地埋式秸秆反应堆对南方越冬茄子生产及温室土壤微环境的影响
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摘要
为分析不同秸秆生物反应堆技术对茄子生产及温室土壤微环境的影响,设置常规栽培的CK、T1(秸秆22 500 kg·hm~(-2))、T2(秸秆22 500 kg·hm~(-2)+菌剂60 kg·hm~(-2)+羊粪7800 kg·hm~(-2))和T3(秸秆22500 kg·hm~(-2)+菌剂60 kg·hm~(-2)+羊粪7800 kg·hm~(-2)+腐植酸750 kg·hm~(-2))4个处理。结果表明:使用秸秆生物反应堆技术,茄子产量可以提高29.2%～32.0%,但不同秸秆反应堆处理之间无显著差异;秸秆反应堆技术可增加茄子中可溶性总糖、维生素C和固形物含量,降低硝酸盐含量,明显改善品质。3种秸秆反应堆技术均有效提高了温室土壤CO_2排放通量,增加植株根系周边土壤有机质和总氮含量,其中有机肥和菌剂的添加促进了早期CO_2释放,有利于土壤有机质和养分累积,腐植酸的添加对温室CO_2的产生影响不大,但可以提高土壤微生物代谢能力。对土壤微生物数量的分析表明,秸秆生物反应堆提高了植株根系周边土壤中的真菌数量,降低土壤细菌数量。其中T3处理倾向于提高苗期土壤中真菌数量和花期土壤中细菌数量,而T2处理倾向于提高花期和盛果期栽培土壤中的真菌数量以及盛果期栽培土壤细菌数量。研究表明,秸秆生物反应堆可以显著提高茄子产量和品质,增加温室土壤CO_2排放通量,提高植株根系周边土壤中有机质和养分含量,影响土壤中微生物代谢活性,改变栽培过程中真菌和细菌的数量变化模式。
In order to investigate the effects of different straw bioreactor technologies on greenhouse eggplant production and the soil microenvironment, four treatments were set up in this experiment, namely CK, T1(straw 22 500 kg·hm~(-2)), T2(straw 22 500 kg·hm~(-2)+ microbial inoculants 60 kg·hm~(-2)+ sheep dung 7800 kg·hm~(-2)), and T3(straw 22 500 kg·hm~(-2)+ microbial inoculants 60 kg·hm~(-2)+ sheep dung 7800 kg·hm~(-2)+ humic acid 750 kg·hm~(-2)). The results showed that the yield of eggplant could be increased by 29.2%～32.0% under the different straw bioreactor treatments compared with that of CK, but there was no significant difference in eggplant yield between the different straw bioreactor treatments. The bioreactor technology increased the concentration of total soluble sugar, vitamin C, and solids, and decreased the nitrate content in eggplant. The three straw bioreactor technologies effectively increased the average greenhouse soil CO_2 flux and the soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents. The amendment of organic fertilizers and microbial inoculants promoted CO_2 release in the early growing stage of the greenhouse eggplant, which was beneficial to soil organic carbon and nutrient accumulation. The addition of humic acid had little effect on the greenhouse CO_2 production, but it could improve soil microbial activities. Further analysis of soil microbial quantity showed that the straw bioreactor increased the quantity of fungi in the rhizosphere and reduced the quantity of soil bacteria. Treatment T3 tended to increase the quantity of soil fungi at the seedling stage and the quantity of soil bacteria at the flowering stage, while treatment T2 tended to increase the quantity of soil fungi at the flowering and fruiting stages and the quantity of soil bacteria during the fruiting period. Our results indicated that the straw bioreactor could significantly improve the yield and quality of eggplant, increase the average greenhouse soil CO_2 flux, and increase the soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents around the root system. The straw bioreactor could also influence soil microbial metabolic activities via microbial community changes during the cultivation process.
