蔬菜变态根茎发育的分子机理研究进展
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摘要
变态根茎是许多蔬菜作物重要的产品器官。阐明变态根茎的形成不仅是植物发育生物学研究的重要内容,也是提高相关蔬菜作物产量和品质的重要保障。近年来,关于蔬菜变态根茎形成机理的研究已经取得了重要进展。本文主要以代表性根茎类蔬菜作物萝卜、芜菁、马铃薯、莲藕、榨菜、山药、芋艿为对象,就其变态根茎发育的遗传和分子机理,包括变态根茎发育相关性状的遗传及QTL定位,形态建成的物质和能量代谢,细胞周期及细胞膨大,植物激素、光周期、转录因子等调控机制的研究进展进行了综述。蔬菜变态根茎发育相关性状多为寡基因或多基因控制的数量性状。目前,一系列发育相关性状的QTL位点被鉴定,一些重要性状的连锁标记被开发。作为形态建成物质的淀粉、糖类和蛋白质为变态根茎的发育提供重要的物质、能量和营养来源,诸多基因参与形态建成物质的代谢。细胞周期作为细胞分裂的调节器,决定细胞数目。细胞周期受细胞周期蛋白(cyclins,CYC)、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(cyclin-dependent protein kinases,CDKs)以及转录因子RB/E2F的调控。细胞膨大决定细胞大小,受扩展蛋白(expansin,EXP)和木葡聚糖内糖基转移酶/水解酶(xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases,XTHs)等重要因子调节。植物激素是变态根茎发育的基础调控因子,诸多激素如赤霉素、生长素、脱落酸、细胞分裂素和茉莉酸等参与变态根茎的发育。光周期调控是变态根茎发育的动态信号,大量参与光周期调控的基因,如光敏色素、CONSTANS(CO)、FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)、APY等在变态根茎形成过程中都起到重要的调控作用。此外,MADS-box、ABF/AREB和homeobox等转录因子也在变态根茎的发育中扮演重要角色。另外,文章就小RNA、表观遗传学、转录组学、蛋白质组学、比较基因组学、全基因组测序和关联分析的研究在变态根茎发育机理中的应用进行了简要介绍。
Modified roots or stems are the product organs of many important vegetables. To clarify the mechanisms of modified roots or stems formation is not only the main content for plant development biology, but also the guarantee of plant yield and quality improvement. Much progresses have been made in mechanisms of vegetable modified roots or stems development recently. The inheritance and molecular mechanism of modified roots or stems development in vegetable crops including radish, turnip, potato, lotus, mustard, yam and taro were reviewed in this paper. It mainly contained inheritance and QTL of their development associated traits, substances and energy metabolism for morphogenesis, cell cycle and cell expansion, regulation mechanisms including phytohormone, photoperiod and transcription factor effects in modified roots and stems. The related traits of modified roots or stems were controlled by QTL and some molecular markers linked to the important traits have also been developed for marker-assisted selection. Starch, sugar and protein provide the substances, energy and nutrition for modified roots or stems morphogenesis and a set of genes are involved in the metabolism of them. Besides, cell cycle is a temporal regulator of cell division and determines the cell number. Some regulatory proteins including cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases and RB/E2 F transcription factor are involved in cell cycle regulation. In addition, cell expansion, determining the cell size, is regulated by the expansin and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases. Moreover, plant hormones, such as gibberellin, auxin, abscisic acid, cytokinin and jasmonic acid, are the basic regulation factors involved in modified roots or stems development. Furthermore, photoperiod regulation is the dynamic signal for plant development. A large number of photoperiod related genes including Phytochrome, CONSTANS(GO), FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT) and APY are involved in modified roots or stems development. Lastly, the transcription factors, such as MADS-box, ABF/AREB and homeobox, play vital roles in modified roots or stems development. Meanwhile, the methods and technologies including small RNAs, epigenetics, comparative genomics, whole genome sequencing and genome-wide association study in molecular mechanism study of vegetables abnormal organ development were summaried.
Modified roots or stems are the product organs of many important vegetables. To clarify the mechanisms of modified roots or stems formation is not only the main content for plant development biology, but also the guarantee of plant yield and quality improvement. Much progresses have been made in mechanisms of vegetable modified roots or stems development recently. The inheritance and molecular mechanism of modified roots or stems development in vegetable crops including radish, turnip, potato, lotus, mustard, yam and taro were reviewed in this paper. It mainly contained inheritance and QTL of their development associated traits, substances and energy metabolism for morphogenesis, cell cycle and cell expansion, regulation mechanisms including phytohormone, photoperiod and transcription factor effects in modified roots and stems. The related traits of modified roots or stems were controlled by QTL and some molecular markers linked to the important traits have also been developed for marker-assisted selection. Starch, sugar and protein provide the substances, energy and nutrition for modified roots or stems morphogenesis and a set of genes are involved in the metabolism of them. Besides, cell cycle is a temporal regulator of cell division and determines the cell number. Some regulatory proteins including cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases and RB/E2 F transcription factor are involved in cell cycle regulation. In addition, cell expansion, determining the cell size, is regulated by the expansin and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases. Moreover, plant hormones, such as gibberellin, auxin, abscisic acid, cytokinin and jasmonic acid, are the basic regulation factors involved in modified roots or stems development. Furthermore, photoperiod regulation is the dynamic signal for plant development. A large number of photoperiod related genes including Phytochrome, CONSTANS(GO), FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT) and APY are involved in modified roots or stems development. Lastly, the transcription factors, such as MADS-box, ABF/AREB and homeobox, play vital roles in modified roots or stems development. Meanwhile, the methods and technologies including small RNAs, epigenetics, comparative genomics, whole genome sequencing and genome-wide association study in molecular mechanism study of vegetables abnormal organ development were summaried.
引文
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