冲动还是习惯? 成瘾不同阶段中冲动性的性质与机制
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摘要
冲动性是一种缺乏充分思考、不顾后果的冒险行为或行为倾向,它既表现在人格特质中,也会表现为各类环境中的行为。成瘾者具有典型的冲动性特征,但成瘾者的冲动性是如何影响和促进成瘾行为的发生、发展,目前还并不明朗。从成瘾形成的不同阶段,也许可以对此有更进一步的了解。在药物使用的开始阶段,冲动性人格特质作为动机原因,促进成瘾物质的首次使用;接着操作性条件学习导致用药者进入"目标-导向"阶段,呈现出选择冲动性。第三阶段,经典条件学习又使相关线索和药物效应不断匹配,形成条件反射性药物使用行为。成瘾者进入习惯性用药阶段,表现出显著的停止冲动性。
Impulsivity is a type of risky behavior or tendency of carrying out such behavior without sufficient consideration of its consequences. It could be represented by impulsive behavior-related personality traits and also delaying discounting or proponent response inhibition. A large number of researches have indicated that the impulsive behavior is implicated in the stages of initiation, maintenance,and relapse of drug-seeking behaviors that are involved in drug addiction. However, how impulsivity influence and facilitate the process of drug addiction is yet to be clarified. Analyzing the impulsivity of the different stages of addiction may lead to further understanding. At the beginning stage of drug use,impulsive personality trait plays a role of motivation to facilitate the drug use behavior. Then continuous operant condition learning leads drug users to enter the goal-oriented stage and presents impulsive selection tendency. At the third stage, classical conditional learning promotes the matching of related cues and drug effects, forming a conditioned reflex. Addicts enter the stage of habitual drug use and show stop impulsivity.
Impulsivity is a type of risky behavior or tendency of carrying out such behavior without sufficient consideration of its consequences. It could be represented by impulsive behavior-related personality traits and also delaying discounting or proponent response inhibition. A large number of researches have indicated that the impulsive behavior is implicated in the stages of initiation, maintenance,and relapse of drug-seeking behaviors that are involved in drug addiction. However, how impulsivity influence and facilitate the process of drug addiction is yet to be clarified. Analyzing the impulsivity of the different stages of addiction may lead to further understanding. At the beginning stage of drug use,impulsive personality trait plays a role of motivation to facilitate the drug use behavior. Then continuous operant condition learning leads drug users to enter the goal-oriented stage and presents impulsive selection tendency. At the third stage, classical conditional learning promotes the matching of related cues and drug effects, forming a conditioned reflex. Addicts enter the stage of habitual drug use and show stop impulsivity.
引文
曾红,苏得权,姜醒,陈骐,叶浩生.(2015).不同药物相关线索反应下感觉-运动脑区的激活及作用.心理学报,47(7),890-902.
Argyriou,E.,Um,M.,Carron,C.,&Cyders,M.A.(2017).Age and impulsive behavior in drug addiction:A review of past research and future directions.Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior,164,106-117.
Balleine,B.W.,&O'doherty,J.P.(2010).Human and rodent homologies in action control:Corticostriatal determinants of goal-directed and habitual action.Neuropsychopharmacology,35(1),48-69.
Bari,A.,&Robbins,T.W.(2013).Inhibition and impulsivity:Behavioral and neural basis of response control.Progress in Neurobiology,108,44-79.
Belin,D.,Mar,A.C.,Dalley,J.W.,Robbins,T.W.,&Everitt,B.J.(2008).High impulsivity predicts the switch to compulsive cocaine-taking.Science,320(5881),1352-1355.
Belin-Rauscent,A.,Daniel,M.L.,Puaud,M.,Jupp,B.,Sawiak,S.,Howett,D.,...Belin,D.(2016).From impulses to maladaptive actions:The insula is a neurobiological gate for the development of compulsive behavior.Molecular Psychiatry,21(4),491-499.