In order to investigate the effects of different straw bioreactor technologies on greenhouse eggplant production and the soil microenvironment, four treatments were set up in this experiment, namely CK, T1(straw 22 500 kg·hm~(-2)), T2(straw 22 500 kg·hm~(-2)+ microbial inoculants 60 kg·hm~(-2)+ sheep dung 7800 kg·hm~(-2)), and T3(straw 22 500 kg·hm~(-2)+ microbial inoculants 60 kg·hm~(-2)+ sheep dung 7800 kg·hm~(-2)+ humic acid 750 kg·hm~(-2)). The results showed that the yield of eggplant could be increased by 29.2%～32.0% under the different straw bioreactor treatments compared with that of CK, but there was no significant difference in eggplant yield between the different straw bioreactor treatments. The bioreactor technology increased the concentration of total soluble sugar, vitamin C, and solids, and decreased the nitrate content in eggplant. The three straw bioreactor technologies effectively increased the average greenhouse soil CO_2 flux and the soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents. The amendment of organic fertilizers and microbial inoculants promoted CO_2 release in the early growing stage of the greenhouse eggplant, which was beneficial to soil organic carbon and nutrient accumulation. The addition of humic acid had little effect on the greenhouse CO_2 production, but it could improve soil microbial activities. Further analysis of soil microbial quantity showed that the straw bioreactor increased the quantity of fungi in the rhizosphere and reduced the quantity of soil bacteria. Treatment T3 tended to increase the quantity of soil fungi at the seedling stage and the quantity of soil bacteria at the flowering stage, while treatment T2 tended to increase the quantity of soil fungi at the flowering and fruiting stages and the quantity of soil bacteria during the fruiting period. Our results indicated that the straw bioreactor could significantly improve the yield and quality of eggplant, increase the average greenhouse soil CO_2 flux, and increase the soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents around the root system. The straw bioreactor could also influence soil microbial metabolic activities via microbial community changes during the cultivation process.
引文
[1]王宇先,李清泉,郑逢琪,等.内置式秸秆生物反应堆技术对寒地大棚香瓜产量及品质的影响[J].黑龙江农业科学,2014(2):37-41.WANG Yu-xian,LI Qing-quan,ZHENG Feng-qi,et al.Effects of built-in straw stalk biology reactor technology on yield and quality of melon in greenhouse of cold region[J].Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences,2014(2):37-41.
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[7]孙婧,田永强,高丽红,等.秸秆生物反应堆与菌肥对温室番茄土壤微环境的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(6):153-164.SUN Jing,TIAN Yong-qiang,GAO Li-hong,et al.Effects of straw biological reactor and microbial agents on physicochemical properties and microbial diversity of tomato soil in solar greenhouse[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(6):153-164.
[8]宋尚成,朱凤霞,刘润进,等.秸秆生物反应堆对西瓜连作土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响[J].微生物学通报,2010,37(5):696-700.SONG Shang-cheng,ZHU Feng-xia,LIU Run-jin,et al.Effects of straw bio-reactor on microorganism population and soil enzyme activity in the watermelon replant soil[J].Microbiology China,2010,37(5):696-700.
[9]王颖,孙启原,李金英,等.秸秆生物反应堆对大棚葡萄生育环境及产量的影响[J].吉林农业大学学报,2016,38(5):590-594,599.WANG Ying,SUN Qi-yuan,LI Jin-ying,et al.Effects of straw biological reactor technology on growth environment and yield of greenhouse grape[J].Journal of Jilin Agricultural University,2016,38(5):590-594,599.
[10]王昊,韦峰,张战胜,等.不同秸秆生物反应堆对冬季日光温室番茄生长发育的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2018(2):141-146.WANG Hao,WEI Feng,ZHANG Zhan-sheng,et al.Influences of different straw bioreactors on growth of tomatoes in greenhouse in winter[J].Soils and Fertilizers Sciences in China,2018(2):141-146.
[11]李元梅.沿海地区设施蔬菜土壤次生盐渍化问题与防治措施[J].浙江农业科学,2016,57(9):1423-1425.LI Yuan-mei.Problems and control measures of secondary salinization of protected vegetable soils in coastal areas[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,2016,57(9):1423-1425.
