沿走滑活动断层的基岩河道系统位错——以青藏高原东部为例
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摘要
河流位错是沿走滑活动断层的重要构造地貌之一。然而,由于河流复杂的自然形态、沿走滑断层容易发生河流袭夺等因素,使得利用河流形态来判断走滑断层的滑动方向、位错量等存在一定的困难。文中系统介绍了利用基岩河道系统位错对沿走滑断层的河流位错地貌进行分析的方法。系统水系位错是构造过程和地表过程沿走滑活动断层相互作用的结果,是穿过走滑活动断层的河流累积位错量的同时在溯源侵蚀作用下向上游方向增长的现象。对青藏高原东部甘孜-玉树、鲜水河、昆仑东段3条走滑断裂带的河流位错地貌进行的解译、测量和统计表明,沿3条断裂带都发育系统水系位错,河流从源头到断层的上游长度(L)越长,其累积的位错量(D)越大,两者之间存在线性相关关系D=a·L。为研究青藏高原东部构造地貌演化过程中走滑断裂带的作用提供了重要依据。
Offset river is one of the characteristic landforms along active strike-slip fault. Whereas because of various factors such as natural meander,river capture,etc,difficulties exist while interpreting slip motion and offset amount using landforms of offset rivers. In this study,we introduced the systematic offset of bedrock channels as a method to analyze offset rivers along strike-slip fault. Systematic offset of bedrock channels is the result of coupling between tectonic process and surface process. It also describes the phenomenon of synchronous accumulation both of the offset amount and the upstream length because of head-ward erosion. Based on the interpretation,measuring and statistics of the offset river landforms,it is found that systematic offset of bedrock channels have developed along the GanziYushu,Xianshuihe and eastern Kunlun fault zones on the eastern Tibetan plateau. There is a linear relationship between the upstream length( L),measured from the headwater to the fault,and the offset amount( D) : D = a·L. This study provides useful implications to the role of strike-slip faults during the geomorphic evolution of the eastern Tibetan plateau.
Offset river is one of the characteristic landforms along active strike-slip fault. Whereas because of various factors such as natural meander,river capture,etc,difficulties exist while interpreting slip motion and offset amount using landforms of offset rivers. In this study,we introduced the systematic offset of bedrock channels as a method to analyze offset rivers along strike-slip fault. Systematic offset of bedrock channels is the result of coupling between tectonic process and surface process. It also describes the phenomenon of synchronous accumulation both of the offset amount and the upstream length because of head-ward erosion. Based on the interpretation,measuring and statistics of the offset river landforms,it is found that systematic offset of bedrock channels have developed along the GanziYushu,Xianshuihe and eastern Kunlun fault zones on the eastern Tibetan plateau. There is a linear relationship between the upstream length( L),measured from the headwater to the fault,and the offset amount( D) : D = a·L. This study provides useful implications to the role of strike-slip faults during the geomorphic evolution of the eastern Tibetan plateau.
引文
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Ansberque C,Godard V,Bellier O,et al.2015.Denudation pattern across the Longriba fault system and implications for the geomorphological evolution of the eastern Tibetan margin[J].Geomorphology,246:542-557.
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Cowgill E.2007.Impact of riser reconstructions on estimation of secular variation in rates of strike-slip faulting:Revisiting the Cherchen River site along the Altyn Tagh Fault,NW China[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,254(3-4):239-255.
D'Alessio,M A,Blythe A E,Bürgmann,R.2003.No frictional heat along the San Gabriel Fault,California:Evidence from fission-track thermochronology[J].Geology,31(6):541-544.
Fielding E,Isacks B,Barazangi M,et al.1994.How flat is Tibet?[J].Geology,22(2):163-167.
Gaudemer Y,Tapponnier P,Turcotte D L.1989.River offsets across active strike-slip faults[J].Ann Tecton,3:55-76.
Hack J T.1973.Stream-profile analysis and stream-gradient index[J].Journal of Research of the US Geological Survey,1(4):421-429.
Huang W.1993.Morphologic patterns of stream channels on the active Yishi Fault,southern Shandong Province,eastern China:Implications for repeated great earthquakes in the Holocene[J].Tectonophysics,219(4):283-304.
Hull A G,Nicholson C.1992.Seismotectonics of the northern Elsinore fault zone,southern California[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,82(2):800-818.
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Klinger Y,Etchebes M,Tapponnier P,et al.2011.Characteristic slip for five great earthquakes along the Fuyun Fault in China[J].Nature Geoscience,4(6):389-392.
Lasserre C,Peltzer G,CrampéF,et al.2005.Coseismic deformation of the 2001 MW=7.8 Kokoxili earthquake in Tibet,measured by synthetic aperture radar interferometry[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,110(B12):B12408.
LavéJ,Avouac J P.2000.Active folding of fluvial terraces across the Siwaliks Hills,Himalayas of central Nepal[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,105(B3):5735-5770.
