派系及联络企业的创新能力评价
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摘要
近年来,随着企业间结盟方式逐渐趋于多元化,企业个体间竞争的模式正在向基于派系间竞争模式转化。本研究基于社会网络的理论,以中国9个高新技术行业2010-2015年联盟创新网络的数据为样本,对联盟网络中的派系类别及派系间联络企业对企业创新能力的影响进行研究。结果发现,目前中国的高新技术产业派系林立程度较大,跨派系融合度较低;研发优势派系、契约式派系及纯商业型派系对企业的创新能力产生显著的正向影响;派系间联络企业负向调节纯商业型派系对企业创新能力的影响。本研究对企业进行派系的选择及派系关系的管理具有重要的理论及现实指导意义。
For the last few years firm alliances have been dramatically growing up and the competition pattern between individual firms has been transformed into a competitive pattern among cliques. Clique is a special structural unit in the meso-perspective network structure,which has become an important driving force for global high-tech firms to carry out cross-domain integration. The different cooperation patterns,cooperation degrees and participant types among the firms within the cliques play an important role in firms' innovativeness,and they have a knock-on effect on the firms that are outside the cliques in the cognitive,strategic decision-making and innovation performance,etc. If a firm selects a wrong cooperation pattern or an inappropriate partner,it may face the threat of opportunistic behavior or disclosure of technical secrets. Previous research has examined the effects of network structure on the firms' innovativeness. However,there is little work on the relationship between the type of cliques and firms' innovativeness,and the cooperation mechanism among firms within cliques in alliance innovation network.In this paper,we focus on the relationships between clique types and firms' innovativeness based on the theory of social network,and we propose a new method for clique classification in terms of non-structural attributes. Furthermore,cliques can be classified into nine types by their location in the value chain,cooperation patterns,and participant types. Based on different location of the value chain,cliques can be divided into R&D Cliques,Marketing Cliques,and Production Cliques. According to cooperation patterns,cliques can be subdivided into Informal Cliques,Contractual Cliques,and Equity Cliques. In terms of participant types,cliques can be classified into Government-led Cliques,Industry-University-Research Cliques,and Commercial Cliques. In addition,we introduce a new concept of node as Liaison Firm whose network location is among cliques. Finally,we measure the Cliques Segregation and Cross-cliques Convergence of the alliance innovation network to reveal the status of cliques' development and the degree of high-tech industry convergence.Building on the literature on Cliques and firm's innovativeness,we posit five hypotheses concerning how different types of clique and Liaison Firms affect firms' innovativeness. Hypothesis 1 claims that Contractual Cliques are more conducive to firms' innovativeness than Informal Cliques and Equity Cliques; Hypothesis 2 claims that Contractual Cliques are more conducive to firms' innovativeness than Marketing Cliques and Production Cliques; Hypothesis 3 claims that Government-led Cliques,Industry-University-Research Cliques,and Commercial Cliques all have positive effects on firms' innovativeness; Hypothesis 4 claims that Liaison Firm has a negative impact on firms' innovativeness; and Hypothesis 5 claims that Liaison Firm plays a negative moderating role in the relationship between nine clique types and firms' innovativeness.We constructed a firm alliance database that covers several Chinese high-tech industries over the period 2010-2015.Choosing firm alliances from nine high-tech industries made it possible for us to test the hypotheses including Semiconductors Industry,Automobile Body and Parts Industry,Chemistry and Chemical Industry,Aircraft and Aerospace Equipment Industry,Computer Video-audio Industry,New Energy and Environmental Protection Industry,Information and Communication Equipment Industry,Medical Equipment Industry,Pharmaceuticals and Biology Industry. The measures of the firm's innovativeness bases draw on patent data from China Intellectual Property Net and the INNOJOY website. In addition,because our dependent variable is a count variable with a high degree of variance relative to its means,we use negative binomial regression analyses with random effects to demonstrate these hypotheses.The findings show that most of the cliques are isolated from each other in the network of the nine Chinese high-tech industries and Cross-cliques Convergence is also relatively low,which means high-tech firm alliances are in a relatively closed network environment In addition,the influence of different clique types on firms' innovativeness is extremely diverse,and Liaison Firm does not have any rich resource advantages compared to other nodes in the alliance innovation network. The specific findings of our empirical research are as