置结构参数对混药性能影响的模拟分析[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(6):76-79,69.Qiu Baijing,Xu Xichao,Yang Ning,et al.Simulation Analysis of structure parameters of jet-mixing apparatus on jet-mixing performance[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(6):76-79,69.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]邱白晶,马靖,邓斌,等.在线混药喷雾系统混药性能试验[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(17):78-85.Qiu Baijing,Ma Jing,Deng Bin,et al.Experiment on mixing performance of on-line mixing spray system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(17):78-85.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]宋海潮,徐幼林,郑加强,等.脂溶性农药旋动射流混合机理与混药器流场数值模拟[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(9):79-84.Song Haichao,Xu Youlin,Zheng Jiaqiang,et al.Swirling jet mixture mechanism of fat-soluble pesticides and numerical simulation of mixer field[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(9):79-84.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Antuniassi U R,Miller P,Paice M.Performance evaluation of injection metering systems Avalia??o do desempenho de sistemas de inje??o de defensivos[J].Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental-Agriambi,2002,6(1):159-165.
[12]Doerpmund M,Cai X,Walgenbach M,et al.Assessing the cleanability of a direct nozzle injection system[J].Biosystems Engineering,2011,110(1):49-56.
[13]徐幼林.植保机械混药器及其农药在线混合性能研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2009.Xu,Youlin.Study on Mixers for Plant Protection Machinery and Chemical Inline Mixing Performances[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University,2009.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]贾卫东,陈飞,薛新宇,等.基于磁流变液阻尼器的压力脉动自调控喷雾系统的研究[J].中国农机化学报,2013,34(6):180-183,187.Jia Weidong,Chen Fei,Xue Xinyu,et al.Study on spray system of self-adapted pressure pulsation based on MRFdamper[J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2013,34(6):180-183,187.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]张敏,代祥,肖静,等.微流体图像显示技术在农业工程中的应用展望[J].中国农业科技导报,2017,19(1):94-99.Zhang Min,Dai Xiang,Xiao Jing,et al.The application and prospects of microfluid image display technology in agricultural engineering[J].Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2017,19(1):94-99.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Realpe A,Velazquez C.Image processing and analysis for determination of concentrations of powder mixtures[J].Powder Technology,2003,134(3):193-200.
[17]Muerza S,Berthiaux H,Massol-Chaudeur S,et al.Adynamic study of static mixing using on-line image analysis[J].Powder Technology,2002,128(2/3):195-204.
[18]徐幼林,汪希伟,郑加强,等.基于CFD的农药药水混合过程仿真与试验(英)[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(5):148-152.Xu Youlin,Wang Xiwei,Zheng Jiaqiang,et al.Simulation and experiment on agricultural chemical mixing process for direct injection system based on CFD[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(5):148-152.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]宋海潮,徐幼林,郑加强,等.脂溶性农药旋动射流混药器结构分析与混合均匀性试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(23):86-92.Song Haichao,Xu Youlin,Zheng Jiaqiang,et al.Structural analysis and mixing uniformity experiments of swirling jet mixer for applying fat-soluble pesticides[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(23):86-92.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]欧阳小平,李磊,方旭,等.共振型液压脉动衰减器研究现状及展望[J].机械工程学报,2015,51(22):168-175.Ouyang Xiaoping,Li Lei,Fang Xu,et al.Research status and prospects of resonant-type hydraulic pulsation attenuators[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2015,51(22):168-175.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]陈建全,韩省亮,崔铭洋,等.新型管路液流脉动衰减器的数值与试验研究[J].流体机械,2014(1):1-5.Chen Jianquan,Han Shengliang,Cui Mingxiang,et al.Numerical and experimental study on a new flow pulsation attenuator used in fluid-filled pipeline[J].Fluid Machinery,2014(1):1-5.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]季振林.消声器声学理论与设计[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.
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