内蒙古赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区中华斑羚的季节性食物构成分析
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摘要
食物是影响野生动物生存的关键因子之一,食性研究是了解野生动物与其生存环境关系的重要内容,也是评价动物生存状况和栖息地质量的基础工作。通过粪便显微分析法对内蒙古赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区中华斑羚Naemorhedus griseus的食物季节性构成分析,发现中华斑羚全年取食植物16科27属31种,冬季取食植物种类与其他各季节的差异有高度统计学意义(χ~2=28.865,P<0.001),食物种类明显低于其他3个季节。各季节取食乔木的比例均最低,且冬季取食乔木种类仅1种。全年取食非禾本科草本种类各季节的差异有高度统计学意义(χ~2=17.213,P<0.001),冬季明显低于其他季节。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和食物生态位宽度由高到低依次为夏季、秋季、春季、冬季,而Pielou均匀度指数由高到低依次为夏季、秋季、冬季、春季。本研究结果表明,中华斑羚的食物选择对栖息地的植被变化具有一定适应性,受植物丰富度和可食部位,以及自身的季节性活动范围和能量平衡等因素的综合影响。
Food is one of the key factors affecting wildlife survival. Food habits study helps us to understand the important relationship between wildlife and their living environment,and can also be used to evaluate the quality of the animals' living conditions and their habitats. The seasonal diet variation of the Chinese goral( Naemorhedus griseus) was studied through microscopic analysis of the fecal contents in Saihanwula National Nature Reserve. The results showed that 31 plant species belonging to 27 genera and 16 families were foraged by N. griseus in the whole year. The composition of plant species was extremely significant different from other 3 seasons,which was extreme significantly lower during winter( χ2= 28. 865,P <0. 001). The proportion of arborous plants in goral's diet were the lowest in all seasons,and the species of arborous plants in winter was the least with only 1 species. Additionally,the proportion of forbs had extremely significant seasonal changes( χ2= 17. 213,P < 0. 001),which was consumed less in winter than in other seasons. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index and food niche width from high to low were summer,autumn,spring and winter,while Pielou's evenness index in order( from high to low) were summer,autumn,winter and spring. The results showed that the feeding habits of N. griseus had certain adaptability to the seasonal changes of vegetation,and could be affected by an integrative factor of plants richness,arable parts,seasonal activities and energy budget of the animal.
Food is one of the key factors affecting wildlife survival. Food habits study helps us to understand the important relationship between wildlife and their living environment,and can also be used to evaluate the quality of the animals' living conditions and their habitats. The seasonal diet variation of the Chinese goral( Naemorhedus griseus) was studied through microscopic analysis of the fecal contents in Saihanwula National Nature Reserve. The results showed that 31 plant species belonging to 27 genera and 16 families were foraged by N. griseus in the whole year. The composition of plant species was extremely significant different from other 3 seasons,which was extreme significantly lower during winter( χ2= 28. 865,P <0. 001). The proportion of arborous plants in goral's diet were the lowest in all seasons,and the species of arborous plants in winter was the least with only 1 species. Additionally,the proportion of forbs had extremely significant seasonal changes( χ2= 17. 213,P < 0. 001),which was consumed less in winter than in other seasons. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index and food niche width from high to low were summer,autumn,spring and winter,while Pielou's evenness index in order( from high to low) were summer,autumn,winter and spring. The results showed that the feeding habits of N. griseus had certain adaptability to the seasonal changes of vegetation,and could be affected by an integrative factor of plants richness,arable parts,seasonal activities and energy budget of the animal.
引文
昶野.2010.贺兰山岩羊食性分析[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学.
高中信,陈化鹏,王筱平.1991.粪便分析法测定植食动物食性的评价[J].兽类学报,11(3):186-193.
郭相保,王振龙,陈菊荣,等.2011.河南太行山自然保护区猕猴冬春季食性分析[J].生态学杂志,30(3):483-488.
