新疆南部皮山北环形构造——古陨石撞击的记录
|
摘要
环形构造中央隆起受"正花状"构造控制,具有挤压构造特征;边缘受"负花状"构造控制,形成凹陷。为了揭示皮山北环形构造的特征及成因,基于三维地震资料、岩石学结构、岩芯、岩屑地球化学分析,识别出了皮山北环形构造是一个受环形断裂控制的中央凸起,边缘凹陷构造。钻井资料揭示该地区环形构造地层岩石破碎强烈,并伴有铱(Ir)元素正异常,最高达0.41μg/g。角砾岩段发育于古近系阿尔塔什组之下,上段有异地物质充填,下段主要为原地岩石碎裂产物。与构造变形相对应,环形构造中央核部地层连续性变差,而且下古生界在中央增厚,边缘减薄;上古生界则相反,具有中央减薄,边缘增厚的特征。与世界典型撞击构造对比分析,皮山北环形构造应为陨石撞击所致,从塔西南铱(Ir)元素正异常发育层位,推断该次撞击事件应发生于白垩纪末期或更早。
Objectives: The results of the planetary exploration program since the 1970 s show that the impact is widespread in the solar system. Although the Earth have the protection of the atmosphere,the impact is not an accident. The process of asteroid impact plays an important role in both the evolution of the solar system and the transformation of the Earth's surface,and even the life system. Influenced by "positive flower"structure,the central uplift of ring structure have a characteristic of compression,while the margin is a depression that controlled by "negative flower " structure. We studied 3D seismic data,petrology structure,core data and geochemical analysis on debris to reveal the characteristic and forming mechanism of ring structure of northern Pishan County,southern Xinjiang.Method: Based on the analysis of the characteristic of structure—geomorphic and 3D and 2D seismic data,we studied the characteristic of ring structure. Core data from well PSBX1 disclosed that the formation of the top of ring structure is upper Cretaceous which is composed of breccia dolostone and limestone. Study shows that positive anomalies in iridium nearly exist in all hundreds of K—E( contact of Cretaceous and Cenozoic) contacts around the world. Through the test analysis of samples that equidistantly acquired from core or rock debris in well PSBX1,we analyzed anomalies in iridium appear in entire upper strata of breccia.Results: Ring structure of northern Pishan County,southern Xinjiang,have a structure—geomorphic feature of uplift in the central and collapse in the margin that controlled by ring faults. Borehole data disclosed that the strata of ring structure of such area are intensely fractured and together with positive anomaly of iridium with maxium value of 0. 41μg/g. Breccia section developed below Aertashi Formation of Paleogene,upper part of Aertashi Formation was filled by filling that from other place,while lower part by in-situ broken rocks. Correspond with structural deformation,strata consecutiveness of central ring structure was getting worse and lower Paleozoic thickening but thinning in the margin. Upper Paleozoic is the opposite,the strata were thickening in the margin and thinning in the central. The contrast analysis of typical impact structural of the world shows that the ring structure of northern Pishan was induced by meteorite impact; and that the impact event had happened at the Late Cretaceous or before the Late Cretaceous can be inferred from the strata that positive anomaly of iridium developed in Southwest of Tarim basin.Conclusions: The ring structure in the northern Pishan area,southern Xinjiang,is meteorite impact related structure. This is more reasonable than the viewpoint of diapir structure in that dome style is the feature of diapir structure in which the collapse should influenced by normal faults,furthermore,the central area of collapse in diaper structure was a depression instead of an uplift. The explanation of caldera is also indefensible because the central area of caldera is igneous rock or hydrothermal transformation and volcano extrusive should exist rather than products of in-situ rock fragmentation,not to mention positive anomalies in iridium in stratum.
