西北中小城市建设用地增长的特征、动因及其分类引导
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摘要
从我国西北地理分区层面研究中小城市用地增长特征和动力机制是新时期城市高质量管控的突破口,也是促进这一区域形成协调发展新格局的关键点。通过解译近15 a来西北中小城市遥感影像和大比例尺辅助数据,首先运用年均增长速率、质心迁移速率、拓扑关系和分形维数方法,分别测算建设用地增长的速率、方向性、方式和边界形态特征,以认识其增长的时间离散、空间差异及聚集程度。据此提出不同特征城市增长的动因:重点产业或主体功能的植入促使城市中高速外延型增长,城市边缘区土地权属干扰导致低速率弱方向+外延型非规整增生,新城缓慢而有序的建设促使城市低速率外延规整化增长,城市片区之间用地的填补式开发促使低速率弱方向填充型增长。在此基础上,提出不同增长动因城市的分类引导策略,为今后城市用地规划管控决策提供建议。
The research on the characteristics and dynamic mechanism of the construction land use growth in the small and medium-sized cities is the breakthrough point of city's management and control of high quality in the new era from the geographical zone perspective in Northwest China.It is also the key to promote a new pattern of coordinated development in the corresponding regions.Based on the interpretation of the remotely sensed images and large scale supplementary data of the small and medium-sized cities in Northwest China over the past 15 years,the time discreteness,the spatial difference and the aggregation extent of the growth were analyzed using the method of annual growth rate,centroid migration rate,topological relation and fractal dimension to measure the rate,direction,pattern and boundary shape of the urban construction land use growth.Then,the study investigated the growth motivations and summarized as follows: the implantation of key industry or main function promotes the urban extrorse growth with medium or high-speed epitaxial growth; the disturbance of land ownership in urban fringes leads to a directionless irregular growth with low speed and yet this irregularity was gradually forced to become regularized by the slow and well-organized construction in the fringes; the fill-up type of development of the land use between urban districts impels this padding alike type of growth with low-speed and weak-direction.Based on the findings,this paper puts forward the classification and guidance strategies for the cities with different growth driving forces in their future urban land use planning and control decisions.
The research on the characteristics and dynamic mechanism of the construction land use growth in the small and medium-sized cities is the breakthrough point of city's management and control of high quality in the new era from the geographical zone perspective in Northwest China.It is also the key to promote a new pattern of coordinated development in the corresponding regions.Based on the interpretation of the remotely sensed images and large scale supplementary data of the small and medium-sized cities in Northwest China over the past 15 years,the time discreteness,the spatial difference and the aggregation extent of the growth were analyzed using the method of annual growth rate,centroid migration rate,topological relation and fractal dimension to measure the rate,direction,pattern and boundary shape of the urban construction land use growth.Then,the study investigated the growth motivations and summarized as follows: the implantation of key industry or main function promotes the urban extrorse growth with medium or high-speed epitaxial growth; the disturbance of land ownership in urban fringes leads to a directionless irregular growth with low speed and yet this irregularity was gradually forced to become regularized by the slow and well-organized construction in the fringes; the fill-up type of development of the land use between urban districts impels this padding alike type of growth with low-speed and weak-direction.Based on the findings,this paper puts forward the classification and guidance strategies for the cities with different growth driving forces in their future urban land use planning and control decisions.
引文
1] 金晓云,冯科.城市理性增长研究综述[J].城市问题,2008,151(2):84-89.[JIN Xiaoyun,FENG Ke.A review on urban rational growth research[J].Urban Problems,2008,151(2):84-89.]
[2] 孙萍,唐莹,罗伯特·梅森.国外城市蔓延研究综述[J].城市问题,2011,193(8):87-92.[SUN Ping,TANG Ying,MEISEN L.Summarization on foreign urban sprawl studies[J].Urban Problems,2011,193(8):87-92.]
[3] 楚玉山,刘纪远.西藏自治区土地利用[M].北京:科学出版社,1992.[CHU Yushan,LIU Jiyuan.Land use in Tibet Autonomous Region[M].Beijing:Science Press,1992.]
[4] 韩晨.基于地学信息图谱的西安城市空间扩展研究[D] .西安:陕西师范大学,2007.[HAN Chen.The study on the expanding of urban space about Xi’an City based on Geo-info-spectrum[D].Xi’an:Shaanxi Normal University,2007.]
