NaOH预处理甘蔗叶与猪粪-牛粪混合厌氧消化工艺参数优化
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摘要
为探究Na OH预处理甘蔗叶与猪粪、牛粪混合厌氧消化性能,该文在研究甘蔗叶分别与猪粪、牛粪不同配比厌氧消化性能及动力学特性的基础上,采用Box-Behnken试验设计方法开展3种物料混合厌氧消化试验,并运用响应曲面法模拟和优化温度、混配比、C/N 3个工艺参数。结果表明,甘蔗叶与动物粪便混合厌氧消化时产生了协同作用,累积沼气产量比假设未产生协同作用的理论计算值提高了8.13%～15.01%;修正的Gompertz模型可以较好地模拟2种物料混合厌氧消化的动力学过程,相关度系数大于0.998;甘蔗叶与猪粪/牛粪(1:1)混合(甘蔗叶与粪比为1)厌氧消化的最优工艺条件为:温度36.5℃,C/N比27∶1,该条件下混合物料的单位干物质产沼气量实测值为337.5m L/g,与预测值(331.92 mL/g)非常接近。
Tropical agriculture in south of China produces a large amount of tropical agricultural wastes every year including sugarcane leaves(SL). According to statistics, the annual output of SL in China is as high as 36 million tons, while the utilization rate is less than 20%. Lots of SL is discarded or even incinerated, causing environmental pollution. At the same time, South China is traditional dominant area for pig and herbivore due to rich and cheap feed. A great amount of animal manure(AM) is produced every year, which causes ecological and environmental pressure. Anaerobic digestion(AD) technology is considered to be an effective way to deal with wastes from planting and breeding. However, the low efficiency and biogas production resulting from large amount of lignocellulose limits large-scale application of SL. The biodegradability of SL can be effectively improved by pretreatment, and the anaerobic co-digestion can improve the biogas production performance of SL and AM. In this paper, the anaerobic co-digestion performance of AM and SL pretreated by NaOH was studied. The AD performance of pretreated SL with pig manure(dairy manure) at different mixing ratios(2∶1, 1∶1, 1∶2, 1∶0, 0∶1) was investigated. After that, the effects of temperature(30, 35, 40 ℃) and C/N(20∶1, 25∶1, 30∶1) of modified SL, pig manures and dairy manures were determined with Central Composite design method. The results of the tests indicated that the cumulative gas production of the mixed materials was significantly higher than that with single material and the best mixing ratio was 1:1, with which the values reached 6 075.57 and 5 903.61 mL respectively and were 8.13%-15.01% higher than that without pretreated SL or AM. The modified Gompertz model could simulate the kinetics of anaerobic co-digestion of SL and AM, and the correlation coefficient was more than 0.998. The synergistic effect was found in anaerobic co-digestion and resulted in nutrients balance and promotion of organic matter. Regression model analysis showed that the temperature and C/N had significant effects on AD. The optimal process conditions were determined by response surface methodology, that the temperature was 36.5 and C/N was 27. The measured values of biogas production of the mixture of SL and AM was 337.5 mL/g under the optimized conditions above, which was very close to the predicted value(331.92 mL/g). The model verification results showed that RSM could be used to optimize the AD process parameters of mixture.
Tropical agriculture in south of China produces a large amount of tropical agricultural wastes every year including sugarcane leaves(SL). According to statistics, the annual output of SL in China is as high as 36 million tons, while the utilization rate is less than 20%. Lots of SL is discarded or even incinerated, causing environmental pollution. At the same time, South China is traditional dominant area for pig and herbivore due to rich and cheap feed. A great amount of animal manure(AM) is produced every year, which causes ecological and environmental pressure. Anaerobic digestion(AD) technology is considered to be an effective way to deal with wastes from planting and breeding. However, the low efficiency and biogas production resulting from large amount of lignocellulose limits large-scale application of SL. The biodegradability of SL can be effectively improved by pretreatment, and the anaerobic co-digestion can improve the biogas production performance of SL and AM. In this paper, the anaerobic co-digestion performance of AM and SL pretreated by NaOH was studied. The AD performance of pretreated SL with pig manure(dairy manure) at different mixing ratios(2∶1, 1∶1, 1∶2, 1∶0, 0∶1) was investigated. After that, the effects of temperature(30, 35, 40 ℃) and C/N(20∶1, 25∶1, 30∶1) of modified SL, pig manures and dairy manures were determined with Central Composite design method. The results of the tests indicated that the cumulative gas production of the mixed materials was significantly higher than that with single material and the best mixing ratio was 1:1, with which the values reached 6 075.57 and 5 903.61 mL respectively and were 8.13%-15.01% higher than that without pretreated SL or AM. The modified Gompertz model could simulate the kinetics of anaerobic co-digestion of SL and AM, and the correlation coefficient was more than 0.998. The synergistic effect was found in anaerobic co-digestion and resulted in nutrients balance and promotion of organic matter. Regression model analysis showed that the temperature and C/N had significant effects on AD. The optimal process conditions were determined by response surface methodology, that the temperature was 36.5 and C/N was 27. The measured values of biogas production of the mixture of SL and AM was 337.5 mL/g under the optimized conditions above, which was very close to the predicted value(331.92 mL/g). The model verification results showed that RSM could be used to optimize the AD process parameters of mixture.