Objectives: The results of the planetary exploration program since the 1970 s show that the impact is widespread in the solar system. Although the Earth have the protection of the atmosphere,the impact is not an accident. The process of asteroid impact plays an important role in both the evolution of the solar system and the transformation of the Earth's surface,and even the life system. Influenced by "positive flower"structure,the central uplift of ring structure have a characteristic of compression,while the margin is a depression that controlled by "negative flower " structure. We studied 3D seismic data,petrology structure,core data and geochemical analysis on debris to reveal the characteristic and forming mechanism of ring structure of northern Pishan County,southern Xinjiang.Method: Based on the analysis of the characteristic of structure—geomorphic and 3D and 2D seismic data,we studied the characteristic of ring structure. Core data from well PSBX1 disclosed that the formation of the top of ring structure is upper Cretaceous which is composed of breccia dolostone and limestone. Study shows that positive anomalies in iridium nearly exist in all hundreds of K—E( contact of Cretaceous and Cenozoic) contacts around the world. Through the test analysis of samples that equidistantly acquired from core or rock debris in well PSBX1,we analyzed anomalies in iridium appear in entire upper strata of breccia.Results: Ring structure of northern Pishan County,southern Xinjiang,have a structure—geomorphic feature of uplift in the central and collapse in the margin that controlled by ring faults. Borehole data disclosed that the strata of ring structure of such area are intensely fractured and together with positive anomaly of iridium with maxium value of 0. 41μg/g. Breccia section developed below Aertashi Formation of Paleogene,upper part of Aertashi Formation was filled by filling that from other place,while lower part by in-situ broken rocks. Correspond with structural deformation,strata consecutiveness of central ring structure was getting worse and lower Paleozoic thickening but thinning in the margin. Upper Paleozoic is the opposite,the strata were thickening in the margin and thinning in the central. The contrast analysis of typical impact structural of the world shows that the ring structure of northern Pishan was induced by meteorite impact; and that the impact event had happened at the Late Cretaceous or before the Late Cretaceous can be inferred from the strata that positive anomaly of iridium developed in Southwest of Tarim basin.Conclusions: The ring structure in the northern Pishan area,southern Xinjiang,is meteorite impact related structure. This is more reasonable than the viewpoint of diapir structure in that dome style is the feature of diapir structure in which the collapse should influenced by normal faults,furthermore,the central area of collapse in diaper structure was a depression instead of an uplift. The explanation of caldera is also indefensible because the central area of caldera is igneous rock or hydrothermal transformation and volcano extrusive should exist rather than products of in-situ rock fragmentation,not to mention positive anomalies in iridium in stratum.
引文
陈鸣.2007.岫岩陨石坑:撞击起源的证据.科学通报,52(23):2777~2780.
樊计昌,刘明军,赵成彬,海燕,莘海亮.2010.岫岩陨石坑三维Q值层析成像.地球物理学报,53(10):2367~2375.
傅成义.1990.太湖三山岛击变岩的发现及其意义.地理学报,45(2):253~256
黄俊,肖龙,李德胜.2009.撞击构造的特征及对贵州息烽县环形构造的成因解释.桂林工学院学报,29(2):252~261.
何永年,徐道一,陆德复,沈自励,林传勇,史兰斌.1990.太湖地区石英晶粒的冲击变形特征-太湖成因初探.科学通报,35(15):1163~1166.
吕海涛,顾忆,丁勇,黄继文.2016.塔里木盆地西南部皮山北新1井白垩系油气成因.石油实验地质,38(1):84~90.
覃功炯,欧强,常旭.2001.国内外对天体撞击地球的撞击构造研究的新进展.地学前缘,8(2):345~352.
王尔康,万玉秋,施央申,Sharpton V L,Burke K.1993.太湖泽山岛冲击变质石英的发现和意义.科学通报,38:1875~1878.
肖龙,Greeley R,曾佐勋,黄定华.2008.比较行星地质学的研究方法、现状和展望.地质科技情报,27(3):1~l2.
游振东,刘嵘.2008.陨石撞击构造作用的研究现状与前景.地质力学学报,14(1):22~32.
张长建,刘少杰,罗少辉,王明.2016.塔里木盆地皮山破火山口构造及其油气地质意义.新疆石油地质,37(3):281~285.
朱照宇,周厚云,乔玉楼,张海祥,梁俊平.2001.华南玻璃陨石的原生层位及其事件地层学意义.地质力学学报,(4):296~302.
Barringer D M.1906.Coon mountain and its crater.Philadelphia Acad.Nat.Sci.Proc.,57:861~886.