[12]曾许芳,方珊珊,章明奎.浙江省蔬菜地土壤肥力状况调查[J].浙江农业科学,2012(6):837-839.ZENG Xu-fang,FANG Shan-shan,ZHANG Ming-kui.Investigation of soil fertility in vegetable fields in Zhejiang Province[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,2012(6):837-839.
[13]王瑞雪,徐智,汤利,等.设施菜地土壤质量主要障碍因子及其修复措施研究进展[J].浙江农业科学,2015,56(8):1300-1305.WANG Rui-xue,XU Zhi,TANG Li,et al.Research progress on major obstacles to soil quality in greenhouse vegetable fields and their remediation measures[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,2015,56(8):1300-1305.
[14]林辉,孙万春,王飞,等.有机肥中重金属对菜田土壤微生物群落代谢的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(11):2123-2130.LIN Hui,SUN Wan-chun,WANG Fei,et al.Effects of heavy metal within organic fertilizers on the microbial community metabolic profile of a vegetable soil after land application[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2016,35(11):2123-2130.
[15]陈晓娟,袁圆,吴小红,等.不同耕地利用方式下土壤微生物活性及群落结构特性分析:基于PLFA和MicroRespTM方法[J].环境科学,2013,34(6):2375-2382.CHEN Xiao-juan,YUAN Yuan,WU Xiao-hong,et al.Microbial activity and community structure analysis under the different land use patterns in farmland soils:Based on the methods PLFA and MicroRespTM[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(6):2375-2382.
[16]梁仕权,吉亮,赵基荃,等.微生物菌剂在辣椒地上使用对土壤微生物与作物的影响[J].农村经济与科技,2016,27(16):16,22.LIANG Shi-quan,JI Liang,ZHAO Ji-quan,et al.Effects of microbial agents on soil microorganisms and crops in pepper fields[J].Rural Economy and Science-Technology,2016,27(16):16,22.
[17]付乃旭.秸秆生物发酵对日光温室辣椒越冬栽培的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2010.FU Nai-xu.Effects of straw bio-fermentation on the pepper overwinter cultivation in solar greenhouse[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2010.
[18]杨锚,邵华,金芬,等.新鲜蔬菜和水果中硝酸盐紫外分光光度法的测定[J].华中农业大学学报,2009,28(1):102-105.YANG Mao,SHAO Hua,JIN Fen,et al.Determination of nitrates in fresh vegetables and fruits by UV-spectrophotometry[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,2009,28(1):102-105.
[19]刘文璐,杨丽辉,郭书利,等.不同腐植酸含量的复合肥对茄子产量和养分利用率的影响[J].化肥工业,2017,44(6):77-81.LIU Wen-lu,YANG Li-hui,GUO Shu-li,et al.Effects of compound fertilizers with different humic acid contents on eggplant yield and nutrient utilization efficiency[J].Chemical Fertilizer Industry,2017,44(6):77-81.
[20]袁冬贞,廖允成,赵建兴,等.不同菌种秸秆生物反应堆对温室黄瓜生长及产量的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2014,42(5):171-176.YUAN Dong-zhen,LIAO Yun-cheng,ZHAO Jian-xing,et al.Effects of straw bio-reactors with different microbial strains on the growth and yield of cucumber in greenhouse[J].Journal of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University(Natural Science Edition),2014,42(5):171-176.
[21]雍海燕,王红梅,沙龙.不同有机物料处理对设施番茄土壤中微生物的影响[J].宁夏农林科技,2018,59(6):33-37.YONG Hai-yan,WANG Hong-mei,SHA Long.Study on effects of different organic material on treatments on microorganism in soils for greenhouse tomato[J].Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology,2018,59(6):33-37.
[22]Bingeman C W,Varner J E,Martin W P.The effect of the addition of organic materials on the decomposition of an organic soil 1[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1953,17(1):34-38.
[23]陈春梅,谢祖彬,朱建国.土壤有机碳激发效应研究进展[J].土壤,2006(4):359-365.CHEN Chun-mei,XIE Zu-bin,ZHU Jian-guo.Advances in research on priming effect of soil organic carbon[J].Soils,2006(4):359-365.
