P91钢蠕变损伤的非线性超声检测方法研究
|
摘要
针对现有的非线性超声评价金属高温蠕变状态的方法中存在的问题,借鉴了高频段能量与低频段能量之比作为非线性参数的定义方式及兰姆波应力波损伤因子表达式,提出利用一定频带范围内非线性参数的累积效应表征金属蠕变损伤程度的新方法。根据非线性能量从低频向高频转移的特性,得到某一激发频率下的高频段能量与低频段能量之比的非线性参量,其次,在考虑基波能量与高次谐波能量随频率变化的基础上,对一定频率范围内得到的非线性参量进行积分,得到累积非线性响应总和。应用该方法对实际现场截取的P91钢主蒸汽管道蠕变程度进行检测(该管道运行温度为550℃,运行压力为3 MPa,运行时间约3万小时)。检测结果与较精确的X射线衍射法测得的残余应力及传统的非线性系数方法作对比,结果表明,累积的非线性参数方法灵敏度较高,稳定性较好,与应力的测量结果符合性较好,能够跟随试样所受应力的改变评价管道的蠕变程度。
In view of the existing problems in evaluating the high temperature creep of metal by the nonlinear ultrasonic method and with referring to the use of the ratio of high frequency to low frequency energy as the definition of nonlinear parameters and to the expression of the stress wave factor, a new method of using the cumulative effect of nonlinear parameters in a certain frequency band to characterize the damage degree of the metal creep is proposed. According to the characteristics of the nonlinear energy transfer from low frequency to high frequency, the nonlinear parameters of the ratio of the high frequency energy to the low frequency band at a certain excitation frequency are obtained. On the basis of the change of the fundamental wave energy and the high harmonic energy with the frequency, the integral of the nonlinear parameters obtained in a certain frequency range is then integrated. The summation of cumulative nonlinear responses is obtained. This method is used to detect the creep degree of the P91 steel main steam pipe intercepted by the actual field. The pipe was operated at temperature of 550 ℃ with operating pressure of 3 MPa, and it had run for about 30 thousand hours. The results are compared with the residual stress measured by the more accurate X ray diffraction method and the traditional nonlinear coefficient method. The results show that the cumulative nonlinear parameter method has high sensitivity and good stability, and it is consistent with the stress measurement results. It can follow the stress change to evaluate the creep degree of the pipeline.
In view of the existing problems in evaluating the high temperature creep of metal by the nonlinear ultrasonic method and with referring to the use of the ratio of high frequency to low frequency energy as the definition of nonlinear parameters and to the expression of the stress wave factor, a new method of using the cumulative effect of nonlinear parameters in a certain frequency band to characterize the damage degree of the metal creep is proposed. According to the characteristics of the nonlinear energy transfer from low frequency to high frequency, the nonlinear parameters of the ratio of the high frequency energy to the low frequency band at a certain excitation frequency are obtained. On the basis of the change of the fundamental wave energy and the high harmonic energy with the frequency, the integral of the nonlinear parameters obtained in a certain frequency range is then integrated. The summation of cumulative nonlinear responses is obtained. This method is used to detect the creep degree of the P91 steel main steam pipe intercepted by the actual field. The pipe was operated at temperature of 550 ℃ with operating pressure of 3 MPa, and it had run for about 30 thousand hours. The results are compared with the residual stress measured by the more accurate X ray diffraction method and the traditional nonlinear coefficient method. The results show that the cumulative nonlinear parameter method has high sensitivity and good stability, and it is consistent with the stress measurement results. It can follow the stress change to evaluate the creep degree of the pipeline.
引文
[1]谷涛,胡斌,王强,等.典型金属材料高温剩余寿命评价方法[J].中国计量大学学报,2017,28(2):176-184.GU Tao,HU Bin,WANG Qiang,et al.Assessment of creep residual life for typical metal materials at elevated temperatures[J]Journal of China University of Metrology,2017,28(2):176-184.
[2]施克仁.无损检测新技术[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2008.SHI Keren.Advanced techniques of nondestructive testing and evaluation[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2008.
[3]BALASUBRA M K,VALLURI J S,PRAKASH R V.Creep damage characterization using a low amplitude nonlinear ultrasonic technique[J].Materials Characterization,2011,62(3):275-286.
[4]KIM C S,LISSENDEN C J.Precipitate contribution to the acoustic nonlinearity in nickel-based superalloy[J].Chinese Physics Letters,2009,26(8):219-222.