Bland P A,Mc Bride N,Moore E A,et al.2003.An Introduction to the Solar System.London:Cambridge University Press:127~151.
Chen Ming.2007#.Xiuyan meteor crater:evidence of the impact origin.Science Bulletin,52(23):2777~2780.
Fan Jichang,Liu Mingjun,Zhao Chengbin,Hai Yan,Xin Hailing.2010#.Three-dimensional Q tomography for Xiuyan meteorite impact crater.Chinese Journai of Geophysics,53(10):2367~2375.
Fu Chengyi.1990#.The discovery of shock metamorphic rocks at Sanshan island of Taihu lake and its significance.Acta Geographic Sinica,(2):253~256.
Ganapathy R.1980.A major meteorite impact on the earth 65 million years ago:evidence from the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary clay.Science,209(4459):921~923.
Gilmour I.1998.Geochemistry of carbon in terestrial impact processes.In:Grady M M,et al.,eds.Meteorites:Flux with Time and Impact Efects.London,United Kingdom:Geological Society of London,140:205~216.
Grieve R,Rupe J,Smith J,et al.1995.The Record of terrestrial impact cratering.GSA Today,5(10):189,194~196.
He Yongnian,Xu Daoyi,Lu Defu,Shen Zili,Lin Chuanyong,Shi Lanbin.1990#.Im pact deformationfeatures of quartz crystalline grain---preliminary study on cause of Taihu lake.Chinese Science Bulletin,115:1163~1166.
Huang Jun,Xiao Long,Li Desheng.2009#.Impact Structure Characters and Genetic Interpretation of the Ring Structure in Xifeng sheng.Journal of Guilin University of Technology,29(2):252~261.
LüHaitao,Gu Yi,Ding Yong,Huang Jiwen.2016&.Cretaceous petroleum origin in well PSBX1 in the southwestern Tarim Basin.Petroleum Geology and Experiment,38(1):84~90.
Mason R,Sang Longkang.2007.Metamorphic Geology.Wuhan:China University of Geoscience Press:129~150.
Mu oz-Espadas M J,Martinez-Frias J,Lunar R.2003.Main geochemical signatures related to meteoritic impacts in terrestrial rocks:A review.In:Koeberl C et al,eds.Impact Markers in the Stratigraphic Record.Berlin:Springer:65~90.
Mutch T A.1972.Geology of the Moon:A Stratigraphic View.New Jersey:Princeton University Press:1~298.
NASA.Mohke Crater.2008a.http://www.britanni.ca.com/EBchecked/topic-art/283752/95003/Mohke-crater-a-simplecrater-on-the-Moon-photographed-by#tab=active~checked%2Citems-ehecked.
NASA.Oreus Patera.2008b.http://ti.arc.nasa.gov/pmjects/bayesgroup/Adas/Mars/VSC/views/mfl5nxxx/mn5n180.html.
Qin Gongjiong,Ou Qiang,Chang Xu.2001&.Review of the recent progresses on impact structures in China and abroad.Earth Science Frontiers,8(2):345~352.
Sharpton V L,Burke K,Camargo-Zanoguera A,Hall S A,Lee D S,Marín LE,Suáarez-Reynoso G,Quezada-Mu1eton J M,Spudis PD,Urrutia-Fucugauchi J.1993.Chicxulub multiring impact basin:size and other characteristic derived from gravity analysis.Science,261:1564~1567.
Shukolyukov A,Kyte F T,Lugmair G W,et al.2000.The oldest impact deposits on Earth---First confirmation of an extraterrestrial component.In:Gilmour I et al,eds.Impacts and the Early Earth.Berlin:Springer:91:99~115.
USGS.Meteor Crater.2008.http://upload.wikime.dia.org/wikipodia/commons/c/cf/Meteor.jpg.
Wang Erkang,Wan Yuqiu,Shi Yangshen,Sharpton V L,Burke K.1993&.Discovery and significance of impact metamorphosed quartz in Zheshan island of Taihu lake.Chinese Science Bulletin,38:1875~l878.
