领导授权为何能让员工直言进谏?权力依赖与权力距离的调节作用
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摘要
本研究探索了领导授权行为对员工进谏行为的作用机制和边界条件。基于8家中国企业的312对领导和其直接下属的配对调查问卷,分析结果显示,领导授权行为与员工进谏行为正相关,心理授权在上述过程中起中介作用。权力依赖正向调节了领导授权行为和员工心理授权之间的关系,而权力距离负向调节了领导授权行为和员工心理授权之间的关系。研究结果有助于厘清权力因素在员工进谏行为发生过程中的作用,对建言理论和企业授权实践有一定的参考意义。
This study was to explore the impact of empowering leadership on employee speaking-up behavior in Chinese enterprises. The samples consist of 312 dyad questionnaires between leaders and their direct subordinates from 6 enterprises. The results of hierarchical liner modeling indicate that empowering leadership plays a positive impact role on employee speaking-up behavior, which is completely mediated by psychological empowerment.Power dependence and power distance play the moderated mediating effect on the relationship between empowering leadership and employee speaking-up behavior. Furthermore, power dependence positively moderates the relationship between empowering leadership and employee psychological empowerment Based on this, it is easier to in?uence the employee speaking-up behavior. And power distance negatively moderated the relationship between empowering leadership and employee psychological empowerment. Based on this, it is easier to influence the employee speaking-up behavior. The conclusion is good for discerning the power cognition mechanism of employee speaking-up behavior, which is important for power theory and organization practice.
This study was to explore the impact of empowering leadership on employee speaking-up behavior in Chinese enterprises. The samples consist of 312 dyad questionnaires between leaders and their direct subordinates from 6 enterprises. The results of hierarchical liner modeling indicate that empowering leadership plays a positive impact role on employee speaking-up behavior, which is completely mediated by psychological empowerment.Power dependence and power distance play the moderated mediating effect on the relationship between empowering leadership and employee speaking-up behavior. Furthermore, power dependence positively moderates the relationship between empowering leadership and employee psychological empowerment Based on this, it is easier to in?uence the employee speaking-up behavior. And power distance negatively moderated the relationship between empowering leadership and employee psychological empowerment. Based on this, it is easier to influence the employee speaking-up behavior. The conclusion is good for discerning the power cognition mechanism of employee speaking-up behavior, which is important for power theory and organization practice.
引文
1.段锦云,黄彩云.(2013).个人权力感对进谏行为的影响机制:权力认知的视角.心理学报,45(2),217-230.
2.胡晓龙,姬方卉.(2018).政治技能对主动担责行为的影响:心理授权与不确定性规避的作用.中国人力资源开发,35(2),50-60.
3.李太,涂乙冬,李燕萍.(2013).团队中的关系,迎合与职业成功--基于戏剧理论的解释框架.南开管理评论,16(2),36-46.
4.陆洋,彭正龙,于鲁宁.(2017).授权型领导对员工建言行为的影响机制研究.工业工程与管理,22(3),159-165.
5.唐贵瑶,李鹏程,李骥.(2012).国外授权型领导研究前沿探析与未来展望.外国经济与管理,34(9),73-80.
6.Ahearne,M.,Mathieu,J.,&Rapp,A.(2005).To empower or not to empower your sales force?An empirical examination of the influence of leadership empowerment behavior on customer satisfaction and performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,90(5),735-744.
7.Aiken,L.S.,&West,S.G.(1991).Multiple regression:Testing and interpreting interactions.New York:Sage Publications.
8.Anderson,C.,John,O.P.,&Keltner,D.(2012).The personal sense of power.Journal of Personality,80(2),313-344.
9.Arnold,J.A.,Arad,S.,Rhoades,J.A.,&Drasgow,F.(2000).The empowering leadership questionnaire:The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring leader behaviors.Journal of Organizational Behavior,21(3),249-269.