[5] 周倩仪.基于GIS与RS的近20年广州市城市建设用地扩展研究[D].广州:广州大学,2010.[ZHOU Qianyi.Research on construction land expansion based on GIS and RS in Guangzhou for nearly 20 years[D].Guangzhou:Guangzhou University,2010.]
[6] 刘诗苑,陈松林.基于重心测算的厦门市建设用地时空变化驱动力研究[J] .福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009,2(3):108-113.[LIU Shiyuan,CHEN Songlin.Study on driving forces of built-up land in Xiamen based on the measurement of area-weighed center[J].Journal of Fujian Normal University (Natural Science Edition),2009,2(3):108-113.]
[7] XU C,LIU M,ZHANG C,et al.The spatiotemporal dynamics of rapid urban growth in the Nanjing metropolitan region of China[J].Landscape Ecology,2007,22(6):925-937.
[8] 马荣华,陈雯,陈小卉,等.常熟市城镇用地扩展分析[J].地理学报,2004,3(5):418-426.[MA Ronghua,CHEN Wen,CHEN Xiaohui,et al.Town and construction land growth of Changshu City[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,3(5):418-426.]
[9] 赖联泓.基于遥感与GIS的环泉州湾地区城市用地扩展研究[D].福州:福建师范大学,2014.[LAI Lianhong.The research of urban land use extension around Quanzhou Bay based on remote sensing and GIS[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Normal University,2014.]
[10] 程兰,吴志峰,魏建兵,等.城镇建设用地扩展类型的空间识别及其意义[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(12):2593-2599.[CHENG Lan,WU Zhifeng,WEI Jianbing,et al.Spatial identification of built-up land expansion and its significance[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2009,28(12):2593-2599.]
[11] 刘桂林,张落成,张倩.苏南地区建设用地扩展类型及景观格局分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(10):1375-1382.[LIU Guilin,ZHANG Luocheng,ZHANG Qian.Urban expansion and landscape pattern analysis in the south of Jiangsu,China[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2014,23(10):1375-1382.]
[12] 李兰,陈晓键.快速发展期的西北地区中小城市空间扩展分析与评价[J].生态经济,2014,6(6):109-113.[LI Lan,CHEN Xiaojian.An urban spatial expansion analysis on the rapid developing small and medium-sized cities in the northwest:Taking Yulin City of Shaanxi Province as an example[J].Ecological Economy,2014,6(6):109-113.]
[13] LIU Fang.Urban expansion in China and its spatial-temporal differences over the past four decades[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2016,26(10):1477-1496.
[14] 何倡,陈晓键.不同类型中小城市空间扩展特征研究——基于敦煌、金昌、张掖的分析[J] .现代城市研究,2017,(1):111-118.[HE Chang,CHEN Xiaojian.The spatial expansion characters of different types:Based on the analysis of Dunhuang,Jinchang and Zhangye[J].Urban Development Strategy,2017,(1):111-118.]
[15] 赵可,张安录,徐卫涛.中国城市建设用地扩张驱动力的时空差异分析[J].资源科学,2011,33(5):935-941.[ZHAO Ke,ZHANG Anlu,XU Weitao.Driving forces of urban construction land expansion:An empirical analysis based on provincial panel data[J].Urban Development Strategy,2011,33(5):935-941.]
[16] 胡银根,蔡国立,廖成泉,等.基于供需视角的城乡建设用地扩张与配置的驱动力[J].经济地理,2016,36(6):161-167.[ HU Yingen,CAI Guoli,LIAO Chengquan,et al.The driving forces of sprawl and allocation on urban and rural construction land[J].Economic Geography,2016,36(6):161-167.]
[17] 张乐勤,陈素平,王文琴.快速城镇化背景下建设用地扩展驱动力研究述评与展望[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(1):164-175.[ ZHANG Leqin,CHEN Suping,WANG Wenqin.Review and prospect on driving force research of construction land expansion in the context of rapid urbanization[J].Arid Land Geography,2013,36(1):164-175.]
[18] 王丹,吴世新,张寿雨. 新疆20世纪80年代末以来耕地与建设用地扩张分析[J].干旱区地理,2017,40(1):188-196.[ WANG Dan,WU Shixin,ZHANG Shouyu.Expansion of both cultivated and construction land in Xinjiang since the late 1980s[J].Arid Land Geography,2017,40(1):188-196.]
[19] 方创琳,李广东,张蔷. 中国城市建设用地的动态变化态势与调控[J].自然资源学报,2017,32(3):363-376.[ FANG Chuanglin,LI Guangdong,ZHANG Qiang.The variation characteristics and control measures of the urban construction land in China[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2017,32(3):363-376.]