引文
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[8]吴爱兵,曹杰,朱德文,等.麦秸与牛粪混合堆沤预处理厌氧干发酵产沼气中试试验[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(22):256-260.Wu Aibing, Cao Jie, Zhu Dewen, et al. Pilot experiment on biogasproductionofdryfermentationofwheatstrawand cow dung with composting pre-treatment[J]. Transactions of theChineseSocietyofAgriculturalEngineering(TransactionsoftheCSAE),2015,31(22):256-260.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]焦静,王金丽,张劲,等.甘蔗叶干法厌氧发酵正交试验[J].农业机械学报,2012,43(10):110-113,142.JiaoJing,WangJinli,ZhangJing,etal.Orthogonal experiment of sugarcane leaves dry anaerobic fermentation[J].TransactionsoftheChineseSocietyforAgricultural Machinery,2012,43(10):110-113,142.(inChinesewith English abstract)
[10]蚁细苗,谭文兴,陶誉文,等.甘蔗副产物粗饲料化试验研究[J].广西糖业,2015(5):25-28,35.YiXimiao,TanWenxing,TaoYuwen,etal.Studyonthe crude feed of the by-product of sugarcane[J]. Guangxi Sugar Industry,2015(5):25-28,35.(inChinesewithEnglish abstract)
[11]罗娟,赵立欣,姚宗路,等.甘蔗叶添加对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化性能的影响[J].中国沼气,2017,35(4):21-26.Luo Juan, Zhao Lixin, Yao Zonglu, et al. The influences of addingsugarcaneleavesonanaerobicfermentationoffood waste[J].ChinaBiogas,2017,35(4):21-26.(inChinese with English abstract)
[12]焦静,王金丽,郑勇,等.化学预处理对甘蔗叶厌氧发酵产沼气的影响[J].热带作物学报,2014,35(4):779-783.Jiao Jing, Wang Jinli, Zheng Yong, et al. Effects of Chemical PretreatmentonBiogasProductionbyAnaerobic FermentationofsugarcaneLeaves[J].ChineseJournalof TropicalCrops,2014,35(4):779-783.(inChinesewith English abstract)
[13]罗娟,李秀金,袁海荣.不同预处理对甘蔗叶厌氧消化性能的影响[J].中国沼气,2016,34(1):32-36.LuoJuan,LiXiujin,YuanHairong.Effectofdifferent pretreatmentonanaerobicdigestionperformanceof sugarcane leaves[J]. China Biogas, 2016, 34(1):32-36.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]陈柳萌,桂伦,马吉平,等.基于厌氧生物制气的糙皮侧耳预处理甘蔗叶工艺[J].江西农业学报,2016,28(3):82-86.ChenLiumeng,GuiLun,MaJiping,etal.Pretreatment technology of sugarcane leaf with pleurotus ostreatus based onanaerobicbiogasification[J].ActaAgriculturaeJiangxi,2016, 28(3):82-86.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]刘研萍,方刚,党锋,等. NaOH和H2O2预处理对玉米秸秆厌氧消化的影响[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(12):260-263.Liu Yanping, Fang Gang, Dang Feng, et al. Effect of NaOH+H2O2pretreatmentoncornstrawanaerobicdigestion[J].TransactionsoftheChineseSocietyofAgricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE), 2011, 27(12):260-263.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]陈羚,罗娟,董保成,等.复合菌剂和Na OH预处理提高秸秆厌氧消化性能[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(7):185-190.ChenLing,LuoJuan,DongBaocheng,etal.Pretreatment withcompositemicrobeandNa OHtoimproveanaerobic performanceofcornstraw[J].TransactionsoftheChinese SocietyofAgriculturalEngineering(Transactionsofthe CSAE),2013,29(7):185-190.(inChinesewithEnglish abstract)
[17]吴厚凯,李志合,王绍庆,等.热化学预处理温度对玉米秸秆干发酵的影响[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(Supp2):311-316.WuHoukai,LiZhihe,WangShaoqing,etal.Effectsof thermo-chemical pretreatment temperatureondry anaerobic digestion[J].TransactionsoftheChineseSocietyfor AgriculturalMachinery,2013,47(Supp2):311-316.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]SilviaBolado-Rodríguez,CristinaToquero,JuditMartínJuárez,etal.Effectofthermal,acid,alkalineand alkaline-peroxide pretreatments on the biochemical methane potentialandkineticsoftheanaerobicdigestionofwheat strawandsugarcanebagasse[J].BioresourceTechnology,2016, 201:182–190.
