红椎天然更新及其影响因子研究
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摘要
【目的】开展基于近自然化森林经营技术的红椎人工林天然更新研究,为解决长期困扰红椎人工林的生长质量差、林分稳定性低及经营成本过高等问题提供依据。【方法】利用样地调查法对广西凭祥热林中心林区3种林分(红椎人工林、针阔人工混交林及马尾松人工林)中的红椎天然更新进行了调查,并采取室内试验方法对红椎种子萌发进行测定,通过多元回归统计及方差分析方法对数据进行分析。【结果】红椎在所有林分中更新频度及密度均超过其他树种,在针叶树人工林下红椎更新最差,更新密度为625株/hm~2,而在针阔混交林下更新密度相对较低(3 673株/hm~2),在红椎人工林下更新最好(21 231株/hm~2);林分中凋落物层厚度与草本盖度是影响红椎更新的重要环境因子,红椎更新密度与两者呈明显负相关;当与母树的距离S≤5 m时红椎出现更新不良,周围仅出现7.5%的更新幼苗。经红椎种子萌发试验测定,马尾松未分解凋落叶水浸液质量比为1∶10时,对红椎种子发芽产生明显抑制作用。【结论】试验结果说明草本盖度、凋落物层厚度和凋落叶中化感物质的抑制作用及母树的缺失可能是导致红椎在针叶树人工林下更新不良的主要原因。
[Objective]Carrying out the research for regeneration of Castanopsis hystrix plantation is an important approach to solve the problems of bad growth,low stand stability,high management cost of Castanopsis hystrix plantation.[Method]Sample-plot survey was conducted for Castonopsis hystrix's regeneration of three type plantations(Castanopsis hystrix plantation,coniferous broadleaved artificial mixed forest and Pinus massoniana plantation) in the experimental forest,Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry,Pingxiang,Guangxi Province of southern China,while the indoor testing was conducted for seed germination of Castanopsis hystrix and the research data were analysed by multiple regression and variance analysis.[Result]The results showed that the reproduction frequency and density of Castanopsis hystrix were higher than other tree species,and it had the lowest regenerationdensity under the coniferous plantation(625 plants/ha),relatively low regeneration density under the conifer and broadleaf mixed plantations(3 673 plants/ha),but the highest was under its own forest(21 231 plants/ha);the litter thickness and herb coverage were the important environmental factors influencing the regeneration of Castanopsis hystrix,they were negatively correlated with regeneration density.The regeneration was not good when the distance from the seed tree was shorter than 5 m,the proportion of regenerated Castanopsis hystrix plants was only 7.5%.Seed germination of Castanopsis hystrix was significantly inhibited by soaking solution of leaf litter with the mass and water ration of 1∶10.[Conclusion]Thus the herb coverage,litter thickness,inhibiting effect of allelochemicals in the leaf litter and dificiency of mother plant were the main reasons leading to the bad regeneration of Castanopsis hystrix under coniferous plantation.
[Objective]Carrying out the research for regeneration of Castanopsis hystrix plantation is an important approach to solve the problems of bad growth,low stand stability,high management cost of Castanopsis hystrix plantation.[Method]Sample-plot survey was conducted for Castonopsis hystrix's regeneration of three type plantations(Castanopsis hystrix plantation,coniferous broadleaved artificial mixed forest and Pinus massoniana plantation) in the experimental forest,Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry,Pingxiang,Guangxi Province of southern China,while the indoor testing was conducted for seed germination of Castanopsis hystrix and the research data were analysed by multiple regression and variance analysis.[Result]The results showed that the reproduction frequency and density of Castanopsis hystrix were higher than other tree species,and it had the lowest regenerationdensity under the coniferous plantation(625 plants/ha),relatively low regeneration density under the conifer and broadleaf mixed plantations(3 673 plants/ha),but the highest was under its own forest(21 231 plants/ha);the litter thickness and herb coverage were the important environmental factors influencing the regeneration of Castanopsis hystrix,they were negatively correlated with regeneration density.The regeneration was not good when the distance from the seed tree was shorter than 5 m,the proportion of regenerated Castanopsis hystrix plants was only 7.5%.Seed germination of Castanopsis hystrix was significantly inhibited by soaking solution of leaf litter with the mass and water ration of 1∶10.[Conclusion]Thus the herb coverage,litter thickness,inhibiting effect of allelochemicals in the leaf litter and dificiency of mother plant were the main reasons leading to the bad regeneration of Castanopsis hystrix under coniferous plantation.
引文
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[23]Falcelli J M,Pickett S T A.Plant litter:its dynamics and effects on plant community structure[J].Ecology,1991,57(1):1-3.
[24]Golley F B.Structure and function of an old field broom sedge community[J].Ecological Monographs,1965,35(1):113-137.