10.Bandura,A.A.,Mcclelland,D.C.Social Learning Theory.(1977).Oxford,England:Prentice-Hall.
11.Botero,I.C.,&Van Dyne,L.(2009).Employee voice behavior interactive effects of LMX and power distance in the United States and Colombia.Management Communication Quarterly,23(1),84-104.
12.Chen,G.,--Sharma,P.N.,Edinger,S.K.,Shapiro,D.L.,&Farh,J.L.(2011).Motivating and demotivating forces in teams:Cross-level influences of empowering leadership and relationship conflict.Journal of Applied Psychology,96(3),541-547.
13.Clugston,M.,Howell,J.P.,&Dorfman,P.W.(2000).Does cultural socialization predict multiple bases and foci of commitment.Journal of Management,26(1),5-30.
14.Detert,J.R.,&Burris,E.R.(2007).Leadership behavior and employee voice:Is the door really open.Academy of Management Journal,50(4),869-884.
15.Edwards,J.R.,&Lambert,L.S.(2007).Methods for integrating moderation and mediation:A general analytical framework using moderated path analysis.Psychological Methods,12(1),1-3.
16.Emerson,R.M.(1962).Power-dependence relations.American Sociological Review,27,31-41.
17.Fast,N.J.,&Chen,S.(2009).When the boss feels inadequate power,incompetence,and aggression.Psychological Science,20(11),1406-1413.
18.Gao,L.,Janssen,O.,&Shi,K.(2011).Leader trust and employee voice:The moderating role of empowering leader behaviors.The Leadership Quarterly,22(4),787-798.
19.Guinote,A.,Weick,M.,&Cai,A.(2012).Does power magnify the expression of dispositions?Psychological Science23(5),475-482.
20.Hakimi,N.,Van Knippenberg,D.,&Giessner,S.(2010).Leader empowering behaviour:The leader's perspective.British Journal of Management,21(3),701-716.
21.Hobfoll,S.E.(1989).Conservation of resources.American Psychologist,44(3),513-524.
22.Houghton,J.D.,&Yoho,S.K.(2005).Toward a contingency model of leadership and psychological empowerment:When should self-leadership be encouraged?Journal of Leadership&Organizational Studies,11(4),65-83.
23.Islam,G.,&Zyphur,M.J.(2005).Power,voice,and hierarchy:Exploring the antecedents of speaking up in groups.Group Dynamics:Theory,Research,and Practice,9(2),93-95.
24.Keltner,D.,Gruenfeld,D.H.,&Anderson,C.(2003).Power,approach,and inhibition.Psychological Review,110(2),265-268.
25.Kenny,D.A.,Korchmaros,J.D.,&Bolger,N.(2003).Lower level mediation in multilevel models.Psychological Methods,8(2),115-119.
26.Kernis,M.H.(2003).Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem.Psychological Inquiry,14(1),1-26.
27.Kipnis,D.(1972).Does power corrupt?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,24(1),33-36.
28.Kirkman,B.L.,Chen,G.,Farh,J.L.,Chen,Z.X.,&Lowe,K.B.(2009).Individual power distance orientation and follower reactions to transformational leaders:A cross-level,crosscultural examination.Academy of Management Journal,52(4),744-764.
29.Kirkman,B.L.,Lowe,K.B.,&Gibson,C.B.(2006).Aquarter century of culture's consequences:A review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede's cultural values framework.Journal of International Business Studies,37(3),285-320.
30.LePine,J.A.,&Van Dyne,L.(1998).Predicting voice behavior in work groups.Journal of Applied Psychology,83(6),853-857.
31.Lian,H.,Ferris,L.D.,&Brown,D.J.(2012).Does power distance exacerbate or mitigate the effects of abusive supervision?It depends on the outcome.Journal of Applied Psychology,97(1),107-112.
32.Liang,J.,Farch,C.I.,&Farch,J.L.(2012).Psychological antecedents of promotive and prohibitive voice:A two-wave examination.Academy of Management Journal,55(1),71-92.
