彭冲涧小流域植被恢复的水文效应及其对年降水量响应的临界值
|
摘要
对流域径流的变化及其原因的研究,是森林水文研究领域中一个重要的科学问题.本研究以降水充沛的彭冲涧小流域为对象,运用Mann-Kendall检验法对彭冲涧小流域1983—2014年的降水、径流序列进行突变分析;采用经验统计分析法,分析降水变化和植被恢复对小流域径流的影响及其贡献率,并计算年尺度上植被恢复的水文效应对降水量响应的临界值.结果表明:2003年为降水与径流的一致突变点;相对于基准期(1983—2003年),变化期(2004—2014年)的年降水量、年径流深分别减少8.7%、29.2%,年平均减少幅度分别为12.7、22.1 mm;春、夏、秋、冬季及年尺度上的平均径流深分别减少100. 2、105. 8、25. 2、23. 4和243.0 mm,其中,降水变化的贡献率分别为58.9%、71.6%、65.5%、35.0%和57.1%,植被恢复的贡献率分别为41.1%、28.4%、34.5%、65.0%和42.9%;植被恢复的水文效应依赖于年降水量,且临界值为1181 mm.当年降水量小于1181 mm时,植被恢复增加了年径流深;当年降水量大于1181 mm时,植被恢复减小了年径流深.此临界值的存在,将有助于解释不同流域植被恢复对径流影响贡献率的差异性,有助于找到森林对径流影响存在争论和分歧的原因.
To examine the change of runoff and its reason is an important scientific issue in forest hydrology. In this study,we performed the trend and inflection analysis on the time series of daily precipitation and runoff in the Pengchongjian small watershed from 1983 to 2014 by Mann-Kendall test method,a site with abundant precipitation. Using the empirical statistics method,we analyzed the effects of precipitation variation and vegetation restoration on the runoff and its contribution rates. Furthermore,we calculated the critical value of the hydrological effect of vegetation restoration on the annual precipitation. The results showed that the year 2003 was a consistent abrupt point for annual precipitation and runoff. Compared to the baseline period(1983-2003),annual precipitation and the depth of runoff in the changing period(2004-2014) decreased by 8.7% and 29.2%,with the averaged annual decrease of 12.7 and 22.1 mm,respectively. The averaged depth of runoff in spring,summer,autumn,winter,and in the whole year decreased by 100. 2,105. 8,25. 2,23.4,and 243.0 mm,respectively. The contribution rates of the depth of runoff to precipitation variation were 58.9%,71.6%,65.5%,35.0%,and 57.1%,respectively,while the contribution rates of vegetation restoration were 41. 1%,28. 4%,34. 5%,65. 0%,and 42. 9%,respectively. The hydrological effect of vegetation restoration was attributed to the annual precipitation,with a critical value of 1181 mm. Vegetation restoration increased annual depth of runoff when annual precipitation was less than the critical value,and increased that when annual precipitation was higher than the critical value. Therefore,the critical value might help to explain the difference in contribution rates of vegetation restoration to runoff in different watersheds and serve as one of the important reasons for the debate and divergence of forest restoration impacts on runoff.
To examine the change of runoff and its reason is an important scientific issue in forest hydrology. In this study,we performed the trend and inflection analysis on the time series of daily precipitation and runoff in the Pengchongjian small watershed from 1983 to 2014 by Mann-Kendall test method,a site with abundant precipitation. Using the empirical statistics method,we analyzed the effects of precipitation variation and vegetation restoration on the runoff and its contribution rates. Furthermore,we calculated the critical value of the hydrological effect of vegetation restoration on the annual precipitation. The results showed that the year 2003 was a consistent abrupt point for annual precipitation and runoff. Compared to the baseline period(1983-2003),annual precipitation and the depth of runoff in the changing period(2004-2014) decreased by 8.7% and 29.2%,with the averaged annual decrease of 12.7 and 22.1 mm,respectively. The averaged depth of runoff in spring,summer,autumn,winter,and in the whole year decreased by 100. 2,105. 8,25. 2,23.4,and 243.0 mm,respectively. The contribution rates of the depth of runoff to precipitation variation were 58.9%,71.6%,65.5%,35.0%,and 57.1%,respectively,while the contribution rates of vegetation restoration were 41. 1%,28. 4%,34. 5%,65. 0%,and 42. 9%,respectively. The hydrological effect of vegetation restoration was attributed to the annual precipitation,with a critical value of 1181 mm. Vegetation restoration increased annual depth of runoff when annual precipitation was less than the critical value,and increased that when annual precipitation was higher than the critical value. Therefore,the critical value might help to explain the difference in contribution rates of vegetation restoration to runoff in different watersheds and serve as one of the important reasons for the debate and divergence of forest restoration impacts on runoff.