[20] 王睿,洪再生. 天津市半城市化地区建设用地时空分异特征及形成机制[J].城市发展研究,2017,24(9):15-21.[ WANG Rui,HONG Zaisheng.Analysis of temporal and spatial differentiation characteristics and formation mechanism of construction land in Tianjin City[J].Urban Development Studies,2017,24(9):15-21.]
[21] 焦利民,董婷,谷岩岩. 2000—2012年中国地级以上城市空间弹性分析[J]. 资源科学,2016,38(7):1254-1265.[JIAO Limin,DONG Ting,GU Yanyan.The spatial resilience of prefecture-level cities in China from 2000 to 2012[J].Resources Science,2016,38(7):1254-1265]
[22] 张东海,朱文泉,郑周涛,等. 近9 a来乌鲁木齐河流域中上游土地利用/覆盖及其质量变化分析[J].干旱区地理,2016,39(6):1334-1341.[ZHANG Donghai,ZHU Wenquan,ZHENG Zhoutao,et al.Change in spatial pattern and quality for land use/cover in the middle and upper reaches of Urumqi River in recent 9 years[J].Arid Land Geography,2016,39(6):1334-1341.]
(1)2015年西安市、兰州市和乌鲁木齐市城区人口均大于100×104 人,不再纳入研究计划
(2)该研究完成了陕西省、甘肃省、宁夏回族自治区所有城市,青海省西宁、海东、德令哈和格尔木,新疆维吾尔自治区乌苏、石河子、奎屯等部分城市现阶段用地的现场调查
(1)西北地区中小城市在“十五”、“十一五”、“十二五”期间建设用地的增量数据由该研究统计得出。
[2] 孙萍,唐莹,罗伯特·梅森.国外城市蔓延研究综述[J].城市问题,2011,193(8):87-92.[SUN Ping,TANG Ying,MEISEN L.Summarization on foreign urban sprawl studies[J].Urban Problems,2011,193(8):87-92.]
[3] 楚玉山,刘纪远.西藏自治区土地利用[M].北京:科学出版社,1992.[CHU Yushan,LIU Jiyuan.Land use in Tibet Autonomous Region[M].Beijing:Science Press,1992.]
[4] 韩晨.基于地学信息图谱的西安城市空间扩展研究[D] .西安:陕西师范大学,2007.[HAN Chen.The study on the expanding of urban space about Xi’an City based on Geo-info-spectrum[D].Xi’an:Shaanxi Normal University,2007.]
[5] 周倩仪.基于GIS与RS的近20年广州市城市建设用地扩展研究[D].广州:广州大学,2010.[ZHOU Qianyi.Research on construction land expansion based on GIS and RS in Guangzhou for nearly 20 years[D].Guangzhou:Guangzhou University,2010.]
[6] 刘诗苑,陈松林.基于重心测算的厦门市建设用地时空变化驱动力研究[J] .福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009,2(3):108-113.[LIU Shiyuan,CHEN Songlin.Study on driving forces of built-up land in Xiamen based on the measurement of area-weighed center[J].Journal of Fujian Normal University (Natural Science Edition),2009,2(3):108-113.]
[7] XU C,LIU M,ZHANG C,et al.The spatiotemporal dynamics of rapid urban growth in the Nanjing metropolitan region of China[J].Landscape Ecology,2007,22(6):925-937.
[8] 马荣华,陈雯,陈小卉,等.常熟市城镇用地扩展分析[J].地理学报,2004,3(5):418-426.[MA Ronghua,CHEN Wen,CHEN Xiaohui,et al.Town and construction land growth of Changshu City[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,3(5):418-426.]
[9] 赖联泓.基于遥感与GIS的环泉州湾地区城市用地扩展研究[D].福州:福建师范大学,2014.[LAI Lianhong.The research of urban land use extension around Quanzhou Bay based on remote sensing and GIS[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Normal University,2014.]
[10] 程兰,吴志峰,魏建兵,等.城镇建设用地扩展类型的空间识别及其意义[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(12):2593-2599.[CHENG Lan,WU Zhifeng,WEI Jianbing,et al.Spatial identification of built-up land expansion and its significance[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2009,28(12):2593-2599.]
[11] 刘桂林,张落成,张倩.苏南地区建设用地扩展类型及景观格局分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(10):1375-1382.[LIU Guilin,ZHANG Luocheng,ZHANG Qian.Urban expansion and landscape pattern analysis in the south of Jiangsu,China[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2014,23(10):1375-1382.]
