基于行业技术相似度的FDI技术溢出效应研究
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摘要
本文首次利用技术相似度的测算方法度量了中国23个工业行业在水平和垂直层面的技术相似度,并在此基础上构建了以技术相似度为权重的5种外商直接投资技术溢出指标,重新测度并分析了外商直接投资对中国内资工业行业全要素生产率的影响。实证结果显示:没有考虑技术相似度的外商直接投资水平溢出和垂直溢出效应均显著为负,而以技术相似度加权的外商直接投资溢出效应均显著为正。表明只有在行业内或行业间使用的技术相近、技术层面上联系紧密的情况下,外资的先进技术才能够产生显著的外溢效应,有利于促进内资企业技术的升级进步。
This paper presents the first measurement of horizontal and vertical technological closeness among 23 manufacturing industries in China. With the technological closeness as a weight,five kinds of FDI technological spillover indexes are constructed to empirically analyze the effect of FDI technological spillover on the TFP of China's domestic manufacturing firms. Our results show that both the horizontal and vertical FDI technological spillover have significantly negative effect on the TFP without considering the technological closeness,while they have positive effect when the technological closeness is taken into consideration. According to the empirical analysis results,only the technological similarity or technological connection can allow the advanced knowledge and technology of foreign capital to generate significant spillover effect,which is conductive to promoting the upgrading and progress of domestic enterprises.
This paper presents the first measurement of horizontal and vertical technological closeness among 23 manufacturing industries in China. With the technological closeness as a weight,five kinds of FDI technological spillover indexes are constructed to empirically analyze the effect of FDI technological spillover on the TFP of China's domestic manufacturing firms. Our results show that both the horizontal and vertical FDI technological spillover have significantly negative effect on the TFP without considering the technological closeness,while they have positive effect when the technological closeness is taken into consideration. According to the empirical analysis results,only the technological similarity or technological connection can allow the advanced knowledge and technology of foreign capital to generate significant spillover effect,which is conductive to promoting the upgrading and progress of domestic enterprises.
引文
[1]陈涛涛,陈娇.行业增长因素与我国FDI行业内溢出效应[J].经济研究,2006(6):39-47.
[2]范黎波,吴易明. FDI技术溢出的水平效应与垂直效应——基于中国工业面板数据的实证分析[J].国际经贸探索,2011(1):40-47.
[3]潘文卿.外商投资对中国工业部门的外溢效应:基于面板数据的分析[J].世界经济,2003(6):3-7.
[4]田泽永,江可申,江宏. FDI技术溢出对江苏制造业的影响——基于静态和动态面板数据的实证研究[J].科研管理,2009(1):121-128.
[5]王滨. FDI技术溢出、技术进步与技术效率——基于中国制造业1999—2007年面板数据的经验研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2010(2):93-103.
[6]王昆,廖涵.国内投入、中间进口与FDI垂直溢出——基于非竞争型投入产出表的实证研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2011(1):89-103.
[7]谢建国,吴国峰. FDI技术溢出的门槛效应——基于1992—2012年中国省际面板数据的研究[J].世界经济研究,2014(4):74-79.
[8]许晓娟.中国本土企业获得FDI垂直技术溢出了吗——基于1999—2006年中国制造业企业的实证研究[J].中国软科学,2013(8):43-54.
[9]杨亚平. FDI技术行业内溢出还是行业间溢出——基于广东工业面板数据的经验分析[J].中国工业经济,2007(11):73-79.
[10]原毅军,孙大明. FDI技术溢出、自主研发与合作研发的比较——基于制造业技术升级的视角[J].科学学研究,2017(9):1334-1347.
[11]张海洋,刘海云.外资溢出效应与竞争效应对中国工业部门的影响[J].国际贸易问题,2004(3):76-78.
[12]张宏元,李晓晨. FDI与自主创新:来自中国省际面板的证据[J].宏观经济研究,2016(3):24-34.
[13]张永丽,王兵.国内R&D支出、国际R&D溢出的产出效应与技术进步效应[J].软科学,2017(7):16-19+38.
[14]赵奇伟,张诚.区域经济增长与FDI技术溢出:以京津冀都市圈为例[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2006(3):111-120.
[15]ACEMOGLU D.,U. AKCIGIT and W. R. KERR. Innovation Network[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2016,113(41):11483-11488.
[16]ADAMS J. D. Fundamental Stocks of Knowledge and Productivity Growth[J].Journal of Political Economy,1990(98):673-702.
[17]AITKE,B. J. and A. E. HARRISON. Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Direct Foreign Investment? Evidence from Venezuela[J]. American Economic Review,1999,89(3):605-618.
[18]BARRIOS S.,HOLGER G. and E. STROBL. Spillovers through Backward Linkages from Multinationals:Measurement Matters[J]. European Economic Review,2011,55(6):862-875.
[19]BLOOM N.,M. SCHANKERMAN and J. V. REENEN. Identifying Technology Spillovers and Product Market Rivalry[J].Econometrica,2013,81(4):1347-1393.
[20]DJANKOVE S. and HOEKMAN B. Foreign Investment and Productivity Growth in Czech Enterprises[J].World Bank Economic Review,2000,14(1):49-64.