33.Liu,W.,Zhu,R.H.,&Yang,Y.K.(2010).I warn you because I like you:Voice behavior,employee identifications,and transformational leadership.The Leadership Quarterly,21(1),189-202.
34.Niehoff,B.P.,Moorman,R.H.,Blakely,G.,&Fuller,J.(2001).The influence of empowerment and job enrichment on employee loyalty in a downsizing environment.Group&Organization Management,26(1),93-113.
35.Pearce,C.L.,Sims Jr,H.P.,Cox,J.F.,Ball,G.,Schnell,E.,Smith,K.A.,&Trevino,L.(2003).Transactors,transformers and beyond:A multi-method development of a theoretical typology of leadership.Journal of Management Development,22(4),273-307.
36.Podsakoff,N.P.,Whiting,S.W.,Podsakoff,P.M.,&Blume,B.D.(2009).Individual-and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors:A metaanalysis.Journal of Applied Psychology,94(1),122-123.
37.Rodin,J.,&Haidt,J.(1999).Control and efficacy as interdisciplinary bridges.Review of General Psychology,3(4),317-337.
38.Rothman,N.B.,&Melwani,S.(2017).Feeling mixed,ambivalent,and in flux:The social functions of emotional complexity for leaders.Academy of Management Review,42(2),259-282.
39.Spector,P.E.,&Jex,S.M.(1998).Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain:Interpersonal conflict at Work Scale,Organizational Constraints Scale,Quantitative Workload Inventory,and Physical Symptoms Inventory.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,3(4),356-358.
40.Spreitzer,G.M.(1995).Psychological empowerment in the workplace:Dimensions,measurement and validation.Academy of Management Journal,38(5),1442-1465.
41.Spreitzer,G.M.,De Janasz,S.C.,&Quinn,R.E.(1999).Empowered to lead:The role of psychological empowerment in leadership.Journal of Organizational Behavior,20(4),511-526.
42.Thomas,K.W.,&Velthouse,B.A.(1990).Cognitive elements of empowerment.Academy of Management Review,15(4),666-681.
43.Walumbwa,F.O.,&Schaubroeck,J.(2009).Leader personality traits and employee voice behavior:Mediating roles of ethical leadership and work group psychological safety.Journal of Applied Psychology,94(5),1275-1281.
44.Wee,E.X.M.,Liao,H.,Liu,D.,&Liu,J.(2017).Moving from abuse to reconciliation:A power-dependence perspective on when and how a follower can break the spiral of abuse(Conference Paper).Academy of Management Journal,60(6),2352-2380.
45.Willis,G.B.,&Guinote,A.(2011).The effects of social power on goal content and goal striving:A situated perspective.Social and Personality Psychology Compass,5(10),706-719.
46.Yoon,H.J.(2012).Predicting employee voice behavior:An exploration of the roles of empowering leadership,power distance,organizational learning capability,and sense of empowerment in korean organizations(Unpublished master's dissertation).Minnesota:University of Minnesota.
47.Zhang,X.,&Bartol,K.M.(2010).Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity:The influence of psychological empowerment,intrinsic motivation,and creative process engagement.Academy of Management Journal,53(1),107-128.
2.胡晓龙,姬方卉.(2018).政治技能对主动担责行为的影响:心理授权与不确定性规避的作用.中国人力资源开发,35(2),50-60.
3.李太,涂乙冬,李燕萍.(2013).团队中的关系,迎合与职业成功--基于戏剧理论的解释框架.南开管理评论,16(2),36-46.
4.陆洋,彭正龙,于鲁宁.(2017).授权型领导对员工建言行为的影响机制研究.工业工程与管理,22(3),159-165.
5.唐贵瑶,李鹏程,李骥.(2012).国外授权型领导研究前沿探析与未来展望.外国经济与管理,34(9),73-80.