follows. Firstly,hypothesis 1 is strongly supported: since R&D Cliques have a positive effect on firms' innovativeness. However,both Marketing Cliques and Production Cliques don't show any influence on firms' innovativeness. Secondly,hypothesis 2 is also strongly supported: because Contractual Cliques have a positive effect on firms' innovativeness but Equity Cliques show a negative impact on firm innovativeness. Furthermore,there is no support of any relationship between Informal Cliques and firm innovativeness. Thirdly,hypothesis 3 is weakly supported: since there is only Commercial Cliques have a positive effect on firm innovativeness. Unexpectedly,Government-led Cliques have a negative impact on firm innovativeness,and Industry-University-Research Cliques don't have any influence on firms' innovativeness. Finally,Hypothesis 4 and Hypothesis 5 are strongly and weakly supported respectively: because Liaison Firm has a negative impact on firms' innovativeness and plays a negative moderating role in the relationship between the Commercial Cliques and firms' innovativeness but it does not show any moderating effects on the other two clique types and firm's innovativeness.This work contributes to a new perspective on the classification of cliques in terms of non-structural attributes and puts forward a new concept of"Liaison Firm". The results show that the firms' innovativeness can be evaluated and predicted by the features of the innovation network,such as the Cliques Segregation,Cross-cliques Convergence. Further,we argue to understand how cliques affect firms' innovativeness,it is necessary to disaggregate these cliques into different types,and it is also important to consider the Liaison Firm and network environment,which may have an effect on the firm's innovativeness. Our findings also provide references for firms on how to select a win-win alliance partner,an advanced innovativeness clique,and a good position in the alliance network to enhance their innovation performance. In this way,our study suggests that firms should be embedded in the cliques that have advanced innovativeness,such as Contractual Cliques,Commercial Cliques,and R&D Cliques in view of the closed alliance innovation network environment in the nine high-tech industries of China and Liaison Firm should be embedded in relatively open cliques to avoid the risk of " Keep a Foot in Both Camps,Lose Trust on Both Sides".
For the last few years firm alliances have been dramatically growing up and the competition pattern between individual firms has been transformed into a competitive pattern among cliques. Clique is a special structural unit in the meso-perspective network structure,which has become an important driving force for global high-tech firms to carry out cross-domain integration. The different cooperation patterns,cooperation degrees and participant types among the firms within the cliques play an important role in firms' innovativeness,and they have a knock-on effect on the firms that are outside the cliques in the cognitive,strategic decision-making and innovation performance,etc. If a firm selects a wrong cooperation pattern or an inappropriate partner,it may face the threat of opportunistic behavior or disclosure of technical secrets. Previous research has examined the effects of network structure on the firms' innovativeness. However,there is little work on the relationship between the type of cliques and firms' innovativeness,and the cooperation mechanism among firms within cliques in alliance innovation network.In this paper,we focus on the relationships between clique types and firms' innovativeness based on the theory of social network,and we propose a new method for clique classification in terms of non-structural attributes. Furthermore,cliques can be classified into nine types by their location in the value chain,cooperation patterns,and participant types. Based on different location of the value chain,cliques can be divided into R&D Cliques,Marketing Cliques,and Production Cliques. According to cooperation patterns,cliques can be subdivided into Informal Cliques,Contractual Cliques,and Equity Cliques. In terms of participant types,cliques can be classified into Government-led Cliques,Industry-University-Research Cliques,and Commercial Cliques. In addition,we introduce a new concept of node as Liaison Firm whose network location is among cliques. Finally,we measure the Cliques Segregation and Cross-cliques Convergence of the alliance innovation network to reveal the status of cliques' development and the degree of high-tech industry convergence.Building on the literature on Cliques and firm's innovativeness,we posit five hypotheses concerning how different types of clique and Liaison Firms affect firms' innovativeness. Hypothesis 1 claims