[21]GOTO A. and SUZUKI K. R&D Capital,Rate of Return on R&D Investment and Spillover of R&D in Japanese Manufacturing Industries[J].Review of Economics and Statistics,2001,71(4):555-564.
[22]HASKEL J. E.,SONIA C. P. and MATTHEW J. S. Does Inward Foreign Direct Investment Boost the Productivity of Domestic Firms?[J].Review of Economics and Statistics,2007,89(3):482-496.
[23]INKMANN J. and POHLMEIER W. R&D Spillovers,Technological Distance and Innovation Success[R].Mimeo,University of Konstanz,1995.
[24]JAFFE A. Technological Opportunity and Spillovers of R&D:Evidence from Firm’s Patents,Profits and Market Value[J].American Economic Review,1986(76):984-1001.
[25]JAVORCIK S. B. Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of Spillovers through Backward Linkages[J].American Economic Review,2004(94):605-627.
[26]KELLER W.,S. R. YEAPLE. Multinational Enterprises,International Trade and Productivity Growth:Firm-Level Evidence from the United States[J].The Review of Economics and Statistics,2009,91(4):821-831.
[27]KOKKO A. Technology,Market,Characteristic and Spillover[J].Journal of Development Economics,1994,43(2):279-293.
[28]KUGLER M. Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment:Within or Between Industries?[R].Mimeo University of Southampton,2005.
[29]LIN P. and SAGGI K. Under-provision of Inputs in Joint Ventures with Market Power[J].Bulletin of Economic Research,2003,54(2):189-196.
[30]LIN P.,Z. M. LIU and Y. F. ZHANG. Do Chinese Domestic Firms Benefit from FDI Inflow? Evidence of Horizontal and Vertical Spillovers[J].China Economic Review,2009,20(4):677-691.
[31]LOS B. The Empirical Performance of a New Inter-industry Technology Spillover Measure[M].Technology and Knowledge:From the Firm to Innovation Systems,2000.
[32]MANSFIELD E. How Rapidly Does New Industrial Technology Leak Out?[J].Journal of Industrial Economics,1985,34(2):217-223.
[33]SASIDHARAN S. Foreign Direct Investment and Technology Spillovers:Evidence from the Indian Manufacturing Sector[J].Ssrn Electronic Journal,2006,10(1):1-37.
[34] VERSPAGEN B. Estimating International Technology Spillovers Using Technology Flow Matrices[J].Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv,1997,133(2):226-248.
[35]VERSPAGEN B. and DELOO I. Technology Spillovers between Sectors and over Time[J]. Technological Forecasting and Social Change,1999,60(3):215-235.
[36]XU X. and SHENG Y. Productivity Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment:Firm-Level Evidence from China[J].World Development,2012,40(1):62-74.
(1)为反映样本期间内各行业间技术相似度随时间的变化,本文采用2007年和2012年数据的算术平均值。由于2010年投入产出表是在2007年原始表的基础上编制的延长表,并且时间上处于2007年和2012年之间,对反映该指标在样本期时间跨度内平均而言的基本特征和截面差异影响不大,因此忽略了2010年投入产出延长表的数据。
(1)经过计算发现前8类投入的HHI指数与前9类及更多类投入的HHI指数相差不大,说明大部分行业投入组合向量的集中程度可以通过前8类最重要投入的占比体现出来。
(1)如Lin et al.(2009)、杨亚平(2007)、田泽永(2009)、王昆(2011)等。
(1)限于篇幅关系,该回归结果并没有在文中给出,有兴趣的读者可以联系作者索要。
[2]范黎波,吴易明. FDI技术溢出的水平效应与垂直效应——基于中国工业面板数据的实证分析[J].国际经贸探索,2011(1):40-47.
[3]潘文卿.外商投资对中国工业部门的外溢效应:基于面板数据的分析[J].世界经济,2003(6):3-7.
[4]田泽永,江可申,江宏. FDI技术溢出对江苏制造业的影响——基于静态和动态面板数据的实证研究[J].科研管理,2009(1):121-128.
[5]王滨. FDI技术溢出、技术进步与技术效率——基于中国制造业1999—2007年面板数据的经验研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2010(2):93-103.
[6]王昆,廖涵.国内投入、中间进口与FDI垂直溢出——基于非竞争型投入产出表的实证研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2011(1):89-103.
[7]谢建国,吴国峰. FDI技术溢出的门槛效应——基于1992—2012年中国省际面板数据的研究[J].世界经济研究,2014(4):74-79.
[8]许晓娟.中国本土企业获得FDI垂直技术溢出了吗——基于1999—2006年中国制造业企业的实证研究[J].中国软科学,2013(8):43-54.
[9]杨亚平. FDI技术行业内溢出还是行业间溢出——基于广东工业面板数据的经验分析[J].中国工业经济,2007(11):73-79.
[10]原毅军,孙大明. FDI技术溢出、自主研发与合作研发的比较——基于制造业技术升级的视角[J].科学学研究,2017(9):1334-1347.
