武夷山国家公园热点旅游区的旅游承载量管理——基于社会规范理论视角
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摘要
随着游客的大量增加,国家公园和其他自然保护地面临着越来越大的保护与游憩利用的压力。文章以武夷山国家公园游憩利用区大红袍母树景点为研究区,基于拥挤规范理论采用视觉评价法测定了游客最佳体验与游客可接受的承载量标准,并采用实地测量法计算了基于《景区最大承载量核定导则》最大承载量标准,结果表明游客最佳体验的承载量和游客可接受的承载量标准远低于最大承载量标准;结合视频监测数据分析了瞬时旅游承载量波动特征,结果表明瞬时旅游承载量多数时间超出游客可接受的承载量标准和最佳体验的承载量标准;基于不同的承载量标准将旅游承载状态划分为不同承载量管理等级并提出相应的管理应对措施。研究可以为国家公园和其他自然保护地的生态旅游承载力管理提供决策支持。
The tense between and the utilization of visitor use is becoming increasingly prominent in the protection of national parks and protected areas in recent years. We chose Dahongpao(hereinafter referred to as DHP) Attraction in Mount. Wuyi National Park to determine the tourist crowding standards. The visual-based questionnaire survey was administered to evaluate the visitor acceptable standard and the preferred standard and the limiting standard was determined by field observation. The results showed that the acceptable standard and the preferred standard were far below the limiting standard. The video surveillance data results suggested that the temporal visitor use had exceeded the acceptable and the preferred standard at most of the time, but hadn't not exceed the limiting capacity.Different visitor use levels were classified and the countermeasures of capacity management were discussed. The results provided basis for decision-making for managing visitor capacity in national parks and other natural protected areas.
The tense between and the utilization of visitor use is becoming increasingly prominent in the protection of national parks and protected areas in recent years. We chose Dahongpao(hereinafter referred to as DHP) Attraction in Mount. Wuyi National Park to determine the tourist crowding standards. The visual-based questionnaire survey was administered to evaluate the visitor acceptable standard and the preferred standard and the limiting standard was determined by field observation. The results showed that the acceptable standard and the preferred standard were far below the limiting standard. The video surveillance data results suggested that the temporal visitor use had exceeded the acceptable and the preferred standard at most of the time, but hadn't not exceed the limiting capacity.Different visitor use levels were classified and the countermeasures of capacity management were discussed. The results provided basis for decision-making for managing visitor capacity in national parks and other natural protected areas.
引文
刘德谦.略论景区容量核定后的跟进[N].中国旅游报.2017-03-27(第3版)
罗宇红.基于视觉评估法的游客心理容量研究[D].杭州:浙江工商大学,2015
潘丽丽,马扬梅.基于拥挤感知的西溪国家湿地公园游客心理容量研究[J].湿地科学,2014,12(5):662~668
中华人民共和国国家旅游局.景区最大承载量核定导则(LB/T034-2014),2014
钟林生,马向远,曾瑜皙.中国生态旅游研究进展与展望[J].地理科学进展,2016(6):679~690
Bell C M,Needham M D,Szuster B W.Congruence among encounters,norms,crowding,and management in a marine protected area[J].Environmental Management,2011,48(3):499~513
Cole D N,Daniel T C.The science of visitor management in parks and protected areas:from verbal reports to simulation models[J].Journal for Nature Conservation,2003,11(4):269~277
F.R.Kuss,A.R.Graefe,J.J.Vaske.Visitor impact management:a review of research[M].National Parks and Conservation Association,Washington DC,1990:7~12
Fleishman L,Feitelson E,Salomon I.The role of cultural and demographic diversity in crowding perception:evidence from nature reserves in Israel.Tourism Analysis,2004,9(1-2):23~40
Gibson A W,Newman P,Lawson S,et al.Photograph Presentation Order and Range Effects in Visual-Based Outdoor Recreation Research[J].Leisure Sciences,2014,36(2):183~205
Jeffrey C.Hallo,Robert E.Manning.Analysis of the Social Carrying Capacity of a National Park Scenic Road[J].International Journal of Sustainable Transportation,2010,4(2):75~94
Kim S O,Shelby B.Effects of information on perceived crowding and encounter norms[J].Environmental Management,2011,48(1):89~97
Lawson S,Newman P,Choi J,et al.Integrated Transportation and User Capacity Research in Yosemite National Park:The Numbers Game.Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2009(2119):83~91
Manning E&Krymkowski D.Standards of Quality for Parks and Protected Areas Applying Normative Theory and Methods,2010,40(3):11~29
Manning R.Social norms and reference points:integrating sociology and ecology[J].Environmental Conservation,2013,40(4):310~317
Manning R.E.,Freimund W.A.Use of visual research methods to measure standards of quality for parks and outdoor recreation[J].Journal of Leisure research 2004,36(4):557~579
Marion J L.A review and synthesis of recreation ecology research supporting carrying capacity and visitor use management decision making[J].Journal of Forestry,2016,114(3):339~351