[19]CominoE,RossoM,RiggioV.Investigationofincreasing organic loading rate in the co-digestion of energy crops and cow manure mix[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(9):3013-3019.
[20]Alta?L.Inhibitoryeffectofheavymetalsonmethaneproducing anaerobic granular sludge[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 162(2):1551-1556.
[21]Lo H M, Kurniawan T A, Sillanp??M E T, et al. Modeling biogas production from organic fraction of MSW co-digested withMSWIashesinanaerobicbioreactors[J].Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(16):6329-6335.
[22]李芳,杨丽霞,宋籽霖,等.响应面优化猪粪、牛粪与玉米秸秆混合发酵工艺[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2013,41(11):125-130.LiFang,YangLixia,SongZilin,etal.Optimizationof fermentation process of manure and corn straw by response surfacemethodology[J].JournalofNorthwestA&F University:Nat Sci Ed, 2013, 41(11):125-130.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]赵玲,王聪,田萌萌,等.秸秆与畜禽粪便混合厌氧发酵产沼气特性研究[J].中国沼气,2015,33(5):32-37.Zhao Ling, Wang Cong, Tian Mengmeng, et al. Characteristics ofanaerobicfermentationofmixedlivestockmanureand straw[J].ChinaBiogas,2015,33(5):32-37.(inChinese with English abstract)
[24]周雪飞,任南琪.高浓度甲醇废水厌氧处理中颗粒污泥和产甲烷细菌的耐酸性[J].环境科学学报,2004,24(4):633-636.ZhouXuefei,RenNanqi.Acidresistanceofmethanogenic bacteriaintwo-stageanaerobicprocesstreatinghigh concentrationmethanolwastewater[J].ActaScientiae Circumstantiate,2004,24(4):633-636.(inChinesewith English abstract)
[25]冯晶,张玉华,罗娟,等.批式与连续两相发酵的果蔬废弃物厌氧产气性能[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(22):233-238.Feng Jing, Zhang Yuhua, Luo Juan, et al. Biogas production offruitandvegetablewastestwo-phasefermentationby batch and continuous feeding[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016, 32(22):233-238.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]Donosobravo A, Pérezelvira S I, Fdzpolanco F. Application simplifiedmodelsforanaerobicbiodegradabilitytests.Evaluationofpre-treatmentprocesses[J].Chemical Engineering Journal, 2010, 160(2):607-614.
[27]Verma S. Anaerobic Digestion of Biodegradable Organics in Municipal Solid Wastes[D]. New York:Columbia University,USA, 2002.
[28]LiYebo,Park,StephenY,etal.Solid-stateanaerobic digestionformethaneproductionfromorganicwaste[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011(15):821-826.
[29]HabibaL,HassibB,MoktarH.Improvementofactivated sludgestabilisationandfilterabilityduringanaerobic digestionbyfruitandvegetablewasteaddition[J].Bioresource Technology, 2009, 100:1555–1560.
[30]Yen H W, Brune D E. Anaerobic co-digestion of algal sludge andwastepapertoproducemethane[J].Bioresource Technology, 2007, 98:130-134.
[2]刘海清.我国甘蔗产业现状与发展趋势[J].中国热带农业,2009(1):8-9.Liu Haiqing. The present situation and development trend of thesugarcaneindustryinChina[J].ChinaTropical Agriculture,2009(1):8-9.(inChinesewithEnglish abstract)
[3]杜嵇华,张劲,公谱,等.主要热带作物田间废弃物的饲料化技术应用现状及展望[J].中国热带农业,2013(6):33-36.Du Jihua, Zhang Jing, Gong Pu, et al. Application status and prospect of feed technology for main tropical crops[J]. China TropicalAgriculture,2013(6):33-36.(inChinesewith English abstract)
[4]DongLi,ShengchuLiu,LiMi,etal.Effectsoffeedstock ratioandorganicloadingrateontheanaerobicmesophilic co-digestionofricestrawandcowmanure[J].Bioresource Technology, 2015, 189:319-326.
