粪污肥料化产物对土壤磷淋失的影响
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摘要
以华北平原广泛分布的潮土为研究对象,采用室内模拟和室外淋溶试验,通过比较生物有机肥(BOF)、普通有机肥(OF)、沼液(BS)、猪场废水(WLF)、化学肥料(CF)和不施肥(NOP)6个施肥处理对土壤磷淋失量、土壤速效磷含量及小白菜产量的影响,以明确不同肥料施用后土壤磷的转化及淋失能力的差异。结果表明:(1)由于下层土壤对从上层淋溶下的磷的吸附作用,模拟淋溶及室外淋溶实验中各处理组之间磷淋失量差异性不一致,淋失量平均值最大的分别为CF及WLF组。(2)不同肥料处理组在不同土壤深度中速效磷(Olsen-P)含量存在差异,与NOP组相比,CF处理组在0-20cm、BOF处理组在0-60cm深度土壤的Olsen-P含量显著增加,其余处理组与NOP组在4个深度土壤中均无显著差异。(3)在室外淋溶实验中,CF组小白菜产量比施有机肥组高17.8%～82.0%,比NOP组高923.5%,施有机肥组的产量比NOP组高462.4%～768.7%;各组之间植株磷吸收量均存在显著差异,CF组磷吸收量比施有机肥组高22.0%～124.7%,比NOP组高1504.3%,施有机肥组磷吸收量比NOP组高614.0%～1214.9%。综合实验结果可知,从控制磷淋失量、促进植物生长及磷吸收的角度看,BOF和OF是最适合粪污处置的应用方式。
Simulate and outdoor leaching experiments were conducted with fluvo-aquic soil in order to clarify the differences on transformation of phosphorus and leaching progress with different resource products from pig manure. The amount of phosphorus leach-loss, Olsen-P content in soil and yields of Chinese cabbage were all determined in the experiments. The treatments included biological organic fertilizer(BOF), ordinary organic fertilizer(OF), biogas slurry(BS), waste-water from livestock farm(WLF), with chemical fertilizer(CF) and no P application(NOP) as control. The results showed that,(1) due to the reason that soil in lower layer can absorb P leached from soil in upper layer, TP leaching amount of simulate and outdoor leaching experiments showed different trends, and the maximum average amount was from treatment with CF and WLF, respectively.(2) There were significant differences on Olsen-P content in different soil depths with different treatments. Compared with NOP treatment, there was a significant increase of Olsen-P content in 0-20 cm soil with CF treatment and in 0-60 cm soil with BOF treatment. However, there was no significant difference between NOP and other treatments on Olsen-P content in all the four soil depths, respectively.(3) As for the outdoor leaching experiment, the yield of the Chinese cabbage with CF treatment was 17.8%-82.0% higher than the treatments with organic fertilizers, and 923.5% higher than NOP treatment. Moreover, the yields of the Chinese cabbage with organic treatments were 462.4%-768.7% higher than NOP treatment. There were significant differences on the P content in vegetable among different treatments. The content of P in vegetable of CF treatment was 22.0%-124.7% higher than treatments with organic fertilizers, and 1504.3% higher than NOP treatment, moreover, P in vegetable of treatments with organic fertilizers were 614.0%-1214.9% higher than NOP treatment. Above all, it was pointed out that, the most appropriate approach to deal with pig manure were BOF and OF, according to the comprehensive analysis of phosphorus-leaching control, vegetable growth acceleration and phosphorus up-taking ability.
