抚育间伐对长白落叶松人工林土壤碳、氮及其组分的影响
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摘要
抚育间伐作为重要的森林经营措施之一,能够改变林分结构和稳定性,进而影响森林生态系统的生物地球化学循环.然而,抚育间伐对森林土壤碳、氮循环的影响程度如何尚不明确,尤其缺少长期试验结果报道.本研究以黑龙江省孟家岗林场经过4种不同强度和频度的抚育间伐处理后的60年生长白落叶松人工林为研究对象(4次低强度的间伐,LT4;3次中等强度的间伐,MT3;2次高强度间伐,HT2;不进行间伐的对照,CK),从酸水解法划分土壤碳、氮库(活性碳、氮库Ⅰ,活性碳、氮库Ⅱ和惰性碳、氮库)的角度研究了抚育间伐对长白落叶松人工林土壤总有机碳、全氮的影响机制.结果表明:抚育间伐显著增加了土壤有机碳和全氮含量,增幅分别高达48.7%～50.3%和28.9%～42.7%.抚育间伐均增加了3种碳、氮组分的含量,而增加的程度因碳、氮组分和抚育间伐措施的不同而异.与活性碳库Ⅰ和活性碳库Ⅱ的增加程度相比,惰性碳库的增加程度最大,LT4、MT3和HT2处理下惰性碳库分别增加71%、69%和75%.此外,抚育间伐也显著增加了惰性碳占土壤总有机碳的比例.LT4显著提高了土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵,而MT3和HT2对微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵却无显著影响.抚育间伐可能通过产生较多的粗木质残体于土体中,增加土壤木栓质和木质素等顽固组分的输入,进而导致土壤惰性碳含量增加,降低有机质的分解,最终导致土壤有机碳增加.
Thinning, an important forest management strategy, can alter forest structure and stability, and consequently affect ecosystem biogeochemical cycles. The effects of thinning on soil carbon and nitrogen is far from conclusive especially due to the lack of long-term experiments. Here, we investigated soil carbon and nitrogen in Larix olgensis plantations in Mengjiagang Forest Farm, Heilongjiang Province, with four thinning treatments(i.e., 4 times low-intensity thinning, LT4; 3 times medium-intensity thinning, MT3; 2 times high-intensity thinning, HT2; and un-thinned control). The effects of thinning on soil total organic carbon and total nitrogen were examined from the perspective of the composition of labile and recalcitrant pools(labile carbon or nitrogen pool I; labile carbon or nitrogen pool II; and recalcitrant carbon or nitrogen pool) by an acid hydrolysis approach. The results showed that thinning significantly increased soil total organic carbon and nitrogen by 48.7%-50.3% and 28.9%-42.7%, respectively. The carbon and nitrogen contents in all the labile I, labile II, and recalcitrant pools were increased by thinning, with the magnitudes varying across different pools and thinning types. LT4, MT3, and HT2 improved the recalcitrant carbon by 71%, 69% and 75%, respectively, which was significantly higher than the increment of two labile carbon pools. In addition, the percentage of recalcitrant carbon in total organic carbon was increased by thinning. LT4 significantly increased microbial biomass and microbial quotient, but no significant change was found in MT3 and HT2 treatments. Overall, our results indicated that thinning might increase the input of soil recalcitrant carbon components such as suberin and lignin by producing more coarse woody residues, thus leading to decline of organic matter decomposition and ultimately enhancement of soil organic carbon.
Thinning, an important forest management strategy, can alter forest structure and stability, and consequently affect ecosystem biogeochemical cycles. The effects of thinning on soil carbon and nitrogen is far from conclusive especially due to the lack of long-term experiments. Here, we investigated soil carbon and nitrogen in Larix olgensis plantations in Mengjiagang Forest Farm, Heilongjiang Province, with four thinning treatments(i.e., 4 times low-intensity thinning, LT4; 3 times medium-intensity thinning, MT3; 2 times high-intensity thinning, HT2; and un-thinned control). The effects of thinning on soil total organic carbon and total nitrogen were examined from the perspective of the composition of labile and recalcitrant pools(labile carbon or nitrogen pool I; labile carbon or nitrogen pool II; and recalcitrant carbon or nitrogen pool) by an acid hydrolysis approach. The results showed that thinning significantly increased soil total organic carbon and nitrogen by 48.7%-50.3% and 28.9%-42.7%, respectively. The carbon and nitrogen contents in all the labile I, labile II, and recalcitrant pools were increased by thinning, with the magnitudes varying across different pools and thinning types. LT4, MT3, and HT2 improved the recalcitrant carbon by 71%, 69% and 75%, respectively, which was significantly higher than the increment of two labile carbon pools. In addition, the percentage of recalcitrant carbon in total organic carbon was increased by thinning. LT4 significantly increased microbial biomass and microbial quotient, but no significant change was found in MT3 and HT2 treatments. Overall, our results indicated that thinning might increase the input of soil recalcitrant carbon components such as suberin and lignin by producing more coarse woody residues, thus leading to decline of organic matter decomposition and ultimately enhancement of soil organic carbon.
