产业集聚与开放经济影响污染减排的空间效应分析
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摘要
EKC理论认为,产业集聚和开放经济能够促进污染减排。不过,随着集聚与开放水平的加深,区域间环境污染的空间关系变得紧密,这使得产业集聚和开放经济的环境影响具有明显的空间效应,忽略空间影响的传统假设很难刻画这种地区间协同性的污染排放关系。因此,本文以210个中国城市为空间单元,使用不同阈值距离的空间权重矩阵,在EKC理论框架下实证检验产业集聚、开放经济影响环境污染的空间联系。结论表明:①产业集聚能够促进污染减排,这一有利作用的空间效应非常明显。②开放经济并未表现出减排作用。FDI会提高污染排放强度,其加剧二氧化硫污染的空间效应尤其强烈;自由贸易的作用则不明确。③与理论预期一致,反映产业结构、技术进步、环境规制、金融支持的各类控制变量均表现出抑制污染排放的空间影响。④不同阈值距离的空间效应分析显示,环境规制、金融支持等"资源、政策性"因素的减排作用会受到地理距离的限制,难以在城市间促成大范围的协同减排关系。另外,技术进步的空间溢出效应明显低于结构优化,其减排作用也有待提升。结论说明,中国未来环境治理的重点在于实现并提升开放经济的污染减排作用,一方面应增强国际贸易的结构与技术效应,以实现其有利环境作用;另一方面,应优化FDI政策体系以抑制其不利环境影响。同时,进一步发挥技术进步的减排作用,围绕"资源、政策性"因素不断完善区域性协同减排体系也非常关键。
EKC theory holds that industrial agglomeration and open economy can reduce the pollution. However,with the advance of the agglomeration and openness,the spatial relationship of inter-regional environmental pollution becomes closer,which makes the environmental impact of the industrial agglomeration and the open economy show obvious spatial effects,and the traditional hypothesis that neglects the spatial influence is difficult to describe the inter-regional pollution synergetic relationship. Therefore,this paper uses China's 210 cities as space units and the spatial weight matrix of different threshold distances,and empirically tests the spatial relations of the impact of industrial agglomeration and open economic on environmental pollution under the framework of EKC theory.The results show that: first,industrial agglomeration can reduce pollution,and the spatial effect of this beneficial effect is very obvious. Second,the open economy does not show the effect of emission abatement. FDI will increase the intensity of pollution emissions,especially the spatial effect of increasing SO——2 pollution; but the effect of free trade is uncertain. Third,it is consistent with theory that the control variables including industrial structure,technical development,environmental regulation and financial support all show obvious spatial effects of pollution abatement. Fourth,the spatial effect analysis of the different threshold distance shows that,the‘resource and policy'factors such as the environmental regulation and financial support are limited by the geographical distance,so it is difficult to establish large scale inter-regional synergistic pollution reduction relationship. Besides,the spatial spillover effect of technological progress is obviously smaller than that of structural optimization,and the role of its emission reduction needs to be improved. Therefore,the focus of China's future environmental governance is to achieve and enhance the role of open economy in the pollution reduction. On the one hand,the structure and technical effects of international trade should be enhanced in order to achieve the favorable effect; on the other hand,FDI policy system should be optimized to restrain adverse environmental impact. Meanwhile,it is also very critical to further play the role of technological progress in reducing emissions and constantly improve the regional synergetic emission reduction system focusing on the‘resources and policy'factors.