[25]吴承祯,洪伟,姜志林,等.我国森林凋落物研究进展[J].江西农业大学学报,2000,22(3):405--410.Wu C Z,Hong W,Jiang Z L,et al.Advances in research of forest litter-fall in China[J].Journal of Jiangxi Agricultural University,2000,22(3):405-410.
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[27]韩有志,王政权.天然次生林中水曲柳种子的扩散格局[J].植物生态学报,2002,26(1):51-57.Han Y Z,Wang Z Q.Spatiall pattern of Manchurian ash seed dispersal in secondary hardwood forest[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2002,26(1):51--57.
[28]Van der Valk A G.The impact of litter and annual plants on recruitment from seed bank of a lacustrine wetland[J].Aquatic Botany,1986,24(1):13--26.
[29]Lodhi M A K.Role of allelopathy as expressed by dominating trees in a low land forest in controlling productivity and pattern of herbacecus growth[J].American Journal of Botany,1976,63(1):1--8.
[30]汪思龙,廖利平.杉木火力楠混交林养分归还与生产力[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(4):347-352.Wang S L,Liao L P.Nutrient return and productivity of mixed Cunninghamia lanceolata and Michelia macclurei plantations[J].Chinese Journal of Applicated Ecology,1997,8(4):347--352.
[31]贾黎明,翟明普,尹伟伦,等.油松白桦混交林中生化他感作用的生物测定[J].北京林业大学学报,1996,18(4):1--8.Jia L M,Zhai M P,Yin W L,et al.The bioassay of allelopathy in the mixed stands of Chinese pine and Asian white birch[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,1996,18(4):1-8.
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[34]曾淼.柠条锦鸡儿凋落物提取液对自身种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响[J].河南农业科学,2015,44(6):90-95.Zeng M.Effects of Caragana korshinskii litter aqueous extract on its seed germination and seedling growth[J].Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences,2015,44(6):90--95.
[2]柏广新,张彦东.水曲柳天然更新及其影响因子[J].东北林业大学学报,2013,41(1):7-9,13.Bai G X,Zhang Y D.Natural regeneration and its influencing factors of Manchurian ash[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2013,41(1):7--9,13.
[3]Wild J,Kopecky M,Svoboda M,et al.Spatial patterns with memory:tree regeneration after stand-replacing disturbance in Picea abies mountain forests[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,2014,25(6):1327--1340.
[4]Gama J R V,Botelho S A,Bentes-Gama M M.Floristic composition and natural regeneration of a secondary low floodplain forest in the Amazonian estuary[J].Revista Arvore,2002,26(5):559-566.
[5]邓硕坤,廖树寿,黄柏华,等.广西凭祥红椎人工林天然更新影响因素初探[J].广西林业科学,2013,42(1):48-51.Deng S K,Liao S S,Huang B H,et al.Natural regeneration and its influencing factors of Castanopsis hystrix plantation at Pingxiang,Guangxi[J].Guangxi Forestry Science,2013,42(1):48-51.
[6]刘明国,殷有,孔繁轼,等.辽西半干旱地区油松人工林天然更新的影响因子研究[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2014,45(4):418-423.Liu M G,Yin Y,Kong F S,et al.Effecting factors of natural regeneration of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation in semiarid region,western Liaoning[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2014,45(4):418-423.
[7]张树梓,李梅,张树彬,等.塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林天然更新影响因子分析[J].生态学报,2015,35(16):5403-5411.Zhang S Z,Li M,Zhang S B,et al.Factors affecting nutural regeneration of Larix principis-ruppechtii plantations in Saihanba of Hebei,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(16):5403-5411.
[8]Kramer K,Brang P,Bachofen H,et al.Site factors are more important than salvage logging for tree regeneration after wind disturbance in Central European forests[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2014,331:116-128.
[9]闫淑君,洪伟,林勇明,等.闽江口琅岐岛风景区朴树种群天然更新特征[J].林业科学,2013,49(4):147-151.Yan S J,Hong W,Lin Y M,et al.Natural regeneration characteristics of Celtis sinensis population in Langqi Island scenic spot of Minjiang esturay,Fujian Province[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2013,49(4):147-151.
[10]欧芷阳,苏志尧,彭玉华,等.桂西南喀斯特山地蚬木幼龄植株的天然更新[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(9):2440-2446.Ou Z Y,Su Z Y,Peng Y H,et al.Natural regeneration of young Excentrodendron hsienmu in Karst mountainous region in southwest of Guangxi,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(9):2440--2446.
[11]张巧明.辽东栎林天然更新特征的研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2007.Zhang Q M.Characteristics of natural regeneration of Quercus liaotungensis community[D].Yangling:Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2007.