Boisseau,C.L.,Thompson-Brenner,H.,Caldwell-Harris,C.,Pratt,E.,Farchione,T.,&Barlow,D.H.(2012).Behavioral and cognitive impulsivity in obsessivecompulsive disorder and eating disorders.Psychiatry Research,200(2-3),1062-1066.
Chester,D.S.,Lynam,D.R.,Milich,R.,&DeWall,C.N.(2016).Craving versus control:Negative urgency and neural correlates of alcohol cue reactivity.Drug and Alcohol Dependence,163,S25-S28.
Dalley,J.W.,Fryer,T.D.,Brichard,L.,Robinson,E.S.J.,Theobald,D.E.H.,L??ne,K.,...Robbins,T.W.(2007).Nucleus accumbens D2/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement.Science,315(5816),1267-1268
Dalley,J.W.,&Robbins,T.W.(2017).Fractionating impulsivity:Neuropsychiatric implications.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,18(3),158-171.
Deserno,L.,Wilbertz,T.,Reiter,A.,Horstmann,A.,Neumann,J.,Villringer,A.,...Schlagenhauf,F.(2015).Lateral prefrontal model-based signatures are reduced in healthy individuals with high trait impulsivity.Translational Psychiatry,5(10),e659.
de Wit,S.,Watson,P.,Harsay,H.A.,Cohen,M.X.,van de Vijver,I.,&Ridderinkhof,K.R.(2012).Corticostriatal connectivity underlies individual differences in the balance between habitual and goal-directed action control.Journal of Neuroscience,32(35),12066-12075.
Espel,H.M.,Muratore,A.F.,Lowe,M.(2017).An investigation of two dimensions of impulsivity as predictors of loss-of-control eating severity and frequency.Appetite,117,9-16.
Ersche,K.D.,Jones,P.S.,Williams,G.B.,Smith,D.G.,Bullmore,E.T.,&Robbins,T.W.(2013).Distinctive personality traits and neural correlates associated with stimulant drug use versus familial risk of stimulant dependence.Biological Psychiatry,74(2),137-144.
Ersche,K.D.,Jones,P.S.,Williams,G.B.,Turton,A.J.,Robbins,T.W.,&Bullmore,E.T.(2012).Abnormal brain structure implicated in stimulant drug addiction.Science,335(6068),601-604.
Evenden,J.L.(1999).Varieties of impulsivity.Psychopharmacology,146(4),348-361.
Everitt,B.J.,&Robbins,T.W.(2013).From the ventral to the dorsal striatum:Devolving views of their roles in drug addiction.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,37(9),1946-1954.
Everitt,B.J.,&Robbins,T.W.(2016).Drug addiction:updating actions to habits to compulsions ten years on.Annual review of psychology,67,23-50.
Furlong,T.M.,Corbit,L.H.,Brown,R.A.,&Balleine,B.W.(2018).Methamphetamine promotes habitual action and alters the density of striatal glutamate receptor and vesicular proteins in dorsal striatum.Addiction biology,23(3),857-867.
Grüsser,S.M.,Wrase,J.,Klein,S.,Hermann,D.,Smolka,M.N.,Ruf,M.,...Heinz,A.(2004).Cue-induced activation of the striatum and medial prefrontal cortex is associated with subsequent relapse in abstinent alcoholics.Psychopharmacology,175(3),296-302.
Haber,S.N.,Fudge,J.L.,&McFarland,N.R.(2000).Striatonigrostriatal pathways in primates form an ascending spiral from the shell to the dorsolateral striatum.Journal of Neuroscience,20(6),2369-2382.
Heinz,A.,Siessmeier,T.,Wrase,J.,Hermann,D.,Klein,S.,Grüsser-Sinopoli,S.M.,...Bartenstein,P.(2004).Correlation between dopamine D2 receptors in the ventral striatum and central processing of alcohol cues and craving.American Journal of Psychiatry,161(10),1783-1789.
Hogarth,L.,Chase,H.W.,&Baess,K.(2012).Impaired goal-directed behavioural control in human impulsivity.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,65(2),305-316.