EKC theory holds that industrial agglomeration and open economy can reduce the pollution. However,with the advance of the agglomeration and openness,the spatial relationship of inter-regional environmental pollution becomes closer,which makes the environmental impact of the industrial agglomeration and the open economy show obvious spatial effects,and the traditional hypothesis that neglects the spatial influence is difficult to describe the inter-regional pollution synergetic relationship. Therefore,this paper uses China's 210 cities as space units and the spatial weight matrix of different threshold distances,and empirically tests the spatial relations of the impact of industrial agglomeration and open economic on environmental pollution under the framework of EKC theory.The results show that: first,industrial agglomeration can reduce pollution,and the spatial effect of this beneficial effect is very obvious. Second,the open economy does not show the effect of emission abatement. FDI will increase the intensity of pollution emissions,especially the spatial effect of increasing SO——2 pollution; but the effect of free trade is uncertain. Third,it is consistent with theory that the control variables including industrial structure,technical development,environmental regulation and financial support all show obvious spatial effects of pollution abatement. Fourth,the spatial effect analysis of the different threshold distance shows that,the‘resource and policy'factors such as the environmental regulation and financial support are limited by the geographical distance,so it is difficult to establish large scale inter-regional synergistic pollution reduction relationship. Besides,the spatial spillover effect of technological progress is obviously smaller than that of structural optimization,and the role of its emission reduction needs to be improved. Therefore,the focus of China's future environmental governance is to achieve and enhance the role of open economy in the pollution reduction. On the one hand,the structure and technical effects of international trade should be enhanced in order to achieve the favorable effect; on the other hand,FDI policy system should be optimized to restrain adverse environmental impact. Meanwhile,it is also very critical to further play the role of technological progress in reducing emissions and constantly improve the regional synergetic emission reduction system focusing on the‘resources and policy'factors.
引文
[1]COPELAND B,TAYLOR M.Trade,growth and the environment[J].Journal of economic literature,2004,42:7-71.
[2]KARKALAKOS S.Capital heterogeneity,industrial clusters and environmental consciousness[J].Journal of economic integration,2010,25(2):353-375.
[3]CHERTOW M,ASHTON W,ESPINOSA J.Industrial symbiosis in Puerto Rico:environmentally related agglomeration economies[J].Regional studies,2008,42(10):1299-1312.
[4]HOSOE M,NAITO T.Trans-boundary pollution transmission and regional agglomeration effects[J].Papers in regional science,2010,85(1):99-120.
[5]沈能,王艳,王群伟.集聚外部性与碳生产率空间趋同研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(12):40-47.
[6]PORTER M.Clusters and the new economics of competition[J].Harvard business review,1998,76:77-90.
[7]陈建军,胡晨光.产业集聚的集聚效应---以长江三角洲次区域为例的理论与实证分析[J].管理世界,2008(6):68-83.
[8]REPPELIN-HILL V.Trade and environment:an empirical analysis of the technology effect in the steel industry[J].Journal of environmental economics and management,1999,38(3):283-301.
[9]ANTWEILER W,COPELAND B,TAYLOR M.Is free trade good for the environment?[J].American economic review,2001,91(4):877-908.
[10]ESKELAND G,HARRISON A.Moving to green pastures?multinationals and the pollution Haven Hypothesis[J].Journal of development economics,2003,70:1-23.
[11]盛斌,吕越.外国直接投资对中国环境的影响---来自工业行业面板数据的实证研究[J].中国社会科学,2012(5):54-75.
[12]景维民,张璐.环境管制、对外开放与中国工业的绿色技术进步[J].经济研究,2014(9):34-47.
[13]FAGBOHUNKA A.The impacts of agglomeration on the immediate environment,using the Lagos Region as a study case[J].European scientific journal,2012,8(6):33-48.
[14]张可,汪东芳.经济集聚与环境污染的交互影响及空间溢出[J].中国工业经济,2014(6):70-82.
[15]王兵,聂欣.产业集聚与环境治理:助力还是阻力---来自开发区设立准自然实验的证据[J].中国工业经济,2012(12):75-89.
[16]李筱乐.市场化、工业集聚和环境污染的实证分析[J].统计研究,2014,31(8):39-45.
[17]杨仁发.产业集聚能否改善中国环境污染[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(2):23-29.
[18]COLE M.Trade,the pollution haven hypothesis and environmental Kuznets Curve:examining the linkages[J].Ecological economics,2004,48:71-81.
[19]李锴,齐绍洲.贸易开放、经济增长与中国二氧化碳排放[J].经济研究,2011(11):60-73.
[20]谢锐,赵果梅.GMRIO模型视角下中国对外贸易环境效应研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2016(5):84-102.
[21]张宇,蒋殿春.FDI、政府监管与中国水污染---基于产业结构与技术进步分解指标的实证检验[J].经济学季刊,2014,13(2):491-514.
[22]杨子晖,田磊.“污染天堂”假说与影响因素的中国省际研究[J].世界经济,2017,40(5):148-172.
[23]STERN D,COMMON M,BARBIER E.Economic growth and environmental degradation:the environmental Kuznets Curve and sustainable development[J].World development,1996,24(7):1151-1160.