引文
[1]Ye X-C(叶许春),Zhang Q(张奇),Liu J(刘健),et al.Impacts of climate change and human activities on runoff of Poyang Lake catchment.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology(冰川冻土),2009,31(5):835-842(in Chinese)
[2]Wang X-Q(王西琴),Zhang Y(张远),Zhang Y-H(张艳会).Change of natural runoff and contribution of the natural and artifical factors to the upper reaches of Wei River.Journal of Natural Resources(自然资源学报),2006,21(6):981-990(in Chinese)
[3]Xia J(夏军),Wang M-L(王渺林).Runoff changes and distributed hydrologic simulation in the upper reaches of Yangtze River.Resources Science(资源科学),2008,30(7):962-967(in Chinese)
[4]Liu J-Y(刘剑宇),Zhang Q(张强),Deng X-Y(邓晓宇),et al.Quantitative analysis the influences of climate change and human activities on hydrological processes in Poyang Basin.Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学),2016,28(2):432-443(in Chinese)
[5]Ding J-Y(丁婧祎),Zhao W-W(赵文武),Wang J(王军),et al.Scale effect of the impact on runoff of variations in precipitation/vegetation taking northern Shanxi loess hilly-gully region as an example.Progress in Geography(地理科学进展),2015,34(8):1039-1051(in Chinese)
[6]Guo A-J(郭爱军),Chang J-X(畅建霞),Huang Q(黄强),et al.Quantitative analysis of the impacts of climate change and human activities on runoff change in Weihe Basin.Journal of Northwest A&F University(西北农林科技大学学报),2014,42(8):212-220(in Chinese)
[7]Liu G-H(刘贵花),Qi S-H(齐述华),Zhu J-X(朱婧瑄),et al.Quantitative estimation of runoff changes in Ganjiang River,Lake Poyang Basin under climate change and anthropogenic impacts.Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学),2016,28(3):682-690(in Chinese)
[8]Zeng S,Xia J,Du H.Separating the effects of climate change and human activities on runoff over different time scales in the Zhang River basin.Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment,2014,28:401-413
[9]Jiang S,Ren L,Yong B,et al.Quantifying the effects of climate variability and human activities on runoff from the Laohahe basin in northern China using three different methods.Hydrological Processes,2011,25:2492-2505.
[10]Ahn KH,Merwade V.Quantifying the relative impact of climate and human activities on streamflow.Journal of Hydrology,2014,515:257-266
[11]Ye X,Zhang Q,Liu J,et al.Distinguishing the relative impacts of climate change and human activities on variation of stream-flow in the Poyang Lake catchment,China.Journal of Hydrology,2013,494:83-95
[12]Xia Z-H(夏智宏),Liu M(刘敏),Wang M(王苗),et al.Quantitative identification of the impact of climate change and human activity on runoff in Lake Honghu basin since 1990s.Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学),2014,26(4):515-521(in Chinese)
[13]Guo H(郭华),Su B-D(苏布达),Wang Y-J(王艳君),et al.Runoff coefficients change and the analysis of the relationship between climate factors and runoff coefficients in Poyang Lake Basin(China):1955-2002.Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学),2007,19(2):163-169(in Chinese)
[14]Li L-J(李丽娟),Zheng H-X(郑红星).Characteristics and driving forces of annual runoff changes for rivers in north China:A case study in the Chaobai River.Acta Geographica Sinica(地理学报),2000,55(3):309-317(in Chinese)
[15]Xu H-L(徐海量),Ye M(叶茂),Song Y-D(宋郁东).Relationship between climate changes and annual runoff of headstreams of Tarim River.Scientia Geographica Sinica(地理科学),2007,27(2):119-124(in Chinese)
[16]Kang S-Y(康淑媛),Zhang B(张勃),Liu J-F(柳景峰),et al.Analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation in Zhangye City using Mann-Kendall Method.Resources Science(资源科学),2009,31(3):501-508(in Chinese)