[11]张海洋,刘海云.外资溢出效应与竞争效应对中国工业部门的影响[J].国际贸易问题,2004(3):76-78.
[12]张宏元,李晓晨. FDI与自主创新:来自中国省际面板的证据[J].宏观经济研究,2016(3):24-34.
[13]张永丽,王兵.国内R&D支出、国际R&D溢出的产出效应与技术进步效应[J].软科学,2017(7):16-19+38.
[14]赵奇伟,张诚.区域经济增长与FDI技术溢出:以京津冀都市圈为例[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2006(3):111-120.
[15]ACEMOGLU D.,U. AKCIGIT and W. R. KERR. Innovation Network[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2016,113(41):11483-11488.
[16]ADAMS J. D. Fundamental Stocks of Knowledge and Productivity Growth[J].Journal of Political Economy,1990(98):673-702.
[17]AITKE,B. J. and A. E. HARRISON. Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Direct Foreign Investment? Evidence from Venezuela[J]. American Economic Review,1999,89(3):605-618.
[18]BARRIOS S.,HOLGER G. and E. STROBL. Spillovers through Backward Linkages from Multinationals:Measurement Matters[J]. European Economic Review,2011,55(6):862-875.
[19]BLOOM N.,M. SCHANKERMAN and J. V. REENEN. Identifying Technology Spillovers and Product Market Rivalry[J].Econometrica,2013,81(4):1347-1393.
[20]DJANKOVE S. and HOEKMAN B. Foreign Investment and Productivity Growth in Czech Enterprises[J].World Bank Economic Review,2000,14(1):49-64.
[21]GOTO A. and SUZUKI K. R&D Capital,Rate of Return on R&D Investment and Spillover of R&D in Japanese Manufacturing Industries[J].Review of Economics and Statistics,2001,71(4):555-564.
[22]HASKEL J. E.,SONIA C. P. and MATTHEW J. S. Does Inward Foreign Direct Investment Boost the Productivity of Domestic Firms?[J].Review of Economics and Statistics,2007,89(3):482-496.
[23]INKMANN J. and POHLMEIER W. R&D Spillovers,Technological Distance and Innovation Success[R].Mimeo,University of Konstanz,1995.
[24]JAFFE A. Technological Opportunity and Spillovers of R&D:Evidence from Firm’s Patents,Profits and Market Value[J].American Economic Review,1986(76):984-1001.
[25]JAVORCIK S. B. Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of Spillovers through Backward Linkages[J].American Economic Review,2004(94):605-627.
[26]KELLER W.,S. R. YEAPLE. Multinational Enterprises,International Trade and Productivity Growth:Firm-Level Evidence from the United States[J].The Review of Economics and Statistics,2009,91(4):821-831.
[27]KOKKO A. Technology,Market,Characteristic and Spillover[J].Journal of Development Economics,1994,43(2):279-293.
[28]KUGLER M. Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment:Within or Between Industries?[R].Mimeo University of Southampton,2005.
[29]LIN P. and SAGGI K. Under-provision of Inputs in Joint Ventures with Market Power[J].Bulletin of Economic Research,2003,54(2):189-196.
[30]LIN P.,Z. M. LIU and Y. F. ZHANG. Do Chinese Domestic Firms Benefit from FDI Inflow? Evidence of Horizontal and Vertical Spillovers[J].China Economic Review,2009,20(4):677-691.
[31]LOS B. The Empirical Performance of a New Inter-industry Technology Spillover Measure[M].Technology and Knowledge:From the Firm to Innovation Systems,2000.
[32]MANSFIELD E. How Rapidly Does New Industrial Technology Leak Out?[J].Journal of Industrial Economics,1985,34(2):217-223.
[33]SASIDHARAN S. Foreign Direct Investment and Technology Spillovers:Evidence from the Indian Manufacturing Sector[J].Ssrn Electronic Journal,2006,10(1):1-37.
[34] VERSPAGEN B. Estimating International Technology Spillovers Using Technology Flow Matrices[J].Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv,1997,133(2):226-248.
[35]VERSPAGEN B. and DELOO I. Technology Spillovers between Sectors and over Time[J]. Technological Forecasting and Social Change,1999,60(3):215-235.
[36]XU X. and SHENG Y. Productivity Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment:Firm-Level Evidence from China[J].World Development,2012,40(1):62-74.
(1)为反映样本期间内各行业间技术相似度随时间的变化,本文采用2007年和2012年数据的算术平均值。由于2010年投入产出表是在2007年原始表的基础上编制的延长表,并且时间上处于2007年和2012年之间,对反映该指标在样本期时间跨度内平均而言的基本特征和截面差异影响不大,因此忽略了2010年投入产出延长表的数据。
(1)经过计算发现前8类投入的HHI指数与前9类及更多类投入的HHI指数相差不大,说明大部分行业投入组合向量的集中程度可以通过前8类最重要投入的占比体现出来。
(1)如Lin et al.(2009)、杨亚平(2007)、田泽永(2009)、王昆(2011)等。
(1)限于篇幅关系,该回归结果并没有在文中给出,有兴趣的读者可以联系作者索要。