[5]KIM C S.Creep characterization in advanced heat-resistant steel using ultrasonic nonlinearity Technique[J].Materials Transactions,2012,53(11):2028-2033.
[6]KIM J Y,JACOBS L J,QU J,et al.Experimental characterization of fatigue damage in a nickel-base superalloy using nonlinear ultrasonic waves[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2006,120(3):1266-1273.
[7]KIM J Y,QU J,JACOBS L J,et al.Acoustic nonlinearity parameter due to microplasticity[J].Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation,2006,25(1):28-36.
[8]HERRMANN J,KIM J Y,JACOBS L J,et al.Assessment of material damage in a nickel-base superalloy using nonlinear Rayleigh surface waves[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2006,99(12):1479-1488.
[9]张萌,轩福贞.汽轮机转子钢蠕变损伤的非线性超声评价[J].机械工程学报,2016,52(2):76-81.ZhANG Meng,XUAN Fuzhen.Creep Damage Evaluation of Steam Turbine Rotor Steel by Using the NonlinearUltrasonic Technique[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2016,52(2):76-81.
[10]原可义,韩赞东,陈以方,等.P91钢焊缝蠕变的非线性超声检测[J].焊接学报,2013,34(9):3-86.YUAN Keyi,HAN Zan Dong,CHEN Yifang,et al.Detection of creep damage in P91 steel weldments using non-linear ultrasonic technique[J].Transactions of The China Welding Institution,2013,34(9):83-86.
[11]原可义,韩赞东,陈以方,等.P91钢焊缝蠕变非线性超声检测中的衰减修正方法研究[J].材料工程,2014,7:50-54.YUAN Keyi,HAN Zandong,CHEN Yifang,et al Research on attenuation correction in nonlinear ultrasonic testing for creep status evaluation of P91 weldment[J].Journal of Materials Engineering,2014,7:50-54.
[12]邓明晰.层状固体结构表面性质的非线性兰姆波定征方法[J].航空学报,2006,27(4):713-719.DENG Mingxi.Characterization of surface properties of layered structures using nonlinear lamb wave approach[J].Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinice,2006,27(4):713-719.
[13]钱祖文.非线性声学[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.QIAN Zuwen.Nonlinear acoustics[M].Beijing:Science Press,2009.
[14]BREAZEALE M A,PHILIP J.Determination of third-order elastic constants from ultrasonic harmonic generation measurements[J].Physical Acoustics,1984,17:1-60.
[15]师小红,敦怡,王锋,等.基于倍频双晶复合传感器的构件疲劳微裂纹非线性超声检测[J].传感技术学报,2008,21(5):875-878.SHI Xiaohong,DUN Yi,WANG Feng,et al.Nonlinear ultrasonic testing of fatigue crack for metal component[J].Chinese Journal of Sensors and Actuators,2008,21(5):875-878.
[16]沙桂英,韩恩厚,于涛,等.Mg-Y-Nd合金的蠕变行为及其微观机制[J].金属学报,2003,39(10):1025-1030.SHA Guiying,HAN Enhou,YU Tao,et al.Greep behavior and microscopic mechanism of Mg-Y-Nd Alloy.2003,39(10):1025-1030.
[17]阎红娟,徐春广,肖定国,等.金属材料拉伸应力非线性超声特性研究[J].机械工程学报,2016,52(6):22-29.YAN Hongjuan,XU Chunguang,XIAO Dingguo,et al.Research on nonlinear ultrasonic properties of tension stress in metal materials[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2016,52(6):22-29.
[18]杨建功,练章华,于浩,等.油气长输管道第三方破坏监测优化仿真研究[J].计算机仿真,2016,33(2):469-474.YANG Jiangong,LIAN Zhanghua,YU Hao,et al.Simulation of third-party damages to long-distance oil and gas pipelines and study on damage monitoring and optimal[J].Computer Simulation,2016,33(2):469-474.
[19]蒋刚,谭明华,王伟明,等.残余应力测量方法的研究现状[J].机床与液压,2007,35(6):213-216.JIANG Gang,TAN Minghua,WANG Weiming,et al.Present research status of measuring residual stress[J]Machine Tool and Hydraulics,2007,35(6):213-216.
[2]施克仁.无损检测新技术[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2008.SHI Keren.Advanced techniques of nondestructive testing and evaluation[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2008.
[3]BALASUBRA M K,VALLURI J S,PRAKASH R V.Creep damage characterization using a low amplitude nonlinear ultrasonic technique[J].Materials Characterization,2011,62(3):275-286.