6.Ahearne,M.,Mathieu,J.,&Rapp,A.(2005).To empower or not to empower your sales force?An empirical examination of the influence of leadership empowerment behavior on customer satisfaction and performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,90(5),735-744.
7.Aiken,L.S.,&West,S.G.(1991).Multiple regression:Testing and interpreting interactions.New York:Sage Publications.
8.Anderson,C.,John,O.P.,&Keltner,D.(2012).The personal sense of power.Journal of Personality,80(2),313-344.
9.Arnold,J.A.,Arad,S.,Rhoades,J.A.,&Drasgow,F.(2000).The empowering leadership questionnaire:The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring leader behaviors.Journal of Organizational Behavior,21(3),249-269.
10.Bandura,A.A.,Mcclelland,D.C.Social Learning Theory.(1977).Oxford,England:Prentice-Hall.
11.Botero,I.C.,&Van Dyne,L.(2009).Employee voice behavior interactive effects of LMX and power distance in the United States and Colombia.Management Communication Quarterly,23(1),84-104.
12.Chen,G.,--Sharma,P.N.,Edinger,S.K.,Shapiro,D.L.,&Farh,J.L.(2011).Motivating and demotivating forces in teams:Cross-level influences of empowering leadership and relationship conflict.Journal of Applied Psychology,96(3),541-547.
13.Clugston,M.,Howell,J.P.,&Dorfman,P.W.(2000).Does cultural socialization predict multiple bases and foci of commitment.Journal of Management,26(1),5-30.
14.Detert,J.R.,&Burris,E.R.(2007).Leadership behavior and employee voice:Is the door really open.Academy of Management Journal,50(4),869-884.
15.Edwards,J.R.,&Lambert,L.S.(2007).Methods for integrating moderation and mediation:A general analytical framework using moderated path analysis.Psychological Methods,12(1),1-3.
16.Emerson,R.M.(1962).Power-dependence relations.American Sociological Review,27,31-41.
17.Fast,N.J.,&Chen,S.(2009).When the boss feels inadequate power,incompetence,and aggression.Psychological Science,20(11),1406-1413.
18.Gao,L.,Janssen,O.,&Shi,K.(2011).Leader trust and employee voice:The moderating role of empowering leader behaviors.The Leadership Quarterly,22(4),787-798.
19.Guinote,A.,Weick,M.,&Cai,A.(2012).Does power magnify the expression of dispositions?Psychological Science23(5),475-482.
20.Hakimi,N.,Van Knippenberg,D.,&Giessner,S.(2010).Leader empowering behaviour:The leader's perspective.British Journal of Management,21(3),701-716.
21.Hobfoll,S.E.(1989).Conservation of resources.American Psychologist,44(3),513-524.
22.Houghton,J.D.,&Yoho,S.K.(2005).Toward a contingency model of leadership and psychological empowerment:When should self-leadership be encouraged?Journal of Leadership&Organizational Studies,11(4),65-83.
23.Islam,G.,&Zyphur,M.J.(2005).Power,voice,and hierarchy:Exploring the antecedents of speaking up in groups.Group Dynamics:Theory,Research,and Practice,9(2),93-95.
24.Keltner,D.,Gruenfeld,D.H.,&Anderson,C.(2003).Power,approach,and inhibition.Psychological Review,110(2),265-268.
25.Kenny,D.A.,Korchmaros,J.D.,&Bolger,N.(2003).Lower level mediation in multilevel models.Psychological Methods,8(2),115-119.
26.Kernis,M.H.(2003).Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem.Psychological Inquiry,14(1),1-26.
27.Kipnis,D.(1972).Does power corrupt?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,24(1),33-36.
28.Kirkman,B.L.,Chen,G.,Farh,J.L.,Chen,Z.X.,&Lowe,K.B.(2009).Individual power distance orientation and follower reactions to transformational leaders:A cross-level,crosscultural examination.Academy of Management Journal,52(4),744-764.