蒋志刚,马勇,吴毅,等.2015.中国哺乳动物多样性及地理分布[M].北京:科学出版社.
蒋志刚,江建平,王跃招,等.2016.中国脊椎动物红色名录[J].生物多样性,24(5):500-551.
蒋志刚.2004.动物行为原理与物种保护方法[M].北京:科学出版社.
李邦,林恭华,谢久祥,等.2014.托勒南山半圈养白唇鹿食性分析[J].四川动物,33(6):840-845.
李桂林.2005.赛罕乌拉自然保护区志[M].赤峰:内蒙古科学科技出版社.
刘丙万,蒋志刚.2002.普氏原羚的采食对策[J].动物学报,48(3):309-316.
刘刚,宁宇,夏晓飞,等.2018.高通量测序技术在野生动物食性分析中的应用与展望[J].生态学报,38(9):1-9.
刘燕,毕俊怀,武晓东.2015.内蒙古中部蒙古野驴春季食性分析[J].动物学杂志,50(3):321-328.
骆颖.2011.贺兰山岩羊(Pseudois nayaur)和马鹿(Cervus elaphus alxaicus)的食性及生境选择比较研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学.
单继红,吴建平.2005.食草动物食性研究的主要方法及其评价[J].野生动物学报,26(3):47-49.
司晓艳,赵天飙,毛永强,等.2007.食草动物食性研究方法的评价[J].医学动物防制,23(12):957-959.
苏军虎,Weihong JI,徐长林,等.2017.甘南草原主要草食动物的食性及其生态位特征[J].动物学杂志,52(3):381-389.
王安梦.2010.内蒙古赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区鸟类群落研究[D].北京:北京林业大学.
吴建平,单继红,王志平.2005.小兴安岭通河林区斑羚冬季食性分析[J].动物学杂志,40(4):40-44.
姚志诚,刘振生,王兆锭,等.2011.贺兰山野化牦牛冬春季食性[J].生态学报,31(3):673-679.
雍世鹏,邢莲莲,李桂林.2011.赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区生物多样性编目[M].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学出版社.
张春杨,吴建平,黄信勇.2011.梅花鹿食性分析中粪便分析法的研究[J].野生动物学报,32(4):199-202.
张维,王文,唐珞,等.2006.黑龙江龙口自然保护区斑羚冬季食性分析[J].东北林业大学学报,34(3):32,44.
郑荣泉,鲍毅新.2004.有蹄类食性研究方法及研究进展[J].生态学报,24(7):15324539.
朱世兵.2015.基于迁移行为、食性分析的貂熊冬季生境利用和评价[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学.
Andrews K.2003.Activity budgets and feeding behaviour of the but on macaque Macaca brunnecens[D].Scotland:University of Aberdeen.
Giotto N,Picot D,Moussa E,et al.2016.Compared diets of sympatric beira antelopes and domestic goats in the growing season[J].European Journal of Wildlife Research,62(6):687-693.
Ilyas O,Khan JA.2003.Food habits of barking deer(Muntiacus muntjak)and goral(Naemorhedus goral)in Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary,India[J].Mammalia,67(4):521-532.
Johnson MK.1982.Frequency sampling for microscopic analysis of botanical compositions[J].Journal of Range Management Archives,35(4):541.
Krebs JR,Davies NB,Wells KD.1995.An introduction to behavioral ecology[M].Oxford:Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Raza FS,Okamoto M,Takemori H,et al.2005.Manganese superoxide dismutase activity in the rat adrenal[J].Journal of Endocrinology,184(1):77-84.
Rduch V.2016.Diet of the puku antelope(Kobus vardonii)and dietary overlap with selected other bovids in Kasanka National Park,Zambia[J].Mammal Research,61(3):289-297.
高中信,陈化鹏,王筱平.1991.粪便分析法测定植食动物食性的评价[J].兽类学报,11(3):186-193.
