高温高压环境下不同浓度KBr溶液对13Cr不锈钢的腐蚀行为影响
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摘要
油气工业中溴盐完井液的使用极易导致油套管腐蚀失效的发生,尤其是局部腐蚀风险.针对这一问题,采用高温高压腐蚀模拟试验、扫描电镜观察与分析、电化学测试等试验研究方法,研究了高温高压环境下不同浓度溴盐溶液对普通13Cr和超级13Cr两种典型油套管材腐蚀行为的影响.结果表明:从平均腐蚀速率来看,两种13Cr管材在三种浓度溴盐溶液中均表现出较好的耐蚀性能,属于轻度或中度腐蚀,但从局部腐蚀速率来看,两种材料均达到严重或极严重腐蚀;随着溴盐浓度的提高,普通13Cr的自腐蚀电位和点蚀电位均明显负移,对应材料的平均腐蚀速率和局部腐蚀速率均明显上升,而超级13Cr仅点蚀电位明显负移,自腐蚀电位则相对稳定,对应其平均腐蚀速率变化幅度较小,局部腐蚀速率则明显上升,这说明相比普通13Cr,超级13Cr对溴盐溶液具有更强的整体耐受能力,但局部腐蚀敏感性仍然较高;激光共聚焦(LSCM)三维表征结果表明,在高质量浓度溴盐溶液(1. 40 g·cm-3)中,不论是普通13Cr还是超级13Cr都有明显的点蚀倾向,这主要与溶液中高浓度的侵蚀性阴离子Br-有关,相比于普通13Cr,超级13Cr的点蚀敏感性相对较低,但其点蚀风险仍不可忽视.
Recently,the use of bromine completion fluids in the oil and gas industry has caused numerous severe corrosion problems of the oil well casing and tubing,particularly the localized corrosion failure. Bromine completion fluids,such as KBr solution,are highly corrosive to steels. Even if the stainless steel is subjected to a high concentration of bromate under high temperature and pressure,it can still experience severe corrosion failure risks. In this study,the influence of KBr concentrations on corrosion behaviors of plain and super 13 Cr steels under high temperature and pressure was investigated by corrosion simulation,scanning electron microscopy(SEM) observation,and electrochemical measurements. The results show that both plain and super 13 Cr steels exhibit good corrosion resistance in KBr solutions with various concentrations regarding average corrosion rate,which is either mild or moderate. However,the local corrosion rates of plain and super 13 Cr steels are serious or extremely serious. With the increase of bromide concentration,the free corrosion and pitting potentials of plain 13 Cr steel significantly decrease. Both the average and local corrosion rates increase significantly. For super 13 Cr steel,the pitting potential decreases,whereas the free potential remains relatively stable. The average corrosion rate of super 13 Cr steel shows a lower scope of change than the local corrosion rate,which increases significantly and indicates that super 13 Cr steel is much more corrosion resistant than plain 13 Cr steel,but its local corrosion sensitivity is still high. Laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM) results show that both plain and super 13 Cr steels exhibit serious pitting corrosion in a KBr solution with a concentration of 1. 40 g·cm-3,and this is related to the aggressiveness of Br-. Compared with plain 13 Cr steel,super 13 Cr steel shows a lower pitting sensitivity; however,its pitting corrosion risk cannot be ignored.
Recently,the use of bromine completion fluids in the oil and gas industry has caused numerous severe corrosion problems of the oil well casing and tubing,particularly the localized corrosion failure. Bromine completion fluids,such as KBr solution,are highly corrosive to steels. Even if the stainless steel is subjected to a high concentration of bromate under high temperature and pressure,it can still experience severe corrosion failure risks. In this study,the influence of KBr concentrations on corrosion behaviors of plain and super 13 Cr steels under high temperature and pressure was investigated by corrosion simulation,scanning electron microscopy(SEM) observation,and electrochemical measurements. The results show that both plain and super 13 Cr steels exhibit good corrosion resistance in KBr solutions with various concentrations regarding average corrosion rate,which is either mild or moderate. However,the local corrosion rates of plain and super 13 Cr steels are serious or extremely serious. With the increase of bromide concentration,the free corrosion and pitting potentials of plain 13 Cr steel significantly decrease. Both the average and local corrosion rates increase significantly. For super 13 Cr steel,the pitting potential decreases,whereas the free potential remains relatively stable. The average corrosion rate of super 13 Cr steel shows a lower scope of change than the local corrosion rate,which increases significantly and indicates that super 13 Cr steel is much more corrosion resistant than plain 13 Cr steel,but its local corrosion sensitivity is still high. Laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM) results show that both plain and super 13 Cr steels exhibit serious pitting corrosion in a KBr solution with a concentration of 1. 40 g·cm-3,and this is related to the aggressiveness of Br-. Compared with plain 13 Cr steel,super 13 Cr steel shows a lower pitting sensitivity; however,its pitting corrosion risk cannot be ignored.