that Contractual Cliques are more conducive to firms' innovativeness than Informal Cliques and Equity Cliques; Hypothesis 2 claims that Contractual Cliques are more conducive to firms' innovativeness than Marketing Cliques and Production Cliques; Hypothesis 3 claims that Government-led Cliques,Industry-University-Research Cliques,and Commercial Cliques all have positive effects on firms' innovativeness; Hypothesis 4 claims that Liaison Firm has a negative impact on firms' innovativeness; and Hypothesis 5 claims that Liaison Firm plays a negative moderating role in the relationship between nine clique types and firms' innovativeness.We constructed a firm alliance database that covers several Chinese high-tech industries over the period 2010-2015.Choosing firm alliances from nine high-tech industries made it possible for us to test the hypotheses including Semiconductors Industry,Automobile Body and Parts Industry,Chemistry and Chemical Industry,Aircraft and Aerospace Equipment Industry,Computer Video-audio Industry,New Energy and Environmental Protection Industry,Information and Communication Equipment Industry,Medical Equipment Industry,Pharmaceuticals and Biology Industry. The measures of the firm's innovativeness bases draw on patent data from China Intellectual Property Net and the INNOJOY website. In addition,because our dependent variable is a count variable with a high degree of variance relative to its means,we use negative binomial regression analyses with random effects to demonstrate these hypotheses.The findings show that most of the cliques are isolated from each other in the network of the nine Chinese high-tech industries and Cross-cliques Convergence is also relatively low,which means high-tech firm alliances are in a relatively closed network environment In addition,the influence of different clique types on firms' innovativeness is extremely diverse,and Liaison Firm does not have any rich resource advantages compared to other nodes in the alliance innovation network. The specific findings of our empirical research are as follows. Firstly,hypothesis 1 is strongly supported: since R&D Cliques have a positive effect on firms' innovativeness. However,both Marketing Cliques and Production Cliques don't show any influence on firms' innovativeness. Secondly,hypothesis 2 is also strongly supported: because Contractual Cliques have a positive effect on firms' innovativeness but Equity Cliques show a negative impact on firm innovativeness. Furthermore,there is no support of any relationship between Informal Cliques and firm innovativeness. Thirdly,hypothesis 3 is weakly supported: since there is only Commercial Cliques have a positive effect on firm innovativeness. Unexpectedly,Government-led Cliques have a negative impact on firm innovativeness,and Industry-University-Research Cliques don't have any influence on firms' innovativeness. Finally,Hypothesis 4 and Hypothesis 5 are strongly and weakly supported respectively: because Liaison Firm has a negative impact on firms' innovativeness and plays a negative moderating role in the relationship between the Commercial Cliques and firms' innovativeness but it does not show any moderating effects on the other two clique types and firm's innovativeness.This work contributes to a new perspective on the classification of cliques in terms of non-structural attributes and puts forward a new concept of"Liaison Firm". The results show that the firms' innovativeness can be evaluated and predicted by the features of the innovation network,such as the Cliques Segregation,Cross-cliques Convergence. Further,we argue to understand how cliques affect firms' innovativeness,it is necessary to disaggregate these cliques into different types,and it is also important to consider the Liaison Firm and network environment,which may have an effect on the firm's innovativeness. Our findings also provide references for firms on how to select a win-win alliance partner,an advanced innovativeness clique,and a good position in the alliance network to enhance their innovation performance. In this way,our study suggests that firms should be embedded in the cliques that have advanced innovativeness,such as Contractual Cliques,Commercial Cliques,and R&D Cliques in view of the closed alliance innovation network environment in the nine high-tech industries of China and Liaison Firm should be embedded in relatively open cliques to avoid the risk of " Keep a Foot in Both Camps,Lose Trust on Both Sides".
引文
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[2]郑向杰.“拉帮结派”有利于企业创新吗?-来自中国高端装备制造产业的证据[J].华东经济管理,2017,31(8):146-152.Zheng Xiangjie.Is“Cliques”conducive to corporate innovation?-Evidence from China’s high-end equipment manufacturing industry[J].East China Economic Management,2017,31(8):146-152.