Weissman P R,Halliday A N,Chambers J E,et al.2007.Encyclopedia of the Solar System//Mc Fadden L A,Weissman P R,Johnson T V.London:Academic Press:813~828.
Weissman P R,Halliday A N,Chambers J E,et al.2007.Encyclopedia of the Solar System//Mc Fadden L A,Weissman P R,and Johnson T V.London:Academic Press:813~828.
Xiao Long,Greeley R,Zeng Zuoxun,Huang Dinghua.2008&.Methodology,achievements and prospects of comparative planetary geology.Geological Science and Technology Information,27(3):1~l2.
You Zhendong,Liu Rong.2008&.Research on impact tectonics and impactites:status and prospects.Journal of Geomechanics,14(1):22~36.
Zhang Changjian,Liu Shaojie,Luo Shaohui,Wangming.2016&.Structure and geological significance of Pishan Caldera in Tarim Basin.Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,37(3):281~285.
Zhu Zhaoyu,Zhou Houyun,Qiao Yulou,Zhang Haiyang,Liang Junping.2001.Initial strata occurrence of the south China tektite in strata and its implication for event-stratigraphy.Journal of Geomechanics,(4):296~302.
樊计昌,刘明军,赵成彬,海燕,莘海亮.2010.岫岩陨石坑三维Q值层析成像.地球物理学报,53(10):2367~2375.
傅成义.1990.太湖三山岛击变岩的发现及其意义.地理学报,45(2):253~256
黄俊,肖龙,李德胜.2009.撞击构造的特征及对贵州息烽县环形构造的成因解释.桂林工学院学报,29(2):252~261.
何永年,徐道一,陆德复,沈自励,林传勇,史兰斌.1990.太湖地区石英晶粒的冲击变形特征-太湖成因初探.科学通报,35(15):1163~1166.
吕海涛,顾忆,丁勇,黄继文.2016.塔里木盆地西南部皮山北新1井白垩系油气成因.石油实验地质,38(1):84~90.
覃功炯,欧强,常旭.2001.国内外对天体撞击地球的撞击构造研究的新进展.地学前缘,8(2):345~352.
王尔康,万玉秋,施央申,Sharpton V L,Burke K.1993.太湖泽山岛冲击变质石英的发现和意义.科学通报,38:1875~1878.
肖龙,Greeley R,曾佐勋,黄定华.2008.比较行星地质学的研究方法、现状和展望.地质科技情报,27(3):1~l2.
游振东,刘嵘.2008.陨石撞击构造作用的研究现状与前景.地质力学学报,14(1):22~32.
张长建,刘少杰,罗少辉,王明.2016.塔里木盆地皮山破火山口构造及其油气地质意义.新疆石油地质,37(3):281~285.
朱照宇,周厚云,乔玉楼,张海祥,梁俊平.2001.华南玻璃陨石的原生层位及其事件地层学意义.地质力学学报,(4):296~302.
Barringer D M.1906.Coon mountain and its crater.Philadelphia Acad.Nat.Sci.Proc.,57:861~886.
Bland P A,Mc Bride N,Moore E A,et al.2003.An Introduction to the Solar System.London:Cambridge University Press:127~151.
Chen Ming.2007#.Xiuyan meteor crater:evidence of the impact origin.Science Bulletin,52(23):2777~2780.
Fan Jichang,Liu Mingjun,Zhao Chengbin,Hai Yan,Xin Hailing.2010#.Three-dimensional Q tomography for Xiuyan meteorite impact crater.Chinese Journai of Geophysics,53(10):2367~2375.
Fu Chengyi.1990#.The discovery of shock metamorphic rocks at Sanshan island of Taihu lake and its significance.Acta Geographic Sinica,(2):253~256.
Ganapathy R.1980.A major meteorite impact on the earth 65 million years ago:evidence from the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary clay.Science,209(4459):921~923.
Gilmour I.1998.Geochemistry of carbon in terestrial impact processes.In:Grady M M,et al.,eds.Meteorites:Flux with Time and Impact Efects.London,United Kingdom:Geological Society of London,140:205~216.