Lin A,Guo J,Kano K I,et al.2006.Average slip rate and recurrence interval of large-magnitude earthquakes on the western segment of the strike-slip Kunlun Fault,northern Tibet[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,96(5):1597-1611.
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Maruyama T,Lin A M.2000.Tectonic history of the Rokko active fault zone(southwest Japan)as inferred from cumulative offsets of stream channels and basement rocks[J].Tectonophysics,323(3-4):197-216.
Maruyama T,Lin A M.2002.Active strike-slip faulting history inferred from offsets of topographic features and basement rocks:A case study of the Arima-Takatsuki Tectonic Line,southwest Japan[J].Tectonophysics,344(1-2):81-101.
Matsuda T.1966.Strike-slip faulting along the Atotsugawa Fault,Japan[J].Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute,University of Tokyo,44(3):1179-1212.
Matsuda T.1975.Active fault assessment for Irozaki fault system,Izu Peninsula[G]∥Tsuchi R(ed).Reports on the Earthquake off the Izu Peninsula,1974,and the Disaster.Monistry of Education,Tokyo,1975.121-125.
Merritts D J,Vincent K R.1989.Geomorphic response of coastal streams to low,intermediate,and high rates of uplift,Medocino triple junction region,northern California[J].GSA Bulletin,101(11):1373-1388.
Onderdonk N W,Minor S A,Kellogg K S.2005.Taking apart the Big Pine Fault:Redefining a major structural feature in southern California[J].Tectonics,24(6):TC6002.
Owen L A,Finkel R C,Barnard P L,et al.2005.Climatic and topographic controls on the style and timing of late Quaternary glaciation throughout Tibet and the Himalaya defined by10Be cosmogenic radionuclide surface exposure dating[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,24(12-13):1391-1411.
Ren Z K,Zhang Z Q,Chen T,et al.2016.Clustering of offsets on the Haiyuan Fault and their relationship to paleoearthquakes[J].GSA Bulletin,128(1-2):3-18.
Roberts G G,White N J,Martin-Brandis G L,et al.2012.An uplift history of the Colorado Plateau and its surroundings from inverse modeling of longitudinal river profiles[J].Tectonics,31(4):TC4022.
Russell R J.1926.Recent horizontal offsets along the Haywards Fault[J].The Journal of Geology,34(6):507-511.
Seeber L,Gornitz V.1983.River profiles along the Himalayan arc as indicators of active tectonics[J].Tectonophysics,92(4):335-337,341-367.
Strahler A N.1957.Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology[J].Transactions,American Geophysical Union,38(6):913-920.
Wallace R E.1975.The San Andreas Fault in the Carrizo Plain-Temblor Range region,California[R].California Division of Mines and Geology Special Report:San Andreas Fault in southern California:A Guide to San Andreas Fault from Mexico to Carrizo Plain,118:241-250.
Yan B,Lin A M.2015.Systematic deflection and offset of the Yangtze River drainage system along the strike-slip Ganzi-Yushu-Xianshuihe fault zone,Tibetan plateau[J].Journal of Geodynamics,87:13-25.
Zheng B X,Xu Q Q,Shen P.2002.The relationship between climate change and Quaternary glacial cycles on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau:Review and speculation[J].Quaternary International,97-98:93-101.
刘静,丁林,曾令森,等2006.青藏高原典型地区的地貌量化分析:兼对高原“夷平面”的讨论[J].地学前缘,13(5):285-299.LIU Jing,DING Lin,ZENG Ling-sen,et al.2006.Large-scale terrain analysis of selected regions of the Tibetan plateau:Discussion on the origin of plateau planation surface[J].Earth Science Frontiers,13(5):285-299(in Chinese).
Ansberque C,Godard V,Bellier O,et al.2015.Denudation pattern across the Longriba fault system and implications for the geomorphological evolution of the eastern Tibetan margin[J].Geomorphology,246:542-557.
Clark M K,House M A,Royden L H,et al.2005.Late Cenozoic uplift of southeastern Tibet[J].Geology,33(6):525-528.
Clark M K,Schoenbohm L M,Royden L H,et al.2004.Surface uplift,tectonics,and erosion of eastern Tibet from large-scale drainage patterns[J].Tectonics,23(1):TC1006.
Cowgill E.2007.Impact of riser reconstructions on estimation of secular variation in rates of strike-slip faulting:Revisiting the Cherchen River site along the Altyn Tagh Fault,NW China[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,254(3-4):239-255.
D'Alessio,M A,Blythe A E,Bürgmann,R.2003.No frictional heat along the San Gabriel Fault,California:Evidence from fission-track thermochronology[J].Geology,31(6):541-544.
Fielding E,Isacks B,Barazangi M,et al.1994.How flat is Tibet?[J].Geology,22(2):163-167.