[17]Wang J-H(王金花),Kang L-L(康玲玲),Zhao G-F(赵广福).Study on series of abrupt change of water and sediment using Mann-Kendall Method.Yellow River(人民黄河),2010,32(1):43-45(in Chinese)
[18]Li Z-J(李子君),Li X-B(李秀彬).Impacts of precipitation changes and human activities on annual runoff of Chao River basin during past 45 years.Scientia Geographica Sinica(地理科学),2008,28(6):809-813(in Chinese)
[19]Wu J,Miao C,Zhang X,et al.Detecting the quantitative hydrological response to changes in climate and human activities.Science of the Total Environment,2017,586:328-337
[20]Xu J-X(许炯心),Sun J(孙季).Temporal variation in annual water yield of the Jialingjiang River and the formative cause.Journal of Mountain Science(山地学报),2007,25(2):153-159(in Chinese)
[21]Zhang Q,Liu JY,Vijay P,et al.Evaluation of impacts of climate change and human activities on streamflow in the Poyang Lake basin,China.Hydrological Processes,2016,30:2562-2576
[22]Molchanov AA.Hydrological Role of Forestry.Moscow:Press of Academy of Sciences of USSR,1968
[23]Liu S-R(刘世荣),Wen Y-G(温远光),Wang B(王兵),et al.Ecohydrological Functions of Forest Ecosystems in China.Beijing:China Forestry Press,1996(in Chinese)
[24]Ma X-H(马雪华).Forest Hydrology.Beijing:China Forestry Press,1993(in Chinese)
[25]Swank WT,Crossley DA.Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta Ecological Studies.New York:Springer-Verlag,1988
[26]Nakano X.Trans.Li Y-S(李云森).Forest Hydrology.Beijing:China Forestry Press,1983(in Chinese)
[27]Shi Q(施倩),Zhang J-C(张金池),Zhuang J-Y(庄家尧),et al.Impact of forest vegetation change on runoff in Qianshan watershed.Journal of Nanchang Institute of Technology(南昌工程学院学报),2014,33(4):11-15(in Chinese)
[28]Li W-H(李文华),He Y-T(何永涛),Yang L-Y(杨丽韫).A summary and perspective of forest vegetation impacts on water yield.Journal of Natural Resources(自然资源学报),2001,16(5):398-406(in Chinese)
[2]Wang X-Q(王西琴),Zhang Y(张远),Zhang Y-H(张艳会).Change of natural runoff and contribution of the natural and artifical factors to the upper reaches of Wei River.Journal of Natural Resources(自然资源学报),2006,21(6):981-990(in Chinese)
[3]Xia J(夏军),Wang M-L(王渺林).Runoff changes and distributed hydrologic simulation in the upper reaches of Yangtze River.Resources Science(资源科学),2008,30(7):962-967(in Chinese)
[4]Liu J-Y(刘剑宇),Zhang Q(张强),Deng X-Y(邓晓宇),et al.Quantitative analysis the influences of climate change and human activities on hydrological processes in Poyang Basin.Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学),2016,28(2):432-443(in Chinese)
[5]Ding J-Y(丁婧祎),Zhao W-W(赵文武),Wang J(王军),et al.Scale effect of the impact on runoff of variations in precipitation/vegetation taking northern Shanxi loess hilly-gully region as an example.Progress in Geography(地理科学进展),2015,34(8):1039-1051(in Chinese)
[6]Guo A-J(郭爱军),Chang J-X(畅建霞),Huang Q(黄强),et al.Quantitative analysis of the impacts of climate change and human activities on runoff change in Weihe Basin.Journal of Northwest A&F University(西北农林科技大学学报),2014,42(8):212-220(in Chinese)
[7]Liu G-H(刘贵花),Qi S-H(齐述华),Zhu J-X(朱婧瑄),et al.Quantitative estimation of runoff changes in Ganjiang River,Lake Poyang Basin under climate change and anthropogenic impacts.Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学),2016,28(3):682-690(in Chinese)
[8]Zeng S,Xia J,Du H.Separating the effects of climate change and human activities on runoff over different time scales in the Zhang River basin.Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment,2014,28:401-413
[9]Jiang S,Ren L,Yong B,et al.Quantifying the effects of climate variability and human activities on runoff from the Laohahe basin in northern China using three different methods.Hydrological Processes,2011,25:2492-2505.