[24]Dalenberg J W,Jager G.Priming effect of some organic additions to14C-labelled soil[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1989,21(3):443-448.
[2]卞中华,王玉,胡晓辉,等.外置式与内置式秸秆生物反应堆对番茄生长及光合性能的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(3):753-758.BIAN Zhong-hua,WANG Yu,HU Xiao-hui,et al.Effects of outer type and built-in type straw bio-reactors on tomato growth and photosyn-thetic performance[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(3):753-758.
[3]胡英强,宋丽,樊继刚,等.秸秆生物反应堆技术在日光温室甜瓜上的应用试验[J].上海蔬菜,2018(1):67-69.HU Ying-qiang,SONG Li,FAN Ji-gang,et al.Application of straw bio-reactor technology to melon in solar greenhouse[J].Shanghai Vegetables,2018(1):67-69.
[4]孙振国.秸秆生物反应堆技术在保护地蔬菜生产中的应用[J].西北园艺(蔬菜专刊),2007(2):1004-4183.SUN Zhen-guo.Application of straw bioreactor technology in vegetable production in protected areas[J].Northwest Horticulture(Vegetable Special Issue),2007(2):1004-4183.
[5]喻景权,杜尧舜.蔬菜设施栽培可持续发展中的连作障碍问题[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2000,31(1):124-126.YU Jing-quan,DU Yao-shun.Soil-sickness problem in the sustainable development for the protected production of vegetables[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2000,31(1):124-126.
[6]马建华,张丽荣,康萍芝,等.秸秆生物反应堆技术的应用对设施黄瓜土壤微生物的影响[J].西北农业学报,2010,19(12):161-165.MA Jian-hua,ZHANG Li-rong,KANG Ping-zhi,et al.Application impact of straw bio-reactor technology on soil microbial of facility cucumber[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2010,19(12):161-165.
[7]孙婧,田永强,高丽红,等.秸秆生物反应堆与菌肥对温室番茄土壤微环境的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(6):153-164.SUN Jing,TIAN Yong-qiang,GAO Li-hong,et al.Effects of straw biological reactor and microbial agents on physicochemical properties and microbial diversity of tomato soil in solar greenhouse[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(6):153-164.
[8]宋尚成,朱凤霞,刘润进,等.秸秆生物反应堆对西瓜连作土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响[J].微生物学通报,2010,37(5):696-700.SONG Shang-cheng,ZHU Feng-xia,LIU Run-jin,et al.Effects of straw bio-reactor on microorganism population and soil enzyme activity in the watermelon replant soil[J].Microbiology China,2010,37(5):696-700.
[9]王颖,孙启原,李金英,等.秸秆生物反应堆对大棚葡萄生育环境及产量的影响[J].吉林农业大学学报,2016,38(5):590-594,599.WANG Ying,SUN Qi-yuan,LI Jin-ying,et al.Effects of straw biological reactor technology on growth environment and yield of greenhouse grape[J].Journal of Jilin Agricultural University,2016,38(5):590-594,599.
[10]王昊,韦峰,张战胜,等.不同秸秆生物反应堆对冬季日光温室番茄生长发育的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2018(2):141-146.WANG Hao,WEI Feng,ZHANG Zhan-sheng,et al.Influences of different straw bioreactors on growth of tomatoes in greenhouse in winter[J].Soils and Fertilizers Sciences in China,2018(2):141-146.
[11]李元梅.沿海地区设施蔬菜土壤次生盐渍化问题与防治措施[J].浙江农业科学,2016,57(9):1423-1425.LI Yuan-mei.Problems and control measures of secondary salinization of protected vegetable soils in coastal areas[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,2016,57(9):1423-1425.
[12]曾许芳,方珊珊,章明奎.浙江省蔬菜地土壤肥力状况调查[J].浙江农业科学,2012(6):837-839.ZENG Xu-fang,FANG Shan-shan,ZHANG Ming-kui.Investigation of soil fertility in vegetable fields in Zhejiang Province[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,2012(6):837-839.