Holmes,A.J.,Hollinshead,M.O.,Roffman,J.L.,Smoller,J.W.,&Buckner,R.L.(2016).Individual differences in cognitive control circuit anatomy link sensation seeking,impulsivity,and substance use.The Journal of Neuroscience,36(14),4038-4049.
Ito,M.,&Doya,K.(2015).Parallel representation of value-based and finite state-based strategies in the ventral and dorsal striatum.PLOS Computational Biology,11(11),e1004540.
Jahanshahi,M.,Obeso,I.,Rothwell,J.C.,&Obeso,J.A.(2015).A fronto-striato-subthalamic-pallidal network for goal-directed and habitual inhibition.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,16(12),719-732.
Jentsch,J.D.,Ashenhurst,J.R.,Cervantes,M.C.,Groman,S.M.,James,A.S.,&Pennington,Z.T.(2014).Dissecting impulsivity and its relationships to drug addictions.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1327(1),1-26.
Kreek,M.J.,Nielsen,D.A.,Butelman,E.R.,&LaForge,K.S.(2005).Genetic influences on impulsivity,risk taking,stress responsivity and vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction.Nature Neuroscience,8(11),1450-1457.
MacKillop,J.,Weafer,J.,Gray,J.C.,Oshri,A.,Palmer,A.,&de Wit,H.(2016).The latent structure of impulsivity:Impulsive choice,impulsive action,and impulsive personality traits.Psychopharmacology,233(18),3361-3370.
Martz,M.E.,Zucker,R.A.,Schulenberg,J.E.,&Heitzeg,M.M.(2018).Psychosocial and neural indicators of resilience among youth with a family history of substance use disorder.Drug and Alcohol Dependence,185,198-206.
Morein-Zamir,S.,&Robbins,T.W.(2015).Fronto-striatal circuits in response-inhibition:Relevance to addiction.Brain Research,1628,117-129.
Pattij,T.,&de Vries,T.J.(2013).The role of impulsivity in relapse vulnerability.Current Opinion in Neurobiology,23(4),700-705.
Pelloux,Y.,Everitt,B.J.,&Dickinson,A.(2007).Compulsive drug seeking by rats under punishment:Effects of drug taking history.Psychopharmacology,194(1),127-137.
Robbins,T.W.,Gillan,C.M.,Smith,D.G.,de Wit,S.,&Ersche,K.D.(2012).Neurocognitive endophenotypes of impulsivity and compulsivity:Towards dimensional psychiatry.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,16(1),81-91.
Sharma,L.,Markon,K.E.,&Clark,L.A.(2014).Toward a theory of distinct types of“impulsive”behaviors:Ameta-analysis of self-report and behavioral measures.Psychological Bulletin,140(2),374-408.
Shiflett,M.W.,Brown,R.A.,&Balleine,B.W.(2010).Acquisition and performance of goal-directed instrumental actions depends on ERK signaling in distinct regions of dorsal striatum in rats.Journal of Neuroscience,30(8),2951-2959.
Smittenaar,P.,FitzGerald,T.H.B.,Romei,V.,Wright,N.D.,&Dolan,R.J.(2013).Disruption of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex decreases model-based in favor of model-free control in humans.Neuron,80(4),914-919.
Smith,J.L.,Mattick,R.P.,Jamadar,S.D.,&Iredale,J.M.(2014).Deficits in behavioural inhibition in substance abuse and addiction:A meta-analysis.Drug and Alcohol Dependence,145,1-33.
Tricomi,E.,Balleine,B.W.,&O’Doherty,J.P.(2009).Aspecific role for posterior dorsolateral striatum in human habit learning.European Journal of Neuroscience,29(11),2225-2232.
Vanderveen,J.D.,Hershberger,A.R.,&Cyders,M.A.(2016).UPPS-P model impulsivity and marijuana use behaviors in adolescents:A meta-analysis.Drug and Alcohol Dependence,168,181-190.
Verdejo-García,A.,Lawrence,A.J.,&Clark,L.(2008).Impulsivity as a vulnerability marker for substance-use disorders:Review of findings from high-risk research,problem gamblers and genetic association studies.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,32(4),777-810.