Gaudemer Y,Tapponnier P,Turcotte D L.1989.River offsets across active strike-slip faults[J].Ann Tecton,3:55-76.
Hack J T.1973.Stream-profile analysis and stream-gradient index[J].Journal of Research of the US Geological Survey,1(4):421-429.
Huang W.1993.Morphologic patterns of stream channels on the active Yishi Fault,southern Shandong Province,eastern China:Implications for repeated great earthquakes in the Holocene[J].Tectonophysics,219(4):283-304.
Hull A G,Nicholson C.1992.Seismotectonics of the northern Elsinore fault zone,southern California[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,82(2):800-818.
Kirby E,Whipple K.2001.Quantifying differential rock-uplift rates via stream profile analysis[J].Geology,29(5):415-418.
Kirby E,Whipple K X,Tang W Q,et al.2003.Distribution of active rock uplift along the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau:Inferences from bedrock channel longitudinal profiles[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,108(B4):2217.
Klinger Y,Etchebes M,Tapponnier P,et al.2011.Characteristic slip for five great earthquakes along the Fuyun Fault in China[J].Nature Geoscience,4(6):389-392.
Lasserre C,Peltzer G,CrampéF,et al.2005.Coseismic deformation of the 2001 MW=7.8 Kokoxili earthquake in Tibet,measured by synthetic aperture radar interferometry[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,110(B12):B12408.
LavéJ,Avouac J P.2000.Active folding of fluvial terraces across the Siwaliks Hills,Himalayas of central Nepal[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,105(B3):5735-5770.
Lin A,Guo J,Kano K I,et al.2006.Average slip rate and recurrence interval of large-magnitude earthquakes on the western segment of the strike-slip Kunlun Fault,northern Tibet[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,96(5):1597-1611.
Maruyama T.2002.Active faulting history of intramontane strike-slip faults:Examples from SW Japan[D].Shizuoka University,Shizuoka,Japan:199.
Maruyama T,Lin A M.2000.Tectonic history of the Rokko active fault zone(southwest Japan)as inferred from cumulative offsets of stream channels and basement rocks[J].Tectonophysics,323(3-4):197-216.
Maruyama T,Lin A M.2002.Active strike-slip faulting history inferred from offsets of topographic features and basement rocks:A case study of the Arima-Takatsuki Tectonic Line,southwest Japan[J].Tectonophysics,344(1-2):81-101.
Matsuda T.1966.Strike-slip faulting along the Atotsugawa Fault,Japan[J].Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute,University of Tokyo,44(3):1179-1212.
Matsuda T.1975.Active fault assessment for Irozaki fault system,Izu Peninsula[G]∥Tsuchi R(ed).Reports on the Earthquake off the Izu Peninsula,1974,and the Disaster.Monistry of Education,Tokyo,1975.121-125.
Merritts D J,Vincent K R.1989.Geomorphic response of coastal streams to low,intermediate,and high rates of uplift,Medocino triple junction region,northern California[J].GSA Bulletin,101(11):1373-1388.
Onderdonk N W,Minor S A,Kellogg K S.2005.Taking apart the Big Pine Fault:Redefining a major structural feature in southern California[J].Tectonics,24(6):TC6002.
Owen L A,Finkel R C,Barnard P L,et al.2005.Climatic and topographic controls on the style and timing of late Quaternary glaciation throughout Tibet and the Himalaya defined by10Be cosmogenic radionuclide surface exposure dating[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,24(12-13):1391-1411.
Ren Z K,Zhang Z Q,Chen T,et al.2016.Clustering of offsets on the Haiyuan Fault and their relationship to paleoearthquakes[J].GSA Bulletin,128(1-2):3-18.
Roberts G G,White N J,Martin-Brandis G L,et al.2012.An uplift history of the Colorado Plateau and its surroundings from inverse modeling of longitudinal river profiles[J].Tectonics,31(4):TC4022.
Russell R J.1926.Recent horizontal offsets along the Haywards Fault[J].The Journal of Geology,34(6):507-511.
Seeber L,Gornitz V.1983.River profiles along the Himalayan arc as indicators of active tectonics[J].Tectonophysics,92(4):335-337,341-367.
Strahler A N.1957.Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology[J].Transactions,American Geophysical Union,38(6):913-920.
Wallace R E.1975.The San Andreas Fault in the Carrizo Plain-Temblor Range region,California[R].California Division of Mines and Geology Special Report:San Andreas Fault in southern California:A Guide to San Andreas Fault from Mexico to Carrizo Plain,118:241-250.
Yan B,Lin A M.2015.Systematic deflection and offset of the Yangtze River drainage system along the strike-slip Ganzi-Yushu-Xianshuihe fault zone,Tibetan plateau[J].Journal of Geodynamics,87:13-25.
Zheng B X,Xu Q Q,Shen P.2002.The relationship between climate change and Quaternary glacial cycles on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau:Review and speculation[J].Quaternary International,97-98:93-101.