[5]ZhouQi,YuanHairong,LiuYanping,etal.Usingfeature objects aided strategy to evaluate the biomethane production offoodwasteandcornstalkanaerobicco-digestion[J].Bioresource Technology, 2015, 179:611-614.
[6]李晶宇,罗立娜,李文哲,等.温度对牛粪两相厌氧发酵特性的影响[J].环境工程学报,2015,9(8):4027-4031.LiJingyu,LuoLina,LiWenzhe,etal.Effectofdifferent temperaturesontwo-phaseanaerobicfermentationofcattle manure[J].ChineseJournalofEnvironmentalEngineering,2015, 9(8):4027-4031.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]LiJiang,WeiLuoyu,DuanQiwu,etal.Semi-continuous anaerobicco-digestionofdairymanurewiththreecrop residuesforbiogasproduction[J].BioresourceTechnology,2014, 156:307-313.
[8]吴爱兵,曹杰,朱德文,等.麦秸与牛粪混合堆沤预处理厌氧干发酵产沼气中试试验[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(22):256-260.Wu Aibing, Cao Jie, Zhu Dewen, et al. Pilot experiment on biogasproductionofdryfermentationofwheatstrawand cow dung with composting pre-treatment[J]. Transactions of theChineseSocietyofAgriculturalEngineering(TransactionsoftheCSAE),2015,31(22):256-260.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]焦静,王金丽,张劲,等.甘蔗叶干法厌氧发酵正交试验[J].农业机械学报,2012,43(10):110-113,142.JiaoJing,WangJinli,ZhangJing,etal.Orthogonal experiment of sugarcane leaves dry anaerobic fermentation[J].TransactionsoftheChineseSocietyforAgricultural Machinery,2012,43(10):110-113,142.(inChinesewith English abstract)
[10]蚁细苗,谭文兴,陶誉文,等.甘蔗副产物粗饲料化试验研究[J].广西糖业,2015(5):25-28,35.YiXimiao,TanWenxing,TaoYuwen,etal.Studyonthe crude feed of the by-product of sugarcane[J]. Guangxi Sugar Industry,2015(5):25-28,35.(inChinesewithEnglish abstract)
[11]罗娟,赵立欣,姚宗路,等.甘蔗叶添加对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化性能的影响[J].中国沼气,2017,35(4):21-26.Luo Juan, Zhao Lixin, Yao Zonglu, et al. The influences of addingsugarcaneleavesonanaerobicfermentationoffood waste[J].ChinaBiogas,2017,35(4):21-26.(inChinese with English abstract)
[12]焦静,王金丽,郑勇,等.化学预处理对甘蔗叶厌氧发酵产沼气的影响[J].热带作物学报,2014,35(4):779-783.Jiao Jing, Wang Jinli, Zheng Yong, et al. Effects of Chemical PretreatmentonBiogasProductionbyAnaerobic FermentationofsugarcaneLeaves[J].ChineseJournalof TropicalCrops,2014,35(4):779-783.(inChinesewith English abstract)
[13]罗娟,李秀金,袁海荣.不同预处理对甘蔗叶厌氧消化性能的影响[J].中国沼气,2016,34(1):32-36.LuoJuan,LiXiujin,YuanHairong.Effectofdifferent pretreatmentonanaerobicdigestionperformanceof sugarcane leaves[J]. China Biogas, 2016, 34(1):32-36.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]陈柳萌,桂伦,马吉平,等.基于厌氧生物制气的糙皮侧耳预处理甘蔗叶工艺[J].江西农业学报,2016,28(3):82-86.ChenLiumeng,GuiLun,MaJiping,etal.Pretreatment technology of sugarcane leaf with pleurotus ostreatus based onanaerobicbiogasification[J].ActaAgriculturaeJiangxi,2016, 28(3):82-86.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]刘研萍,方刚,党锋,等. NaOH和H2O2预处理对玉米秸秆厌氧消化的影响[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(12):260-263.Liu Yanping, Fang Gang, Dang Feng, et al. Effect of NaOH+H2O2pretreatmentoncornstrawanaerobicdigestion[J].TransactionsoftheChineseSocietyofAgricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE), 2011, 27(12):260-263.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]陈羚,罗娟,董保成,等.复合菌剂和Na OH预处理提高秸秆厌氧消化性能[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(7):185-190.ChenLing,LuoJuan,DongBaocheng,etal.Pretreatment withcompositemicrobeandNa OHtoimproveanaerobic performanceofcornstraw[J].TransactionsoftheChinese SocietyofAgriculturalEngineering(Transactionsofthe CSAE),2013,29(7):185-190.(inChinesewithEnglish abstract)