[4]KIM C S,LISSENDEN C J.Precipitate contribution to the acoustic nonlinearity in nickel-based superalloy[J].Chinese Physics Letters,2009,26(8):219-222.
[5]KIM C S.Creep characterization in advanced heat-resistant steel using ultrasonic nonlinearity Technique[J].Materials Transactions,2012,53(11):2028-2033.
[6]KIM J Y,JACOBS L J,QU J,et al.Experimental characterization of fatigue damage in a nickel-base superalloy using nonlinear ultrasonic waves[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2006,120(3):1266-1273.
[7]KIM J Y,QU J,JACOBS L J,et al.Acoustic nonlinearity parameter due to microplasticity[J].Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation,2006,25(1):28-36.
[8]HERRMANN J,KIM J Y,JACOBS L J,et al.Assessment of material damage in a nickel-base superalloy using nonlinear Rayleigh surface waves[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2006,99(12):1479-1488.
[9]张萌,轩福贞.汽轮机转子钢蠕变损伤的非线性超声评价[J].机械工程学报,2016,52(2):76-81.ZhANG Meng,XUAN Fuzhen.Creep Damage Evaluation of Steam Turbine Rotor Steel by Using the NonlinearUltrasonic Technique[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2016,52(2):76-81.
[10]原可义,韩赞东,陈以方,等.P91钢焊缝蠕变的非线性超声检测[J].焊接学报,2013,34(9):3-86.YUAN Keyi,HAN Zan Dong,CHEN Yifang,et al.Detection of creep damage in P91 steel weldments using non-linear ultrasonic technique[J].Transactions of The China Welding Institution,2013,34(9):83-86.
[11]原可义,韩赞东,陈以方,等.P91钢焊缝蠕变非线性超声检测中的衰减修正方法研究[J].材料工程,2014,7:50-54.YUAN Keyi,HAN Zandong,CHEN Yifang,et al Research on attenuation correction in nonlinear ultrasonic testing for creep status evaluation of P91 weldment[J].Journal of Materials Engineering,2014,7:50-54.
[12]邓明晰.层状固体结构表面性质的非线性兰姆波定征方法[J].航空学报,2006,27(4):713-719.DENG Mingxi.Characterization of surface properties of layered structures using nonlinear lamb wave approach[J].Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinice,2006,27(4):713-719.
[13]钱祖文.非线性声学[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.QIAN Zuwen.Nonlinear acoustics[M].Beijing:Science Press,2009.
[14]BREAZEALE M A,PHILIP J.Determination of third-order elastic constants from ultrasonic harmonic generation measurements[J].Physical Acoustics,1984,17:1-60.
[15]师小红,敦怡,王锋,等.基于倍频双晶复合传感器的构件疲劳微裂纹非线性超声检测[J].传感技术学报,2008,21(5):875-878.SHI Xiaohong,DUN Yi,WANG Feng,et al.Nonlinear ultrasonic testing of fatigue crack for metal component[J].Chinese Journal of Sensors and Actuators,2008,21(5):875-878.
[16]沙桂英,韩恩厚,于涛,等.Mg-Y-Nd合金的蠕变行为及其微观机制[J].金属学报,2003,39(10):1025-1030.SHA Guiying,HAN Enhou,YU Tao,et al.Greep behavior and microscopic mechanism of Mg-Y-Nd Alloy.2003,39(10):1025-1030.
[17]阎红娟,徐春广,肖定国,等.金属材料拉伸应力非线性超声特性研究[J].机械工程学报,2016,52(6):22-29.YAN Hongjuan,XU Chunguang,XIAO Dingguo,et al.Research on nonlinear ultrasonic properties of tension stress in metal materials[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2016,52(6):22-29.
[18]杨建功,练章华,于浩,等.油气长输管道第三方破坏监测优化仿真研究[J].计算机仿真,2016,33(2):469-474.YANG Jiangong,LIAN Zhanghua,YU Hao,et al.Simulation of third-party damages to long-distance oil and gas pipelines and study on damage monitoring and optimal[J].Computer Simulation,2016,33(2):469-474.
[19]蒋刚,谭明华,王伟明,等.残余应力测量方法的研究现状[J].机床与液压,2007,35(6):213-216.JIANG Gang,TAN Minghua,WANG Weiming,et al.Present research status of measuring residual stress[J]Machine Tool and Hydraulics,2007,35(6):213-216.