Simulate and outdoor leaching experiments were conducted with fluvo-aquic soil in order to clarify the differences on transformation of phosphorus and leaching progress with different resource products from pig manure. The amount of phosphorus leach-loss, Olsen-P content in soil and yields of Chinese cabbage were all determined in the experiments. The treatments included biological organic fertilizer(BOF), ordinary organic fertilizer(OF), biogas slurry(BS), waste-water from livestock farm(WLF), with chemical fertilizer(CF) and no P application(NOP) as control. The results showed that,(1) due to the reason that soil in lower layer can absorb P leached from soil in upper layer, TP leaching amount of simulate and outdoor leaching experiments showed different trends, and the maximum average amount was from treatment with CF and WLF, respectively.(2) There were significant differences on Olsen-P content in different soil depths with different treatments. Compared with NOP treatment, there was a significant increase of Olsen-P content in 0-20 cm soil with CF treatment and in 0-60 cm soil with BOF treatment. However, there was no significant difference between NOP and other treatments on Olsen-P content in all the four soil depths, respectively.(3) As for the outdoor leaching experiment, the yield of the Chinese cabbage with CF treatment was 17.8%-82.0% higher than the treatments with organic fertilizers, and 923.5% higher than NOP treatment. Moreover, the yields of the Chinese cabbage with organic treatments were 462.4%-768.7% higher than NOP treatment. There were significant differences on the P content in vegetable among different treatments. The content of P in vegetable of CF treatment was 22.0%-124.7% higher than treatments with organic fertilizers, and 1504.3% higher than NOP treatment, moreover, P in vegetable of treatments with organic fertilizers were 614.0%-1214.9% higher than NOP treatment. Above all, it was pointed out that, the most appropriate approach to deal with pig manure were BOF and OF, according to the comprehensive analysis of phosphorus-leaching control, vegetable growth acceleration and phosphorus up-taking ability.
引文
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[2]杨世琦,韩瑞芸,刘晨峰.中国畜禽粪便磷的农田消纳量及承载负荷研究[J].中国农学通报,2016,32(32):111-116.Yang S Q,Han R Y,Liu C F.The given amount and loading capacity of phosphorus from livestock and poultry manure in China[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2016,32(32):111-116.(in Chinese)
[3]Bokhtiar S M,Sakurai K.Effect of application of inorganic and organic fertilizers on growth,yield and quality of sugarcane[J].Sugar Technology,2005,7(1):33-37.
[4]袁英英,李敏清,胡伟,等.生物有机肥对番茄青枯病的防效及对土壤微生物的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(7):1344-1350.Yuan Y Y,Li M Q,Hu W,et al.Effect of biological organic fertilizer on tomato bacterial wilt and soil microorganism[J].Joumal of Agro-Environment Science,2011,30(7):1344-1350.(in Chinese)
[5]El-Sayed S F,Hassan H A,El-Mogy M M.Impact of bio-and organic fertilizers on potato yield,quality and tuber weight loss after harvest[J].Potato Research,2015,58:67-81.
[6]宋震震,李絮花,李娟,等.有机肥和化肥长期施用对土壤活性有机氮组分及酶活性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(3):525-533.Song Z Z,Li X H,Li J,et al.Long-term effects of mineral versus organic fertilizers on soil labile nitrogen fractions and soil enzyme activities in agricultural soil[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2014,20(3):525-533.(in Chinese)
[7]谷思玉,汪睿,耿泽铭,等.生物有机肥对盐渍土酶活性和腐殖质组分的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(1):147-151.Gu S Y,Wang R,Geng Z M,et al.Effects of bio-organic fertilizer on enzyme activity and humus compositions in saline soil[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(1):147-151.(in Chinese)
[8]吴华山,郭德杰,马艳,等.猪粪沼液施用对土壤氨挥发及玉米产量和品质的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(2):163-168.Wu H S,Guo D J,Ma Y,et al.Effects of pig manure-biogas slurry application on soil ammonia volatilization and maize output and quality[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2012,20(2):163-168.(in Chinese)