29.Kirkman,B.L.,Lowe,K.B.,&Gibson,C.B.(2006).Aquarter century of culture's consequences:A review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede's cultural values framework.Journal of International Business Studies,37(3),285-320.
30.LePine,J.A.,&Van Dyne,L.(1998).Predicting voice behavior in work groups.Journal of Applied Psychology,83(6),853-857.
31.Lian,H.,Ferris,L.D.,&Brown,D.J.(2012).Does power distance exacerbate or mitigate the effects of abusive supervision?It depends on the outcome.Journal of Applied Psychology,97(1),107-112.
32.Liang,J.,Farch,C.I.,&Farch,J.L.(2012).Psychological antecedents of promotive and prohibitive voice:A two-wave examination.Academy of Management Journal,55(1),71-92.
33.Liu,W.,Zhu,R.H.,&Yang,Y.K.(2010).I warn you because I like you:Voice behavior,employee identifications,and transformational leadership.The Leadership Quarterly,21(1),189-202.
34.Niehoff,B.P.,Moorman,R.H.,Blakely,G.,&Fuller,J.(2001).The influence of empowerment and job enrichment on employee loyalty in a downsizing environment.Group&Organization Management,26(1),93-113.
35.Pearce,C.L.,Sims Jr,H.P.,Cox,J.F.,Ball,G.,Schnell,E.,Smith,K.A.,&Trevino,L.(2003).Transactors,transformers and beyond:A multi-method development of a theoretical typology of leadership.Journal of Management Development,22(4),273-307.
36.Podsakoff,N.P.,Whiting,S.W.,Podsakoff,P.M.,&Blume,B.D.(2009).Individual-and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors:A metaanalysis.Journal of Applied Psychology,94(1),122-123.
37.Rodin,J.,&Haidt,J.(1999).Control and efficacy as interdisciplinary bridges.Review of General Psychology,3(4),317-337.
38.Rothman,N.B.,&Melwani,S.(2017).Feeling mixed,ambivalent,and in flux:The social functions of emotional complexity for leaders.Academy of Management Review,42(2),259-282.
39.Spector,P.E.,&Jex,S.M.(1998).Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain:Interpersonal conflict at Work Scale,Organizational Constraints Scale,Quantitative Workload Inventory,and Physical Symptoms Inventory.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,3(4),356-358.
40.Spreitzer,G.M.(1995).Psychological empowerment in the workplace:Dimensions,measurement and validation.Academy of Management Journal,38(5),1442-1465.
41.Spreitzer,G.M.,De Janasz,S.C.,&Quinn,R.E.(1999).Empowered to lead:The role of psychological empowerment in leadership.Journal of Organizational Behavior,20(4),511-526.
42.Thomas,K.W.,&Velthouse,B.A.(1990).Cognitive elements of empowerment.Academy of Management Review,15(4),666-681.
43.Walumbwa,F.O.,&Schaubroeck,J.(2009).Leader personality traits and employee voice behavior:Mediating roles of ethical leadership and work group psychological safety.Journal of Applied Psychology,94(5),1275-1281.
44.Wee,E.X.M.,Liao,H.,Liu,D.,&Liu,J.(2017).Moving from abuse to reconciliation:A power-dependence perspective on when and how a follower can break the spiral of abuse(Conference Paper).Academy of Management Journal,60(6),2352-2380.
45.Willis,G.B.,&Guinote,A.(2011).The effects of social power on goal content and goal striving:A situated perspective.Social and Personality Psychology Compass,5(10),706-719.
46.Yoon,H.J.(2012).Predicting employee voice behavior:An exploration of the roles of empowering leadership,power distance,organizational learning capability,and sense of empowerment in korean organizations(Unpublished master's dissertation).Minnesota:University of Minnesota.
47.Zhang,X.,&Bartol,K.M.(2010).Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity:The influence of psychological empowerment,intrinsic motivation,and creative process engagement.Academy of Management Journal,53(1),107-128.