引文
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[3] Wei X-H (魏晓华),Zheng J (郑吉),Liu G-H (刘国华),et al.The concept and application of carbon sequestration potentials in plantation forests.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2015,35(12):2-8 (in Chinese)
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[16] Marumoto T,Anderson J,Domsch K.Mineralization of nutrients from soil microbial biomass.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1982,14:469-475
[17] Bai X-J (白雪娟),Zeng Q-C (曾全超),An S-S (安韶山),et al.Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities among different artificial forests in Ziwuling,Northwest China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2018,29(8):2695-2704 (in Chinese)
[18] Bolati.The effect of thinning on microbial biomass C,N and basal respiration in black pine forest soils in Mudurnu,Turkey.European Journal of Forest Research,2014,133:131-139
[19] Yang Y,Geng Y,Zhou H,et al.Effects of gaps in the forest canopy on soil microbial communities and enzyme activity in a Chinese pine forest.Pedobiologia,2017,61:51-60
[20] Zhang J-P (张景普),Yu L-Z (于立忠),Liu L-F (刘利芳),et al.Effects of different silvicultural ways on soil nutrients and enzyme activity in larch plantation.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2016,35(6):1403-1410 (in Chinese)
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[22] Sun Z-H (孙志虎),Wang X-Q (王秀琴),Chen X-W (陈祥伟).Effects of thinning intensity on carbon sto-rage of Larix olgensis plantation ecosystem.Journal of Beijing Forestry University (北京林业大学学报),2016,38(12):1-13 (in Chinese)
[23] Rovira P,Vallejo VR.Labile and recalcitrant pools of carbon and nitrogen in organic matter decomposing at different depths in soil:An acid hydrolysis approach.Geoderma,2002,107:109-141
[24] Vance ED,Brookes PC,Jenkinson DS.An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19:703-707
[25] Nave LE,Vance ED,Swanston CW,et al.Harvest impacts on soil carbon storage in temperate forests.Forest and Ecology Management,2010,259:857-866
[26] Johnson DW,Curtis PS.Effects of forest management on soil C and N storage:Meta analysis.Forest and Ecology Management,2001,140:227-238
[27] Kurth VJ,D’Amato AW,Palik BJ,et al.Fifteen-year patterns of soil carbon and nitrogen following biomass harvesting.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2014,78:624-633
[28] Pennock D,Van Kessel C.Clear-cut forest harvest impacts on soil quality indicators in the mixedwood forest of Saskatchewan,Canada.Geoderma,1997,75:13-32
[29] Taneva L,Pippen JS,Schlesinger WH,et al.The turnover of carbon pools contributing to soil CO2 and soil respiration in a temperate forest exposed to elevated CO2 concentration.Global Change Biology,2006,12:983-994
[30] Pandey D,Agrawal M,Bohra JS,et al.Recalcitrant and labile carbon pools in a sub-humid tropical soil under different tillage combinations:A case study of rice-wheat system.Soil and Tillage Research,2014,143:116-122
[31] Lorenz K,Lal R,Preston CM,et al.Strengthening the soil organic carbon pool by increasing contributions from recalcitrant aliphatic bio(macro)molecules.Geoderma,2007,142:1-10
[32] Mathers NJ,Jalota RK,Dalal RC,et al.13C-NMR analysis of decomposing litter and fine roots in the semi-arid Mulga Lands of southern Queensland.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39:993-1006
[33] Bernards MA.Demystifying suberin.Canadian Journal of Botany,2002,80:227-240
[34] Huang Z,Clinton PW,Davis MR.Post-harvest residue management effects on recalcitrant carbon pools and plant biomarkers within the soil heavy fraction in Pinus radiata plantations.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2011,43:404-412
[35] Chen XL,Wang D,Chen X,et al.Soil microbial functional diversity and biomass as affected by different thinning intensities in a Chinese fir plantation.Applied Soil Ecology,2015,92:35-44
[36] Li Q,Allen HL,Wollum II AG.Microbial biomass and bacterial functional diversity in forest soils:Effects of organic matter removal,compaction,and vegetation control.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36:571-579
[37] Michelsen A,Graglia E,Schmidt IK,et al.Differential responses of grass and a dwarf shrub to long-term changes in soil microbial biomass C,N and P following factorial addition of NPK fertilizer,fungicide and labile carbon to a heath.New Phytologist,1999,143:523-538