[12] 李兰,陈晓键.快速发展期的西北地区中小城市空间扩展分析与评价[J].生态经济,2014,6(6):109-113.[LI Lan,CHEN Xiaojian.An urban spatial expansion analysis on the rapid developing small and medium-sized cities in the northwest:Taking Yulin City of Shaanxi Province as an example[J].Ecological Economy,2014,6(6):109-113.]
[13] LIU Fang.Urban expansion in China and its spatial-temporal differences over the past four decades[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2016,26(10):1477-1496.
[14] 何倡,陈晓键.不同类型中小城市空间扩展特征研究——基于敦煌、金昌、张掖的分析[J] .现代城市研究,2017,(1):111-118.[HE Chang,CHEN Xiaojian.The spatial expansion characters of different types:Based on the analysis of Dunhuang,Jinchang and Zhangye[J].Urban Development Strategy,2017,(1):111-118.]
[15] 赵可,张安录,徐卫涛.中国城市建设用地扩张驱动力的时空差异分析[J].资源科学,2011,33(5):935-941.[ZHAO Ke,ZHANG Anlu,XU Weitao.Driving forces of urban construction land expansion:An empirical analysis based on provincial panel data[J].Urban Development Strategy,2011,33(5):935-941.]
[16] 胡银根,蔡国立,廖成泉,等.基于供需视角的城乡建设用地扩张与配置的驱动力[J].经济地理,2016,36(6):161-167.[ HU Yingen,CAI Guoli,LIAO Chengquan,et al.The driving forces of sprawl and allocation on urban and rural construction land[J].Economic Geography,2016,36(6):161-167.]
[17] 张乐勤,陈素平,王文琴.快速城镇化背景下建设用地扩展驱动力研究述评与展望[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(1):164-175.[ ZHANG Leqin,CHEN Suping,WANG Wenqin.Review and prospect on driving force research of construction land expansion in the context of rapid urbanization[J].Arid Land Geography,2013,36(1):164-175.]
[18] 王丹,吴世新,张寿雨. 新疆20世纪80年代末以来耕地与建设用地扩张分析[J].干旱区地理,2017,40(1):188-196.[ WANG Dan,WU Shixin,ZHANG Shouyu.Expansion of both cultivated and construction land in Xinjiang since the late 1980s[J].Arid Land Geography,2017,40(1):188-196.]
[19] 方创琳,李广东,张蔷. 中国城市建设用地的动态变化态势与调控[J].自然资源学报,2017,32(3):363-376.[ FANG Chuanglin,LI Guangdong,ZHANG Qiang.The variation characteristics and control measures of the urban construction land in China[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2017,32(3):363-376.]
[20] 王睿,洪再生. 天津市半城市化地区建设用地时空分异特征及形成机制[J].城市发展研究,2017,24(9):15-21.[ WANG Rui,HONG Zaisheng.Analysis of temporal and spatial differentiation characteristics and formation mechanism of construction land in Tianjin City[J].Urban Development Studies,2017,24(9):15-21.]
[21] 焦利民,董婷,谷岩岩. 2000—2012年中国地级以上城市空间弹性分析[J]. 资源科学,2016,38(7):1254-1265.[JIAO Limin,DONG Ting,GU Yanyan.The spatial resilience of prefecture-level cities in China from 2000 to 2012[J].Resources Science,2016,38(7):1254-1265]
[22] 张东海,朱文泉,郑周涛,等. 近9 a来乌鲁木齐河流域中上游土地利用/覆盖及其质量变化分析[J].干旱区地理,2016,39(6):1334-1341.[ZHANG Donghai,ZHU Wenquan,ZHENG Zhoutao,et al.Change in spatial pattern and quality for land use/cover in the middle and upper reaches of Urumqi River in recent 9 years[J].Arid Land Geography,2016,39(6):1334-1341.]
(1)2015年西安市、兰州市和乌鲁木齐市城区人口均大于100×104 人,不再纳入研究计划
(2)该研究完成了陕西省、甘肃省、宁夏回族自治区所有城市,青海省西宁、海东、德令哈和格尔木,新疆维吾尔自治区乌苏、石河子、奎屯等部分城市现阶段用地的现场调查
(1)西北地区中小城市在“十五”、“十一五”、“十二五”期间建设用地的增量数据由该研究统计得出。