Volkow,N.D.,Wang,G.J.,Fowler,J.S.,Tomasi,D.,Telang,F.,&Baler,R.(2010).Addiction:Decreased reward sensitivity and increased expectation sensitivity conspire to overwhelm the brain's control circuit.BioEssays,32(9),748-755.
Whiteside,S.P.,Lynam,D.R.,Miller,J.D.,&Reynolds,S.K.(2005).Validation of the UPPS impulsive behaviour scale:A four-factor model of impulsivity.European Journal of Personality,19(7),559e574.
Whelan,R.,Watts,R.,Orr,C.A.,Althoff,R.R.,Artiges,E.,Banaschewski,T.,...Garavan,H.(2014).Neuropsychosocial profiles of current and future adolescent alcohol misusers.Nature,512(7513),185-189.
Zapata,A.,Minney,V.L.,&Shippenberg,T.S.(2010).Shift from goal-directed to habitual cocaine seeking after prolonged experience in rats.Journal of Neuroscience,30(46),15457-15463.
Zeng,H.,Lee,T.M.,Waters,J.H.,So,K.F.,Sham,P.C.,Schottenfeld,R.S.,...Chawarski,M.C.(2013).Impulsivity,cognitive function,and their relationship in heroin-dependent individuals.Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology,35(9),897-905.
Argyriou,E.,Um,M.,Carron,C.,&Cyders,M.A.(2017).Age and impulsive behavior in drug addiction:A review of past research and future directions.Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior,164,106-117.
Balleine,B.W.,&O'doherty,J.P.(2010).Human and rodent homologies in action control:Corticostriatal determinants of goal-directed and habitual action.Neuropsychopharmacology,35(1),48-69.
Bari,A.,&Robbins,T.W.(2013).Inhibition and impulsivity:Behavioral and neural basis of response control.Progress in Neurobiology,108,44-79.
Belin,D.,Mar,A.C.,Dalley,J.W.,Robbins,T.W.,&Everitt,B.J.(2008).High impulsivity predicts the switch to compulsive cocaine-taking.Science,320(5881),1352-1355.
Belin-Rauscent,A.,Daniel,M.L.,Puaud,M.,Jupp,B.,Sawiak,S.,Howett,D.,...Belin,D.(2016).From impulses to maladaptive actions:The insula is a neurobiological gate for the development of compulsive behavior.Molecular Psychiatry,21(4),491-499.
Boisseau,C.L.,Thompson-Brenner,H.,Caldwell-Harris,C.,Pratt,E.,Farchione,T.,&Barlow,D.H.(2012).Behavioral and cognitive impulsivity in obsessivecompulsive disorder and eating disorders.Psychiatry Research,200(2-3),1062-1066.
Chester,D.S.,Lynam,D.R.,Milich,R.,&DeWall,C.N.(2016).Craving versus control:Negative urgency and neural correlates of alcohol cue reactivity.Drug and Alcohol Dependence,163,S25-S28.
Dalley,J.W.,Fryer,T.D.,Brichard,L.,Robinson,E.S.J.,Theobald,D.E.H.,L??ne,K.,...Robbins,T.W.(2007).Nucleus accumbens D2/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement.Science,315(5816),1267-1268
Dalley,J.W.,&Robbins,T.W.(2017).Fractionating impulsivity:Neuropsychiatric implications.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,18(3),158-171.
Deserno,L.,Wilbertz,T.,Reiter,A.,Horstmann,A.,Neumann,J.,Villringer,A.,...Schlagenhauf,F.(2015).Lateral prefrontal model-based signatures are reduced in healthy individuals with high trait impulsivity.Translational Psychiatry,5(10),e659.
de Wit,S.,Watson,P.,Harsay,H.A.,Cohen,M.X.,van de Vijver,I.,&Ridderinkhof,K.R.(2012).Corticostriatal connectivity underlies individual differences in the balance between habitual and goal-directed action control.Journal of Neuroscience,32(35),12066-12075.