[9]赵莉.施用沼液对水芹产量、品质及土壤氨挥发的影响[D].南京:南京农业大学,2013:15.Zhao L.Effect of biogas slurry application on the growth and quality of Oenanthe javanica and ammonia volatilization from soils[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2013:15.(in Chinese)
[10]张无敌,刘士清,赖建华,等.厌氧消化残留物在防治农作物病虫害中的作用[J].中国沼气,1996,14(1):6-8.Zhang W D,Liu S Q,Lai J H,et al.The effects of anaerobic fermentation residue on prevention of diseases and insect pests for crops[J].China Biogas,1996,14(1):6-8.(in Chinese)
[11]曹云,常志州,马艳,等.沼液施用对辣椒疫病的防治效果及对土壤生物学特性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(3):507-516.Cao Y,Chang Z Z,Ma Y,et al.Effects of application of anaerobically digested slurry on suppression of pepper(Capsicum frutescens L)blight and soil biological characteristics[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(3):507-516.(in Chinese)
[12]郑学博,樊剑波,周静.沼液还田对旱地红壤有机质及团聚体特征的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(16):3201-3210.Zheng X B,Fan J B,Zhou J.Effects of biogas slurry on soil organic matter and characteristics of soil aggregates in upland red earth[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(16):3201-3210.(in Chinese)
[13]甘福丁,魏世清,覃文能,等.施用沼液对玉豆品质及土壤肥效的影响[J].中国沼气,2011,29(1):59-60.Gan F D,Wei S Q,Qin W N,et al.Effect of biogas slurry on tabe bean quality and soil fertility[J].China Biogas,2011,29(1):59-60.(in Chinese)
[14]Matsunaka T,Sawamoto T,Ishimura H,et al.Efficient use of digested cattle slurry from biogas plant with respect to nitrogen recycling in grassland[J].International Congress Series,2006,1293:242-252.
[15]何连生,刘鸿亮,朱迎波,等.养殖场污水灌溉土壤渗出液磷特征分析[J].环境科学,2005,26(5):200-204.He L S,Liu H L,Zhu Y B,et al.Phosphorus characteristics in leachate from soils irrigated with liivestock wastewater[J].Environmental Science,2005,26(5):200-204.(in Chinese)
[16]于丹,王风,黄治平,等.猪场废水灌溉对潮土磷素肥力的影响[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(6):103-107.Yu D,Wang F,Huang Z P,et al.Effects of swine wastewater irrigation on phosphorus fertility in fluvo-aquic soil[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(6):103-107.(in Chinese)
[17]Galvāo S R S,Salcedo I H.Soil phosphorus fractions in sandy soils amended with cattle manure for long periods[J].Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo,2009,33(3):613-622.
[18]Toor G S,Condron L M,Di H J,et al.Characterization of organic phosphorus in leachate from a grassland soil[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2003,35(10):1317-1323.
[19]马金奉,朱昌雄,李红娜,等.模拟条件下生物腐殖酸肥对土壤磷素淋失及流失的影响[J].中国农业气象,2017,38(11):699-708.Ma J F,Zhu C X,Li H N,et al.Effects of bio-active humic acid fertilizer on phosphorus leach-loss and runoff-loss under simulated conditions[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2017,38(11):699-708.(in Chinese)
[20]Sharpley A N,Chapra S C,Wedepohl R,et al.Managing agricultural phosphorus for protection of surface waters:issues and options[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1994,23(3):437-451.
[21]王新军,廖文华,刘建玲.菜地土壤磷素淋失及其影响因素[J].华北农学报,2006,21(4):67-70.Wang X J,Liao W H,Liu J L.Phosphorus leaching from vegetable fields and impact factors[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinice,2006,21(4):67-70.(in Chinese)
[22]Ma J F,Zhu C X,Geng B,et al.Phosphorus mobility in soil columns of different manure treatment products under simulated and field leaching conditions[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2018,49(11):1344-1354.
[23]金圣爱,王恒,刘庆花,等.山东寿光设施菜地富磷土壤磷素淋溶特征研究[J].土壤通报,2010,41(3):577-581.Jin S A,Wang H,Liu Q H,et al.Phosphorus leaching characteristics of the phosphorus-rich soils in protected field production in Shouguang[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2010,41(3):577-581.(in Chinese)
[24]张作新,刘建玲,廖文华,等.磷肥和有机肥对不同磷水平土壤磷渗漏影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(4):729-735.Zhang Z X,Liu J L,Liao W H,et al.The effect of phosphate fertilizer and manure on phosphorus leaching in different phosphorus levels soil[J].Journal of Agro-environment Science,2009,28(4):729-735.(in Chinese)
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