[38] Paul EA,Morris SJ,Conant RT,et al.Does the acid hydrolysis-incubation method measure meaningful soil organic carbon pools?Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70:1023-1035
[39] Cotrufo MF,Soong JL,Horton AJ,et al.Formation of soil organic matter via biochemical and physical pathways of litter mass loss.Nature Geoscience,2015,8:776-779
[40] Junjun W,Dandan Z,Qiong C,et al.Shifts in soil organic carbon dynamics under detritus input manipulations in a coniferous forest ecosystem in subtropical China.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2018,126:1-10
[41] Zhou Z,Wang C,Jiang L,et al.Trends in soil microbial communities during secondary succession.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2017,115:92-99
[42] Zhou Z,Wang C,Luo Y.Effects of forest degradation on microbial communities and soil carbon cycling:A global meta-analysis.Global Ecology and Biogeography,2018,27:110-124
[2] Winjum JK,Schroeder PE.Forest plantations of the world:Their extent,ecological attributes,and carbon storage.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1997,84:153-167
[3] Wei X-H (魏晓华),Zheng J (郑吉),Liu G-H (刘国华),et al.The concept and application of carbon sequestration potentials in plantation forests.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2015,35(12):2-8 (in Chinese)
[4] Hartley MJ.Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantation forests.Forest Ecology and Management,2002,155:81-95
[5] Zachara T.The influence of selective thinning on the social structure of the young (age class Ⅱ) Scots pine stand.:35-61
[6] Beese WJ,Arnott J.Montane Alternative Silvicultural Systems (MASS):Establishing and managing a multi-disciplinary,multi-partner research site.The Forestry Chronicle,1999,75:413-416
[7] Knoepp JD,Swank WT.Forest management effects on surface soil carbon and nitrogen.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1997,61:928-935
[8] Bai SH,Dempsey R,Reverchon F,et al.Effects of forest thinning on soil-plant carbon and nitrogen dynamics.Plant and Soil,2017,411:437-449
[9] Davidson EA,Janssens IA.Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change.Nature,2006,440:165-173
[10] McLauchlan KK,Hobbie SE.Comparison of labile soil organic matter fractionation techniques.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2004,68:1616-1625
[11] Belay-Tedla A,Zhou X,Su B,et al.Labile,recalcitrant,and microbial carbon and nitrogen pools of a tallgrass prairie soil in the US Great Plains subjected to experimental warming and clipping.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41:110-116
[12] Pastor J,Post W.Influence of climate,soil moisture,and succession on forest carbon and nitrogen cycles.Biogeochemistry,1986,2:3-27
[13] Liu X-J (刘旭军),Cheng X-Q (程小琴),Tian H-X (田慧霞),et al.Characteristics of soil phosphorus fractions under different thinning intensities in Larix princi-pis-rupprechtii plantation and the affecting factors.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2018,29(1):1-12 (in Chinese)
[14] Zhou Z,Wang C.Reviews and syntheses:Soil resources and climate jointly drive variations in microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in China’s forest ecosystems.Biogeosciences,2015,12:6751-6760
[15] Qiu S-J (仇少君),Peng P-Q (彭佩钦),Liu Q (刘强),et al.Soil microbial biomass nitrogen and its role in nitrogen cycling.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2006,25(4):443-448 (in Chinese)
[16] Marumoto T,Anderson J,Domsch K.Mineralization of nutrients from soil microbial biomass.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1982,14:469-475
[17] Bai X-J (白雪娟),Zeng Q-C (曾全超),An S-S (安韶山),et al.Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities among different artificial forests in Ziwuling,Northwest China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2018,29(8):2695-2704 (in Chinese)
[18] Bolati.The effect of thinning on microbial biomass C,N and basal respiration in black pine forest soils in Mudurnu,Turkey.European Journal of Forest Research,2014,133:131-139
[19] Yang Y,Geng Y,Zhou H,et al.Effects of gaps in the forest canopy on soil microbial communities and enzyme activity in a Chinese pine forest.Pedobiologia,2017,61:51-60