[17]吴厚凯,李志合,王绍庆,等.热化学预处理温度对玉米秸秆干发酵的影响[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(Supp2):311-316.WuHoukai,LiZhihe,WangShaoqing,etal.Effectsof thermo-chemical pretreatment temperatureondry anaerobic digestion[J].TransactionsoftheChineseSocietyfor AgriculturalMachinery,2013,47(Supp2):311-316.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]SilviaBolado-Rodríguez,CristinaToquero,JuditMartínJuárez,etal.Effectofthermal,acid,alkalineand alkaline-peroxide pretreatments on the biochemical methane potentialandkineticsoftheanaerobicdigestionofwheat strawandsugarcanebagasse[J].BioresourceTechnology,2016, 201:182–190.
[19]CominoE,RossoM,RiggioV.Investigationofincreasing organic loading rate in the co-digestion of energy crops and cow manure mix[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(9):3013-3019.
[20]Alta?L.Inhibitoryeffectofheavymetalsonmethaneproducing anaerobic granular sludge[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 162(2):1551-1556.
[21]Lo H M, Kurniawan T A, Sillanp??M E T, et al. Modeling biogas production from organic fraction of MSW co-digested withMSWIashesinanaerobicbioreactors[J].Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(16):6329-6335.
[22]李芳,杨丽霞,宋籽霖,等.响应面优化猪粪、牛粪与玉米秸秆混合发酵工艺[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2013,41(11):125-130.LiFang,YangLixia,SongZilin,etal.Optimizationof fermentation process of manure and corn straw by response surfacemethodology[J].JournalofNorthwestA&F University:Nat Sci Ed, 2013, 41(11):125-130.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]赵玲,王聪,田萌萌,等.秸秆与畜禽粪便混合厌氧发酵产沼气特性研究[J].中国沼气,2015,33(5):32-37.Zhao Ling, Wang Cong, Tian Mengmeng, et al. Characteristics ofanaerobicfermentationofmixedlivestockmanureand straw[J].ChinaBiogas,2015,33(5):32-37.(inChinese with English abstract)
[24]周雪飞,任南琪.高浓度甲醇废水厌氧处理中颗粒污泥和产甲烷细菌的耐酸性[J].环境科学学报,2004,24(4):633-636.ZhouXuefei,RenNanqi.Acidresistanceofmethanogenic bacteriaintwo-stageanaerobicprocesstreatinghigh concentrationmethanolwastewater[J].ActaScientiae Circumstantiate,2004,24(4):633-636.(inChinesewith English abstract)
[25]冯晶,张玉华,罗娟,等.批式与连续两相发酵的果蔬废弃物厌氧产气性能[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(22):233-238.Feng Jing, Zhang Yuhua, Luo Juan, et al. Biogas production offruitandvegetablewastestwo-phasefermentationby batch and continuous feeding[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016, 32(22):233-238.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]Donosobravo A, Pérezelvira S I, Fdzpolanco F. Application simplifiedmodelsforanaerobicbiodegradabilitytests.Evaluationofpre-treatmentprocesses[J].Chemical Engineering Journal, 2010, 160(2):607-614.
[27]Verma S. Anaerobic Digestion of Biodegradable Organics in Municipal Solid Wastes[D]. New York:Columbia University,USA, 2002.
[28]LiYebo,Park,StephenY,etal.Solid-stateanaerobic digestionformethaneproductionfromorganicwaste[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011(15):821-826.
[29]HabibaL,HassibB,MoktarH.Improvementofactivated sludgestabilisationandfilterabilityduringanaerobic digestionbyfruitandvegetablewasteaddition[J].Bioresource Technology, 2009, 100:1555–1560.
[30]Yen H W, Brune D E. Anaerobic co-digestion of algal sludge andwastepapertoproducemethane[J].Bioresource Technology, 2007, 98:130-134.