[3]Victor Gilsing,Wim Vanhaverbeke,Michiel Pieters.Mind the gap:Balancing alliance network and technology portfolios during periods of technological uncertainty[J].Technological Forecasting&Social Change,2014,81(1):351-362.
[4]万炜,曾德明,冯科,周昕.创新网络派系演进及其对技术创新的影响[J].湖南大学学报自然版,2013,40(11):120-124.Wan Wei,Zeng Deming,Feng Ke,Zhou Xin.Study on the evolution of cliques in industrial innovation networks and its influence on technological innovation performance[J].Journal of Hunan University(Natural Science),2013,40(11):120-124.
[5]R.Z.Norman,D.Cartwright.Structural models:An introduction to the theory of directed graphs[M].Wiley,1965.
[6]Luce,R.D.,Perry,A.D.A method of matrix analysis of group structure[J].Psychometrika,1949,14(2):95-116.
[7]G Palla,I Derényi,I Farkas,T Vicsek.Uncovering the overlapping community structure of complex networks in nature and society[J].Nature,2005,435(7043):814-818.
[8]赵炎,孟庆时.企业间创新网络中基于结派行为的企业创新能力评价[J].科研管理,2014,35(7):35-43.Zhao Yan,Meng Qingshi.Evaluation of enterprise innovative capability based on cohesive behaviors in inter-firm innovation network[J].Science Research Management,2014,35(7):35-43.
[9]梅花·托哈依.企业战略联盟稳定性研究[M].中国经济出版社,2014.Meihua·Tuohayi.Study on the stability of enterprise strategic alliance[M].Economic Press of China,2014.
[10]陈菲琼.企业跨国联盟关系风险及其控制机制[M].浙江大学出版社,2011.Chen Feijing.Relational risk and its control mechanism in cross-border alliance[M].Zhejiang University Press,2011.
[11]张鸣.价值链管理理论研究与实证分析[M].东北财经大学出版社,2007.Zhang Ming.Research on value china management theory and positive analysis[M].Dongbei University of Finance&Economics Press,2007.
[12]Micheal E Porter.竞争战略(中译本)[M].华夏出版社,2005.Micheal E Porter.The competitive advantage(Chinese translation)[M].HuaXia Press,2005.
[13]张华,张向前.个体是如何占据结构洞位置的:嵌入在网络结构和内容中的约束与激励[J].管理评论,2014,26(5):89-98.Zhang Hua,Zhang Xiangqian.How actors hold the structural hole position:The constraints and incentives embedded in network structure and network content[J].Management Review,2014,26(5):89-98.
[14]李德鸿,王肖鹏,崔文田.结构洞对不同属性研发者创新绩效的权变影响研究[J].科技进步与对策,2016,33(19):27-33.Li Dehong,Wang Xiaopeng,Cui Wentian.The contingent effect of structural hole on innovation performance of inventors with different attributes[J].Science&Technology Progress and Policy,2016,33(19):27-33.
[15]Ronald S.Burt.Structural holes:The social structure of competition[M].Harvard University Press,1995.
[16]李新春.战略联盟、网络与信任[M].经济科学出版社,2006.Li Xinchun.Strategic alliances,networks and trust[M].E-conomic Science Press,2006.
[17]Russ Marion,Jon Christiansen,Hans W.Klar,Craig Schreiber,Mehmet Akif Erdener.Informal leadership,interaction,cliques and productive capacity in organizations:A collectivist analysis[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2016,27(2):242-260.
[18]Steven S.Lui,Hang-yue Ngo.The role of trust and contractual safeguards on cooperation in non-equity alliances[J].Journal of Management,2004,30(4):471-485.
[19]华民,蒋舒.开放资本市场:应对“三资企业”“独资化”发展倾向的策略取向[J].管理世界,2002(12):33-39+47-156.Hua Min,Jiang Shu.The opening of capital market:The orientation in making polices in coping with the trend to“Three Kinds of Foreign-invested Enterprises”becoming exclusively foreign-owned enterprises in China[J].Management World,2002(12):33-39+47-156.
[20]Paul E Bierly,Joseph E Coombs.Equity alliances,stages of product development,and alliance instability[J].Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,2004,21(3):191-214.
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