[10]Ahn KH,Merwade V.Quantifying the relative impact of climate and human activities on streamflow.Journal of Hydrology,2014,515:257-266
[11]Ye X,Zhang Q,Liu J,et al.Distinguishing the relative impacts of climate change and human activities on variation of stream-flow in the Poyang Lake catchment,China.Journal of Hydrology,2013,494:83-95
[12]Xia Z-H(夏智宏),Liu M(刘敏),Wang M(王苗),et al.Quantitative identification of the impact of climate change and human activity on runoff in Lake Honghu basin since 1990s.Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学),2014,26(4):515-521(in Chinese)
[13]Guo H(郭华),Su B-D(苏布达),Wang Y-J(王艳君),et al.Runoff coefficients change and the analysis of the relationship between climate factors and runoff coefficients in Poyang Lake Basin(China):1955-2002.Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学),2007,19(2):163-169(in Chinese)
[14]Li L-J(李丽娟),Zheng H-X(郑红星).Characteristics and driving forces of annual runoff changes for rivers in north China:A case study in the Chaobai River.Acta Geographica Sinica(地理学报),2000,55(3):309-317(in Chinese)
[15]Xu H-L(徐海量),Ye M(叶茂),Song Y-D(宋郁东).Relationship between climate changes and annual runoff of headstreams of Tarim River.Scientia Geographica Sinica(地理科学),2007,27(2):119-124(in Chinese)
[16]Kang S-Y(康淑媛),Zhang B(张勃),Liu J-F(柳景峰),et al.Analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation in Zhangye City using Mann-Kendall Method.Resources Science(资源科学),2009,31(3):501-508(in Chinese)
[17]Wang J-H(王金花),Kang L-L(康玲玲),Zhao G-F(赵广福).Study on series of abrupt change of water and sediment using Mann-Kendall Method.Yellow River(人民黄河),2010,32(1):43-45(in Chinese)
[18]Li Z-J(李子君),Li X-B(李秀彬).Impacts of precipitation changes and human activities on annual runoff of Chao River basin during past 45 years.Scientia Geographica Sinica(地理科学),2008,28(6):809-813(in Chinese)
[19]Wu J,Miao C,Zhang X,et al.Detecting the quantitative hydrological response to changes in climate and human activities.Science of the Total Environment,2017,586:328-337
[20]Xu J-X(许炯心),Sun J(孙季).Temporal variation in annual water yield of the Jialingjiang River and the formative cause.Journal of Mountain Science(山地学报),2007,25(2):153-159(in Chinese)
[21]Zhang Q,Liu JY,Vijay P,et al.Evaluation of impacts of climate change and human activities on streamflow in the Poyang Lake basin,China.Hydrological Processes,2016,30:2562-2576
[22]Molchanov AA.Hydrological Role of Forestry.Moscow:Press of Academy of Sciences of USSR,1968
[23]Liu S-R(刘世荣),Wen Y-G(温远光),Wang B(王兵),et al.Ecohydrological Functions of Forest Ecosystems in China.Beijing:China Forestry Press,1996(in Chinese)
[24]Ma X-H(马雪华).Forest Hydrology.Beijing:China Forestry Press,1993(in Chinese)
[25]Swank WT,Crossley DA.Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta Ecological Studies.New York:Springer-Verlag,1988
[26]Nakano X.Trans.Li Y-S(李云森).Forest Hydrology.Beijing:China Forestry Press,1983(in Chinese)
[27]Shi Q(施倩),Zhang J-C(张金池),Zhuang J-Y(庄家尧),et al.Impact of forest vegetation change on runoff in Qianshan watershed.Journal of Nanchang Institute of Technology(南昌工程学院学报),2014,33(4):11-15(in Chinese)
[28]Li W-H(李文华),He Y-T(何永涛),Yang L-Y(杨丽韫).A summary and perspective of forest vegetation impacts on water yield.Journal of Natural Resources(自然资源学报),2001,16(5):398-406(in Chinese)