Espel,H.M.,Muratore,A.F.,Lowe,M.(2017).An investigation of two dimensions of impulsivity as predictors of loss-of-control eating severity and frequency.Appetite,117,9-16.
Ersche,K.D.,Jones,P.S.,Williams,G.B.,Smith,D.G.,Bullmore,E.T.,&Robbins,T.W.(2013).Distinctive personality traits and neural correlates associated with stimulant drug use versus familial risk of stimulant dependence.Biological Psychiatry,74(2),137-144.
Ersche,K.D.,Jones,P.S.,Williams,G.B.,Turton,A.J.,Robbins,T.W.,&Bullmore,E.T.(2012).Abnormal brain structure implicated in stimulant drug addiction.Science,335(6068),601-604.
Evenden,J.L.(1999).Varieties of impulsivity.Psychopharmacology,146(4),348-361.
Everitt,B.J.,&Robbins,T.W.(2013).From the ventral to the dorsal striatum:Devolving views of their roles in drug addiction.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,37(9),1946-1954.
Everitt,B.J.,&Robbins,T.W.(2016).Drug addiction:updating actions to habits to compulsions ten years on.Annual review of psychology,67,23-50.
Furlong,T.M.,Corbit,L.H.,Brown,R.A.,&Balleine,B.W.(2018).Methamphetamine promotes habitual action and alters the density of striatal glutamate receptor and vesicular proteins in dorsal striatum.Addiction biology,23(3),857-867.
Grüsser,S.M.,Wrase,J.,Klein,S.,Hermann,D.,Smolka,M.N.,Ruf,M.,...Heinz,A.(2004).Cue-induced activation of the striatum and medial prefrontal cortex is associated with subsequent relapse in abstinent alcoholics.Psychopharmacology,175(3),296-302.
Haber,S.N.,Fudge,J.L.,&McFarland,N.R.(2000).Striatonigrostriatal pathways in primates form an ascending spiral from the shell to the dorsolateral striatum.Journal of Neuroscience,20(6),2369-2382.
Heinz,A.,Siessmeier,T.,Wrase,J.,Hermann,D.,Klein,S.,Grüsser-Sinopoli,S.M.,...Bartenstein,P.(2004).Correlation between dopamine D2 receptors in the ventral striatum and central processing of alcohol cues and craving.American Journal of Psychiatry,161(10),1783-1789.
Hogarth,L.,Chase,H.W.,&Baess,K.(2012).Impaired goal-directed behavioural control in human impulsivity.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,65(2),305-316.
Holmes,A.J.,Hollinshead,M.O.,Roffman,J.L.,Smoller,J.W.,&Buckner,R.L.(2016).Individual differences in cognitive control circuit anatomy link sensation seeking,impulsivity,and substance use.The Journal of Neuroscience,36(14),4038-4049.
Ito,M.,&Doya,K.(2015).Parallel representation of value-based and finite state-based strategies in the ventral and dorsal striatum.PLOS Computational Biology,11(11),e1004540.
Jahanshahi,M.,Obeso,I.,Rothwell,J.C.,&Obeso,J.A.(2015).A fronto-striato-subthalamic-pallidal network for goal-directed and habitual inhibition.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,16(12),719-732.
Jentsch,J.D.,Ashenhurst,J.R.,Cervantes,M.C.,Groman,S.M.,James,A.S.,&Pennington,Z.T.(2014).Dissecting impulsivity and its relationships to drug addictions.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1327(1),1-26.
Kreek,M.J.,Nielsen,D.A.,Butelman,E.R.,&LaForge,K.S.(2005).Genetic influences on impulsivity,risk taking,stress responsivity and vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction.Nature Neuroscience,8(11),1450-1457.
MacKillop,J.,Weafer,J.,Gray,J.C.,Oshri,A.,Palmer,A.,&de Wit,H.(2016).The latent structure of impulsivity:Impulsive choice,impulsive action,and impulsive personality traits.Psychopharmacology,233(18),3361-3370.