引文
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[13] Chen Z Y,Li L J,Zhang G A,et al. Inhibition effect of propargyl alcohol on the stress corrosion cracking of super 13Cr steel in a completion fluid. Corros Sci,2013,69:205
[14] ASTM International,United States. ASTM G1-03 Standard Practice for Preparing,Cleaning,and Evaluating Corrosion Test Specimens. West Conshohocken:ASTM International,2011
[15] NACE International,United States. NACE PR0775-05 Preparation,Installation,Analysis,and Interpretation of Corrosion Coupons in Oilfield Operations. Houston:ASTM International,2005
[16] Si J J,Wu Y D,Wang T,et al. Composition-controlled activepassive transition and corrosion behavior of Fe-Cr(Mo)-Zr--B bulk amorphous steels. Appl Surf Sci,2018,445:496
[17] Moon J,Ha H Y,Park S J,et al. Effect of Mo and Cr additions on the microstructure,mechanical properties and pitting corrosion resistance of austenitic Fe-30Mn-10. 5Al--1. 1C lightweight steels. J Alloys Compd,2019,775:1136
[18] Guo F F,Dong G N,Dong L S. High temperature passive film on the surface of Co-Cr-Mo alloy and its tribological properties.Appl Surf Sci,2014,314:777
[2] Chu W Y,Wang Y B,Guan Y S,et al. Design of API C90 tubular steel. Acta Metall Sinica,1998,31(10):1073(褚武扬,王燕斌,关永生,等.抗H2S石油套管钢的设计.金属学报,1998,31(10):1073)
[3] LüX H,Zhao G X,Wang Y,et al. SSC resistance of super 13Cr martensitic stainless steel. J Mater Eng,2011(2):17(吕祥鸿,赵国仙,王宇,等.超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢抗SSC性能研究.材料工程,2011(2):17)
[4] Chen Y,Bai Z Q. Compare of CO2corrosion resistance of 13Cr and N80 steel under high temperature and high pressure. Chem Eng Oil Gas,2007,36(3):239(陈尧,白真权. 13Cr和N80钢高温高压抗腐蚀性能比较.石油与天然气化工,2007,36(3):239)
[5] Cai L. The Research and Application of Environmentally Friendly Completion Fluid[Dissertation]. Daqing:Daqing Petroleum Institute,2009(蔡亮.环保型完井液的研究与应用[学位论文].大庆:大庆石油学院,2009)
[6] Liu Y,Xu L N,Zhu J Y,et al. Pitting corrosion of 13Cr steel in aerated brine completion fluids. Mater Corros,2014,65(11):1096
[7] Liu Y,Xu L N,Lu M X,et al. Corrosion mechanism of 13Cr stainless steel in completion fluid of high temperature and high concentration bromine salt. Appl Surf Sci,2014,314:768
[8] Yin Z F,Wang X Z,Liu L,et al. Characterization of corrosion product layers from CO2corrosion of 13Cr stainless steel in simulated oilfield solution. J Mater Eng Perform,2011,20(7):1330
[9] LüX H,Zhao G X,Fan Z H,et al. Effects of CI-concentration and CO2partial pressure on pitting behavior of 13Cr stainless steel under high temperature and high pressure. Mater Prot,2004,37(6):34(吕祥鸿,赵国仙,樊治海,等.高温高压下Cl-浓度、CO2分压对13Cr不锈钢点蚀的影响.材料保护,2004,37(6):34)
[10] Hou Z,Zhou Q J,Wang Q J,et al. Investigation on carbon dioxide corrosion performance of various 13Cr steels in simulated stratum water. J Chin Soc Corros Prot,2012,32(4):300(侯赞,周庆军,王起江,等. 13Cr系列不锈钢在模拟井下介质中的CO2腐蚀研究.中国腐蚀与防护学报,2012,32(4):300)
[11] Zhao Y,Li X P,Zhang C,et al. Investigation of the rotation speed on corrosion behavior of HP--13Cr stainless steel in the extremely aggressive oilfield environment by using the rotating cage test. Corros Sci,2018,145:307
[12] Lei X W,Wang H Y,Mao F X,et al. Electrochemical behaviour of martensitic stainless steel after immersion in a H2S-saturated solution. Corros Sci,2018,131:164
[13] Chen Z Y,Li L J,Zhang G A,et al. Inhibition effect of propargyl alcohol on the stress corrosion cracking of super 13Cr steel in a completion fluid. Corros Sci,2013,69:205
[14] ASTM International,United States. ASTM G1-03 Standard Practice for Preparing,Cleaning,and Evaluating Corrosion Test Specimens. West Conshohocken:ASTM International,2011
[15] NACE International,United States. NACE PR0775-05 Preparation,Installation,Analysis,and Interpretation of Corrosion Coupons in Oilfield Operations. Houston:ASTM International,2005
[16] Si J J,Wu Y D,Wang T,et al. Composition-controlled activepassive transition and corrosion behavior of Fe-Cr(Mo)-Zr--B bulk amorphous steels. Appl Surf Sci,2018,445:496
[17] Moon J,Ha H Y,Park S J,et al. Effect of Mo and Cr additions on the microstructure,mechanical properties and pitting corrosion resistance of austenitic Fe-30Mn-10. 5Al--1. 1C lightweight steels. J Alloys Compd,2019,775:1136
[18] Guo F F,Dong G N,Dong L S. High temperature passive film on the surface of Co-Cr-Mo alloy and its tribological properties.Appl Surf Sci,2014,314:777