[12]谢帆,王素珍.井冈山区常绿阔叶林更新动态的研究[J].应用生态学报,1991,2(1):1-7.Xie F,Wang S Z.Dynamic studies on regenerated seedlings of evergreen broadleaf forest in Jingangshan Region[J].Chinese Journal of Application Ecology,1991,2(1):1--7.
[13]徐振邦,代力民,陈吉泉,等.长白山红松阔叶混交林森林天然更新条件的研究[J].生态学报,2001,21(9):1413--1420.Xu Z B,Dai L M,Chen J Q,et al.Natural regeneration condition in Pinus koraiensis and broad-leaved mixed forest[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2001,21(9):1413-1420.
[14]Von Lüpke B.Silvi cultural methods of oak regeneration with special respect to shade tolerant mixed species[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1998,106(1):19--26.
[15]Murali K S,Kavitha A,Harish R P.Spatial patterns of tree and shrub species diversity in Savandurga State Forest,Karnataka[J].Current Science,2003,84:808-813.
[16]刘炜洋,陈国富,张彦东.不同林分内水曲柳天然更新及影响因子研究[J].华东森林经理,2010,24(4):19-23.Liu W Y,Chen G F,Zhang Y D.Natural regeneration and influencing factors of Fraxinus mandshurica in different forests[J].East China Forest Management,2010,24(4):19-23.
[17]邓硕坤.桂西南红椎和马尾松人工林中红椎天然更新的研究[D].南宁:广西大学,2013:14--20.Deng S K.Natural regeneration of Castanopsis hystrix in its plantation and nearby plantations of Pinus massoniana in southwest of Guangxi[D].Nanning:Guangxi University,2013:14-20.
[18]Holmes T H.Woodland canopy structure and the light response of juvenile Quercus lobate(Fagaceae)[J].American Journal of Botany,1995,82(11):1432-1442.
[19]黄忠良,彭少麟,易俗.影响季风常绿阔叶林幼苗定居的主要因素[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2001,9(2):123--128.Huang Z L,Peng S L,Yi S.Factors effecting seedling establishment in monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest[J].Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany,2001,9(2):123-128.
[20]王娜,郝清玉.森林天然更新影响因子研究进展[J].广东农业科学,2012(6):67-70.Wang N,Hao Q Y.Research progress on influence factors of forest natural regeneration[J].Guangdong Agricultural Science,2012(6):67-70.
[21]刁淑清,韩国君,张树乐,等.水曲柳种子更新调查研究[J].吉林林业科技,2010,24(4):19--23.Diao S Q,Han G J,Zhang S L,et al.Investigation and study on direct sowing regeneration of Fraxinus mandshurica[J].Jilin Forestry Science and Technology,2010,24(4):19--23.
[22]潘开文,何静,吴宁.森林凋落物对林地微生境的影响[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(1):153-158.Pan K W,He J,Wu N.Effect of forest litter on microenvironment conditions of forestland[J].Chinese Journal of Application Ecology,2004,15(1):153--158.
[23]Falcelli J M,Pickett S T A.Plant litter:its dynamics and effects on plant community structure[J].Ecology,1991,57(1):1-3.
[24]Golley F B.Structure and function of an old field broom sedge community[J].Ecological Monographs,1965,35(1):113-137.
[25]吴承祯,洪伟,姜志林,等.我国森林凋落物研究进展[J].江西农业大学学报,2000,22(3):405--410.Wu C Z,Hong W,Jiang Z L,et al.Advances in research of forest litter-fall in China[J].Journal of Jiangxi Agricultural University,2000,22(3):405-410.
[26]樊后保,臧润国,李德志.蒙古栎种群天然更新的研究[J].生态学杂志,1996,15(3):15-20.Fan H B,Cang R G,Li D Z.Natural regeneration of Mongolian oak population[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,1996,15(3):15-20.
[27]韩有志,王政权.天然次生林中水曲柳种子的扩散格局[J].植物生态学报,2002,26(1):51-57.Han Y Z,Wang Z Q.Spatiall pattern of Manchurian ash seed dispersal in secondary hardwood forest[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2002,26(1):51--57.
[28]Van der Valk A G.The impact of litter and annual plants on recruitment from seed bank of a lacustrine wetland[J].Aquatic Botany,1986,24(1):13--26.
[29]Lodhi M A K.Role of allelopathy as expressed by dominating trees in a low land forest in controlling productivity and pattern of herbacecus growth[J].American Journal of Botany,1976,63(1):1--8.
[30]汪思龙,廖利平.杉木火力楠混交林养分归还与生产力[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(4):347-352.Wang S L,Liao L P.Nutrient return and productivity of mixed Cunninghamia lanceolata and Michelia macclurei plantations[J].Chinese Journal of Applicated Ecology,1997,8(4):347--352.
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