Martz,M.E.,Zucker,R.A.,Schulenberg,J.E.,&Heitzeg,M.M.(2018).Psychosocial and neural indicators of resilience among youth with a family history of substance use disorder.Drug and Alcohol Dependence,185,198-206.
Morein-Zamir,S.,&Robbins,T.W.(2015).Fronto-striatal circuits in response-inhibition:Relevance to addiction.Brain Research,1628,117-129.
Pattij,T.,&de Vries,T.J.(2013).The role of impulsivity in relapse vulnerability.Current Opinion in Neurobiology,23(4),700-705.
Pelloux,Y.,Everitt,B.J.,&Dickinson,A.(2007).Compulsive drug seeking by rats under punishment:Effects of drug taking history.Psychopharmacology,194(1),127-137.
Robbins,T.W.,Gillan,C.M.,Smith,D.G.,de Wit,S.,&Ersche,K.D.(2012).Neurocognitive endophenotypes of impulsivity and compulsivity:Towards dimensional psychiatry.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,16(1),81-91.
Sharma,L.,Markon,K.E.,&Clark,L.A.(2014).Toward a theory of distinct types of“impulsive”behaviors:Ameta-analysis of self-report and behavioral measures.Psychological Bulletin,140(2),374-408.
Shiflett,M.W.,Brown,R.A.,&Balleine,B.W.(2010).Acquisition and performance of goal-directed instrumental actions depends on ERK signaling in distinct regions of dorsal striatum in rats.Journal of Neuroscience,30(8),2951-2959.
Smittenaar,P.,FitzGerald,T.H.B.,Romei,V.,Wright,N.D.,&Dolan,R.J.(2013).Disruption of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex decreases model-based in favor of model-free control in humans.Neuron,80(4),914-919.
Smith,J.L.,Mattick,R.P.,Jamadar,S.D.,&Iredale,J.M.(2014).Deficits in behavioural inhibition in substance abuse and addiction:A meta-analysis.Drug and Alcohol Dependence,145,1-33.
Tricomi,E.,Balleine,B.W.,&O’Doherty,J.P.(2009).Aspecific role for posterior dorsolateral striatum in human habit learning.European Journal of Neuroscience,29(11),2225-2232.
Vanderveen,J.D.,Hershberger,A.R.,&Cyders,M.A.(2016).UPPS-P model impulsivity and marijuana use behaviors in adolescents:A meta-analysis.Drug and Alcohol Dependence,168,181-190.
Verdejo-García,A.,Lawrence,A.J.,&Clark,L.(2008).Impulsivity as a vulnerability marker for substance-use disorders:Review of findings from high-risk research,problem gamblers and genetic association studies.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,32(4),777-810.
Volkow,N.D.,Wang,G.J.,Fowler,J.S.,Tomasi,D.,Telang,F.,&Baler,R.(2010).Addiction:Decreased reward sensitivity and increased expectation sensitivity conspire to overwhelm the brain's control circuit.BioEssays,32(9),748-755.
Whiteside,S.P.,Lynam,D.R.,Miller,J.D.,&Reynolds,S.K.(2005).Validation of the UPPS impulsive behaviour scale:A four-factor model of impulsivity.European Journal of Personality,19(7),559e574.
Whelan,R.,Watts,R.,Orr,C.A.,Althoff,R.R.,Artiges,E.,Banaschewski,T.,...Garavan,H.(2014).Neuropsychosocial profiles of current and future adolescent alcohol misusers.Nature,512(7513),185-189.
Zapata,A.,Minney,V.L.,&Shippenberg,T.S.(2010).Shift from goal-directed to habitual cocaine seeking after prolonged experience in rats.Journal of Neuroscience,30(46),15457-15463.
Zeng,H.,Lee,T.M.,Waters,J.H.,So,K.F.,Sham,P.C.,Schottenfeld,R.S.,...Chawarski,M.C.(2013).Impulsivity,cognitive function,and their relationship in heroin-dependent individuals.Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology,35(9),897-905.