郭相保,王振龙,陈菊荣,等.2011.河南太行山自然保护区猕猴冬春季食性分析[J].生态学杂志,30(3):483-488.
蒋志刚,马勇,吴毅,等.2015.中国哺乳动物多样性及地理分布[M].北京:科学出版社.
蒋志刚,江建平,王跃招,等.2016.中国脊椎动物红色名录[J].生物多样性,24(5):500-551.
蒋志刚.2004.动物行为原理与物种保护方法[M].北京:科学出版社.
李邦,林恭华,谢久祥,等.2014.托勒南山半圈养白唇鹿食性分析[J].四川动物,33(6):840-845.
李桂林.2005.赛罕乌拉自然保护区志[M].赤峰:内蒙古科学科技出版社.
刘丙万,蒋志刚.2002.普氏原羚的采食对策[J].动物学报,48(3):309-316.
刘刚,宁宇,夏晓飞,等.2018.高通量测序技术在野生动物食性分析中的应用与展望[J].生态学报,38(9):1-9.
刘燕,毕俊怀,武晓东.2015.内蒙古中部蒙古野驴春季食性分析[J].动物学杂志,50(3):321-328.
骆颖.2011.贺兰山岩羊(Pseudois nayaur)和马鹿(Cervus elaphus alxaicus)的食性及生境选择比较研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学.
单继红,吴建平.2005.食草动物食性研究的主要方法及其评价[J].野生动物学报,26(3):47-49.
司晓艳,赵天飙,毛永强,等.2007.食草动物食性研究方法的评价[J].医学动物防制,23(12):957-959.
苏军虎,Weihong JI,徐长林,等.2017.甘南草原主要草食动物的食性及其生态位特征[J].动物学杂志,52(3):381-389.
王安梦.2010.内蒙古赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区鸟类群落研究[D].北京:北京林业大学.
吴建平,单继红,王志平.2005.小兴安岭通河林区斑羚冬季食性分析[J].动物学杂志,40(4):40-44.
姚志诚,刘振生,王兆锭,等.2011.贺兰山野化牦牛冬春季食性[J].生态学报,31(3):673-679.
雍世鹏,邢莲莲,李桂林.2011.赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区生物多样性编目[M].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学出版社.
张春杨,吴建平,黄信勇.2011.梅花鹿食性分析中粪便分析法的研究[J].野生动物学报,32(4):199-202.
张维,王文,唐珞,等.2006.黑龙江龙口自然保护区斑羚冬季食性分析[J].东北林业大学学报,34(3):32,44.
郑荣泉,鲍毅新.2004.有蹄类食性研究方法及研究进展[J].生态学报,24(7):15324539.
朱世兵.2015.基于迁移行为、食性分析的貂熊冬季生境利用和评价[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学.
Andrews K.2003.Activity budgets and feeding behaviour of the but on macaque Macaca brunnecens[D].Scotland:University of Aberdeen.
Giotto N,Picot D,Moussa E,et al.2016.Compared diets of sympatric beira antelopes and domestic goats in the growing season[J].European Journal of Wildlife Research,62(6):687-693.
Ilyas O,Khan JA.2003.Food habits of barking deer(Muntiacus muntjak)and goral(Naemorhedus goral)in Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary,India[J].Mammalia,67(4):521-532.
Johnson MK.1982.Frequency sampling for microscopic analysis of botanical compositions[J].Journal of Range Management Archives,35(4):541.
Krebs JR,Davies NB,Wells KD.1995.An introduction to behavioral ecology[M].Oxford:Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Raza FS,Okamoto M,Takemori H,et al.2005.Manganese superoxide dismutase activity in the rat adrenal[J].Journal of Endocrinology,184(1):77-84.
Rduch V.2016.Diet of the puku antelope(Kobus vardonii)and dietary overlap with selected other bovids in Kasanka National Park,Zambia[J].Mammal Research,61(3):289-297.