[20] Zhang J-P (张景普),Yu L-Z (于立忠),Liu L-F (刘利芳),et al.Effects of different silvicultural ways on soil nutrients and enzyme activity in larch plantation.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2016,35(6):1403-1410 (in Chinese)
[21] Poff R J.Effects of silvicultural practices and wildfire on productivity of forest soils.Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project:Final Report to Congress.1996,2:477-493
[22] Sun Z-H (孙志虎),Wang X-Q (王秀琴),Chen X-W (陈祥伟).Effects of thinning intensity on carbon sto-rage of Larix olgensis plantation ecosystem.Journal of Beijing Forestry University (北京林业大学学报),2016,38(12):1-13 (in Chinese)
[23] Rovira P,Vallejo VR.Labile and recalcitrant pools of carbon and nitrogen in organic matter decomposing at different depths in soil:An acid hydrolysis approach.Geoderma,2002,107:109-141
[24] Vance ED,Brookes PC,Jenkinson DS.An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19:703-707
[25] Nave LE,Vance ED,Swanston CW,et al.Harvest impacts on soil carbon storage in temperate forests.Forest and Ecology Management,2010,259:857-866
[26] Johnson DW,Curtis PS.Effects of forest management on soil C and N storage:Meta analysis.Forest and Ecology Management,2001,140:227-238
[27] Kurth VJ,D’Amato AW,Palik BJ,et al.Fifteen-year patterns of soil carbon and nitrogen following biomass harvesting.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2014,78:624-633
[28] Pennock D,Van Kessel C.Clear-cut forest harvest impacts on soil quality indicators in the mixedwood forest of Saskatchewan,Canada.Geoderma,1997,75:13-32
[29] Taneva L,Pippen JS,Schlesinger WH,et al.The turnover of carbon pools contributing to soil CO2 and soil respiration in a temperate forest exposed to elevated CO2 concentration.Global Change Biology,2006,12:983-994
[30] Pandey D,Agrawal M,Bohra JS,et al.Recalcitrant and labile carbon pools in a sub-humid tropical soil under different tillage combinations:A case study of rice-wheat system.Soil and Tillage Research,2014,143:116-122
[31] Lorenz K,Lal R,Preston CM,et al.Strengthening the soil organic carbon pool by increasing contributions from recalcitrant aliphatic bio(macro)molecules.Geoderma,2007,142:1-10
[32] Mathers NJ,Jalota RK,Dalal RC,et al.13C-NMR analysis of decomposing litter and fine roots in the semi-arid Mulga Lands of southern Queensland.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39:993-1006
[33] Bernards MA.Demystifying suberin.Canadian Journal of Botany,2002,80:227-240
[34] Huang Z,Clinton PW,Davis MR.Post-harvest residue management effects on recalcitrant carbon pools and plant biomarkers within the soil heavy fraction in Pinus radiata plantations.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2011,43:404-412
[35] Chen XL,Wang D,Chen X,et al.Soil microbial functional diversity and biomass as affected by different thinning intensities in a Chinese fir plantation.Applied Soil Ecology,2015,92:35-44
[36] Li Q,Allen HL,Wollum II AG.Microbial biomass and bacterial functional diversity in forest soils:Effects of organic matter removal,compaction,and vegetation control.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36:571-579
[37] Michelsen A,Graglia E,Schmidt IK,et al.Differential responses of grass and a dwarf shrub to long-term changes in soil microbial biomass C,N and P following factorial addition of NPK fertilizer,fungicide and labile carbon to a heath.New Phytologist,1999,143:523-538
[38] Paul EA,Morris SJ,Conant RT,et al.Does the acid hydrolysis-incubation method measure meaningful soil organic carbon pools?Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70:1023-1035
[39] Cotrufo MF,Soong JL,Horton AJ,et al.Formation of soil organic matter via biochemical and physical pathways of litter mass loss.Nature Geoscience,2015,8:776-779
[40] Junjun W,Dandan Z,Qiong C,et al.Shifts in soil organic carbon dynamics under detritus input manipulations in a coniferous forest ecosystem in subtropical China.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2018,126:1-10
[41] Zhou Z,Wang C,Jiang L,et al.Trends in soil microbial communities during secondary succession.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2017,115:92-99
[42] Zhou Z,Wang C,Luo Y.Effects of forest degradation on microbial communities and soil carbon cycling:A global meta-analysis.Global Ecology and Biogeography,2018,27:110-124