[24]PASTEN R,FIGUEROA E.The environmental Kuznets Curve:a survey of the theoretical literature[J].International review of environmental and resource economics,2012,6(3):195-224.
[25]赵细康.环境保护与产业国际竞争力[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003:87-97.
[26]符淼.地理距离和技术外溢效应---对技术和经济集聚现象的空间计量学解释[J].经济学季刊,2009,8(4):1550-1566.
[27]李小平,卢现祥.国际贸易、污染产业转移与中国CO2排放[J].经济研究,2010(1):15-26.
[2]KARKALAKOS S.Capital heterogeneity,industrial clusters and environmental consciousness[J].Journal of economic integration,2010,25(2):353-375.
[3]CHERTOW M,ASHTON W,ESPINOSA J.Industrial symbiosis in Puerto Rico:environmentally related agglomeration economies[J].Regional studies,2008,42(10):1299-1312.
[4]HOSOE M,NAITO T.Trans-boundary pollution transmission and regional agglomeration effects[J].Papers in regional science,2010,85(1):99-120.
[5]沈能,王艳,王群伟.集聚外部性与碳生产率空间趋同研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(12):40-47.
[6]PORTER M.Clusters and the new economics of competition[J].Harvard business review,1998,76:77-90.
[7]陈建军,胡晨光.产业集聚的集聚效应---以长江三角洲次区域为例的理论与实证分析[J].管理世界,2008(6):68-83.
[8]REPPELIN-HILL V.Trade and environment:an empirical analysis of the technology effect in the steel industry[J].Journal of environmental economics and management,1999,38(3):283-301.
[9]ANTWEILER W,COPELAND B,TAYLOR M.Is free trade good for the environment?[J].American economic review,2001,91(4):877-908.
[10]ESKELAND G,HARRISON A.Moving to green pastures?multinationals and the pollution Haven Hypothesis[J].Journal of development economics,2003,70:1-23.
[11]盛斌,吕越.外国直接投资对中国环境的影响---来自工业行业面板数据的实证研究[J].中国社会科学,2012(5):54-75.
[12]景维民,张璐.环境管制、对外开放与中国工业的绿色技术进步[J].经济研究,2014(9):34-47.
[13]FAGBOHUNKA A.The impacts of agglomeration on the immediate environment,using the Lagos Region as a study case[J].European scientific journal,2012,8(6):33-48.
[14]张可,汪东芳.经济集聚与环境污染的交互影响及空间溢出[J].中国工业经济,2014(6):70-82.
[15]王兵,聂欣.产业集聚与环境治理:助力还是阻力---来自开发区设立准自然实验的证据[J].中国工业经济,2012(12):75-89.
[16]李筱乐.市场化、工业集聚和环境污染的实证分析[J].统计研究,2014,31(8):39-45.
[17]杨仁发.产业集聚能否改善中国环境污染[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(2):23-29.
[18]COLE M.Trade,the pollution haven hypothesis and environmental Kuznets Curve:examining the linkages[J].Ecological economics,2004,48:71-81.
[19]李锴,齐绍洲.贸易开放、经济增长与中国二氧化碳排放[J].经济研究,2011(11):60-73.
[20]谢锐,赵果梅.GMRIO模型视角下中国对外贸易环境效应研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2016(5):84-102.
[21]张宇,蒋殿春.FDI、政府监管与中国水污染---基于产业结构与技术进步分解指标的实证检验[J].经济学季刊,2014,13(2):491-514.
[22]杨子晖,田磊.“污染天堂”假说与影响因素的中国省际研究[J].世界经济,2017,40(5):148-172.
[23]STERN D,COMMON M,BARBIER E.Economic growth and environmental degradation:the environmental Kuznets Curve and sustainable development[J].World development,1996,24(7):1151-1160.
[24]PASTEN R,FIGUEROA E.The environmental Kuznets Curve:a survey of the theoretical literature[J].International review of environmental and resource economics,2012,6(3):195-224.
[25]赵细康.环境保护与产业国际竞争力[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003:87-97.
[26]符淼.地理距离和技术外溢效应---对技术和经济集聚现象的空间计量学解释[J].经济学季刊,2009,8(4):1550-1566.
[27]李小平,卢现祥.国际贸易、污染产业转移与中国CO2排放[J].经济研究,2010(1):15-26.