Grieve R,Rupe J,Smith J,et al.1995.The Record of terrestrial impact cratering.GSA Today,5(10):189,194~196.
He Yongnian,Xu Daoyi,Lu Defu,Shen Zili,Lin Chuanyong,Shi Lanbin.1990#.Im pact deformationfeatures of quartz crystalline grain---preliminary study on cause of Taihu lake.Chinese Science Bulletin,115:1163~1166.
Huang Jun,Xiao Long,Li Desheng.2009#.Impact Structure Characters and Genetic Interpretation of the Ring Structure in Xifeng sheng.Journal of Guilin University of Technology,29(2):252~261.
LüHaitao,Gu Yi,Ding Yong,Huang Jiwen.2016&.Cretaceous petroleum origin in well PSBX1 in the southwestern Tarim Basin.Petroleum Geology and Experiment,38(1):84~90.
Mason R,Sang Longkang.2007.Metamorphic Geology.Wuhan:China University of Geoscience Press:129~150.
Mu oz-Espadas M J,Martinez-Frias J,Lunar R.2003.Main geochemical signatures related to meteoritic impacts in terrestrial rocks:A review.In:Koeberl C et al,eds.Impact Markers in the Stratigraphic Record.Berlin:Springer:65~90.
Mutch T A.1972.Geology of the Moon:A Stratigraphic View.New Jersey:Princeton University Press:1~298.
NASA.Mohke Crater.2008a.http://www.britanni.ca.com/EBchecked/topic-art/283752/95003/Mohke-crater-a-simplecrater-on-the-Moon-photographed-by#tab=active~checked%2Citems-ehecked.
NASA.Oreus Patera.2008b.http://ti.arc.nasa.gov/pmjects/bayesgroup/Adas/Mars/VSC/views/mfl5nxxx/mn5n180.html.
Qin Gongjiong,Ou Qiang,Chang Xu.2001&.Review of the recent progresses on impact structures in China and abroad.Earth Science Frontiers,8(2):345~352.
Sharpton V L,Burke K,Camargo-Zanoguera A,Hall S A,Lee D S,Marín LE,Suáarez-Reynoso G,Quezada-Mu1eton J M,Spudis PD,Urrutia-Fucugauchi J.1993.Chicxulub multiring impact basin:size and other characteristic derived from gravity analysis.Science,261:1564~1567.
Shukolyukov A,Kyte F T,Lugmair G W,et al.2000.The oldest impact deposits on Earth---First confirmation of an extraterrestrial component.In:Gilmour I et al,eds.Impacts and the Early Earth.Berlin:Springer:91:99~115.
USGS.Meteor Crater.2008.http://upload.wikime.dia.org/wikipodia/commons/c/cf/Meteor.jpg.
Wang Erkang,Wan Yuqiu,Shi Yangshen,Sharpton V L,Burke K.1993&.Discovery and significance of impact metamorphosed quartz in Zheshan island of Taihu lake.Chinese Science Bulletin,38:1875~l878.
Weissman P R,Halliday A N,Chambers J E,et al.2007.Encyclopedia of the Solar System//Mc Fadden L A,Weissman P R,Johnson T V.London:Academic Press:813~828.
Weissman P R,Halliday A N,Chambers J E,et al.2007.Encyclopedia of the Solar System//Mc Fadden L A,Weissman P R,and Johnson T V.London:Academic Press:813~828.
Xiao Long,Greeley R,Zeng Zuoxun,Huang Dinghua.2008&.Methodology,achievements and prospects of comparative planetary geology.Geological Science and Technology Information,27(3):1~l2.
You Zhendong,Liu Rong.2008&.Research on impact tectonics and impactites:status and prospects.Journal of Geomechanics,14(1):22~36.
Zhang Changjian,Liu Shaojie,Luo Shaohui,Wangming.2016&.Structure and geological significance of Pishan Caldera in Tarim Basin.Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,37(3):281~285.
Zhu Zhaoyu,Zhou Houyun,Qiao Yulou,Zhang Haiyang,Liang Junping.2001.Initial strata occurrence of the south China tektite in strata and its implication for event-stratigraphy.Journal of Geomechanics,(4):296~302.