Needham M D,Szuster B W,Bell C M.Encounter norms,social carrying capacity indicators and standards of quality at a marine protected area[J].Ocean&Coastal Management,2011,54(8):633~641
NPS,The visitor experience and resource protection(VERP)framework:A handbook for planners and managers[S].U.S.Department of the Interior,National Park Service,1997:108
Pettebone D,Meldrum B,Leslie C,et al.A visitor use monitoring approach on the Half Dome cables to reduce crowding and inform park planning decisions in Yosemite National Park[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2013,118(118):1~9
Sayan S,Krymkowski D H,Manning R E,et al.Cultural influence on crowding norms in outdoor recreation:a comparative analysis of visitors to national parks in Turkey and the United States[J].Environmental Management,2013,52(2):493~502
Shelby B,Heberlein T A.Carrying capacity in recreation settings[M].Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,1986
Stankey G H,Cole D N,Lucas R C,et al.The limits of acceptable change(LAC)system for wilderness planning[R].General technical report INT(USA).No.176,1985
Wayne A.Freimund J,Vaske J,Maureen P.Donnelly,et al.Using Video Surveys to Access Dispersed Backcountry Visitors’Norms[J].Leisure Sciences,2002,24(3-4):349~362
罗宇红.基于视觉评估法的游客心理容量研究[D].杭州:浙江工商大学,2015
潘丽丽,马扬梅.基于拥挤感知的西溪国家湿地公园游客心理容量研究[J].湿地科学,2014,12(5):662~668
中华人民共和国国家旅游局.景区最大承载量核定导则(LB/T034-2014),2014
钟林生,马向远,曾瑜皙.中国生态旅游研究进展与展望[J].地理科学进展,2016(6):679~690
Bell C M,Needham M D,Szuster B W.Congruence among encounters,norms,crowding,and management in a marine protected area[J].Environmental Management,2011,48(3):499~513
Cole D N,Daniel T C.The science of visitor management in parks and protected areas:from verbal reports to simulation models[J].Journal for Nature Conservation,2003,11(4):269~277
F.R.Kuss,A.R.Graefe,J.J.Vaske.Visitor impact management:a review of research[M].National Parks and Conservation Association,Washington DC,1990:7~12
Fleishman L,Feitelson E,Salomon I.The role of cultural and demographic diversity in crowding perception:evidence from nature reserves in Israel.Tourism Analysis,2004,9(1-2):23~40
Gibson A W,Newman P,Lawson S,et al.Photograph Presentation Order and Range Effects in Visual-Based Outdoor Recreation Research[J].Leisure Sciences,2014,36(2):183~205
Jeffrey C.Hallo,Robert E.Manning.Analysis of the Social Carrying Capacity of a National Park Scenic Road[J].International Journal of Sustainable Transportation,2010,4(2):75~94
Kim S O,Shelby B.Effects of information on perceived crowding and encounter norms[J].Environmental Management,2011,48(1):89~97
Lawson S,Newman P,Choi J,et al.Integrated Transportation and User Capacity Research in Yosemite National Park:The Numbers Game.Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2009(2119):83~91
Manning E&Krymkowski D.Standards of Quality for Parks and Protected Areas Applying Normative Theory and Methods,2010,40(3):11~29
Manning R.Social norms and reference points:integrating sociology and ecology[J].Environmental Conservation,2013,40(4):310~317
Manning R.E.,Freimund W.A.Use of visual research methods to measure standards of quality for parks and outdoor recreation[J].Journal of Leisure research 2004,36(4):557~579
Marion J L.A review and synthesis of recreation ecology research supporting carrying capacity and visitor use management decision making[J].Journal of Forestry,2016,114(3):339~351
Needham M D,Szuster B W,Bell C M.Encounter norms,social carrying capacity indicators and standards of quality at a marine protected area[J].Ocean&Coastal Management,2011,54(8):633~641
NPS,The visitor experience and resource protection(VERP)framework:A handbook for planners and managers[S].U.S.Department of the Interior,National Park Service,1997:108
Pettebone D,Meldrum B,Leslie C,et al.A visitor use monitoring approach on the Half Dome cables to reduce crowding and inform park planning decisions in Yosemite National Park[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2013,118(118):1~9
Sayan S,Krymkowski D H,Manning R E,et al.Cultural influence on crowding norms in outdoor recreation:a comparative analysis of visitors to national parks in Turkey and the United States[J].Environmental Management,2013,52(2):493~502
Shelby B,Heberlein T A.Carrying capacity in recreation settings[M].Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,1986
Stankey G H,Cole D N,Lucas R C,et al.The limits of acceptable change(LAC)system for wilderness planning[R].General technical report INT(USA).No.176,1985
Wayne A.Freimund J,Vaske J,Maureen P.Donnelly,et al.Using Video Surveys to Access Dispersed Backcountry Visitors’Norms[J].Leisure Sciences,2002,24(3-4):349~362