[13]王瑞雪,徐智,汤利,等.设施菜地土壤质量主要障碍因子及其修复措施研究进展[J].浙江农业科学,2015,56(8):1300-1305.WANG Rui-xue,XU Zhi,TANG Li,et al.Research progress on major obstacles to soil quality in greenhouse vegetable fields and their remediation measures[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,2015,56(8):1300-1305.
[14]林辉,孙万春,王飞,等.有机肥中重金属对菜田土壤微生物群落代谢的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(11):2123-2130.LIN Hui,SUN Wan-chun,WANG Fei,et al.Effects of heavy metal within organic fertilizers on the microbial community metabolic profile of a vegetable soil after land application[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2016,35(11):2123-2130.
[15]陈晓娟,袁圆,吴小红,等.不同耕地利用方式下土壤微生物活性及群落结构特性分析:基于PLFA和MicroRespTM方法[J].环境科学,2013,34(6):2375-2382.CHEN Xiao-juan,YUAN Yuan,WU Xiao-hong,et al.Microbial activity and community structure analysis under the different land use patterns in farmland soils:Based on the methods PLFA and MicroRespTM[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(6):2375-2382.
[16]梁仕权,吉亮,赵基荃,等.微生物菌剂在辣椒地上使用对土壤微生物与作物的影响[J].农村经济与科技,2016,27(16):16,22.LIANG Shi-quan,JI Liang,ZHAO Ji-quan,et al.Effects of microbial agents on soil microorganisms and crops in pepper fields[J].Rural Economy and Science-Technology,2016,27(16):16,22.
[17]付乃旭.秸秆生物发酵对日光温室辣椒越冬栽培的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2010.FU Nai-xu.Effects of straw bio-fermentation on the pepper overwinter cultivation in solar greenhouse[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2010.
[18]杨锚,邵华,金芬,等.新鲜蔬菜和水果中硝酸盐紫外分光光度法的测定[J].华中农业大学学报,2009,28(1):102-105.YANG Mao,SHAO Hua,JIN Fen,et al.Determination of nitrates in fresh vegetables and fruits by UV-spectrophotometry[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,2009,28(1):102-105.
[19]刘文璐,杨丽辉,郭书利,等.不同腐植酸含量的复合肥对茄子产量和养分利用率的影响[J].化肥工业,2017,44(6):77-81.LIU Wen-lu,YANG Li-hui,GUO Shu-li,et al.Effects of compound fertilizers with different humic acid contents on eggplant yield and nutrient utilization efficiency[J].Chemical Fertilizer Industry,2017,44(6):77-81.
[20]袁冬贞,廖允成,赵建兴,等.不同菌种秸秆生物反应堆对温室黄瓜生长及产量的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2014,42(5):171-176.YUAN Dong-zhen,LIAO Yun-cheng,ZHAO Jian-xing,et al.Effects of straw bio-reactors with different microbial strains on the growth and yield of cucumber in greenhouse[J].Journal of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University(Natural Science Edition),2014,42(5):171-176.
[21]雍海燕,王红梅,沙龙.不同有机物料处理对设施番茄土壤中微生物的影响[J].宁夏农林科技,2018,59(6):33-37.YONG Hai-yan,WANG Hong-mei,SHA Long.Study on effects of different organic material on treatments on microorganism in soils for greenhouse tomato[J].Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology,2018,59(6):33-37.
[22]Bingeman C W,Varner J E,Martin W P.The effect of the addition of organic materials on the decomposition of an organic soil 1[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1953,17(1):34-38.
[23]陈春梅,谢祖彬,朱建国.土壤有机碳激发效应研究进展[J].土壤,2006(4):359-365.CHEN Chun-mei,XIE Zu-bin,ZHU Jian-guo.Advances in research on priming effect of soil organic carbon[J].Soils,2006(4):359-365.
[24]Dalenberg J W,Jager G.Priming effect of some organic additions to14C-labelled soil[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1989,21(3):443-448.