蒙古栎次生林垂直结构特征对目标树经营的响应
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摘要
【目的】基于单株木的目标树经营技术是实现近自然森林经营的重要途径。为揭示目标树经营对天然次生林垂直结构的影响,以长白山北部蒙古栎次生林为研究对象,探讨各林层林分结构与单木生长对不同目标树抚育间伐强度的响应,为制定科学合理的经营措施提供基础依据。【方法】2013年8月在吉林省汪清林业局设置16块面积0.09 hm~2(30 m×30 m)的样地开展目标树经营试验。根据间伐强度设置弱度(5%)、轻度(10%)、中度(20%)和对照4种处理,每种处理4个重复,2016年复测样地。采用树冠光竞争高法(CCH)将林分划分为上林层、中林层和下林层3个林层,比较分析不同抚育间伐强度对各林层高度、树种组成、林木竞争和生长的影响。【结果】(1)各林层树冠光竞争高度分别为上林层15.27～16.12 m、中林层8.76～9.65 m、下林层2.95～3.37 m。间伐提高了上、中林层高度,其中中度间伐下上林层平均高度为15.42～17.21 m,显著高于其他处理,而下林层高度基本不变。(2)间伐调整了上林层和中林层各树种所占比重,上林层中白桦下降,蒙古栎提高,且蒙古栎比重随着间伐强度的增大而增大;中林层白桦、杂木比重下降,红松比重增加。(3)上林层平均胸径在中度间伐下得到了提高,增幅达到0.57 cm,而在其他处理下有所下降。中林层平均胸径只在轻度间伐下得到提升,下林层平均胸径的变化与上林层呈现相反的趋势。林分中上林层所占蓄积比重增大,弱度、轻度、中度间伐样地上林层蓄积比重分别增加了1.92%、11.52%、13.15%。(4)间伐显著降低了各林层林木竞争指数,其中下林层对目标树抚育间伐响应最为积极,以弱度间伐的降幅最为显著,林木竞争指数由0.634降为0.455。(5)各林层直径定期生长率和材积定期生长率随林层高度的增加而降低,上、中、下林层的直径生长率分别为1.22%～1.96%、1.94%～2.59%、4.02%～8.17%,材积生长率分别为1.74%～4.10%、3.50%～5.14%、10.12%～18.97%。【结论】目标树经营能够显著影响蒙古栎次生林各林层的生长与结构,但是各林层特征对不同抚育间伐强度的响应不一致。综合来看,中度间伐(间伐强度20%左右)是研究区蒙古栎次生林较为适合的目标树抚育间伐强度,有关具体抚育方式和后续抚育时间还有待林分动态的长期观测。
[Objective] Crop tree release(CTR) based on single tree is an important way to realize close-tonature forest management. In order to reveal influences of CTR on the vertical structure of natural secondary forests, natural secondary Quercus mongolica forest in the northern Changbai Mountains was used as research objects, to investigate the response of forest stand structure and single-wood growth to the different intensity tending, which can provide basic support for developing scientific and rational management.[Method] 16 sample plots of 0.09 ha(30 m×30 m) were set up in the Jilin Wangqing Forestry Bureau in August 2013, to carry out crop tree release and thinning test. According to the thinning intensity, 4 treatments were set as: weak(5%), mild(10%), moderate(20%) and control, each treatment had 4 replicates.All sample plots were resurveyed in 2016. The stands were divided into upper,middle and lower storeys according to the canopy competition height(CCH) in stand. The effects of different tending thinning intensity on each forest storey height, tree species composition, competition and growth were analyzed.[Result] (1) the CCH of upper, middle and lower storeys was 15.27-16.12 m, 8.76-9.65 m and 2.95-3.37 m, respectively. Thinning increased the height of upper and middle forest storeys, upper forest storey height was increased from 15.42 to 17.21 by moderate thinning, which was significantly higher than other treatments, while the height of the lower forest storey remained basically unchanged.(2) Thinning adjusted the proportion of tree species in the upper and middle forest storeys. the proportion of Betula platyphylla was decreased while that of Quercus mongolica was increased in upper forest storeys, and the proportion of Quercus mongolica increased with the increase of thinning intensity. The proportion of other wood decreased while that of Pinus koraiensis increased.(3) The average DBH of upper storeys was improved under moderate thinning, with an increase of 0.57 cm, but decreased under other treatments. The average DBH of middle storey was only improved under mild thinning. Changes on average DBH of lower storey was opposite to that of upper forest storey. The proportion of upper and middle forest storeys of forest stands increased. The proportion of forest storeys in the weak, mild and moderate thinned sample plot increased by1.92%, 11.52% and 13.15%, respectively.(4) Thinning significantly reduced the competition index of forest trees in each forest storey. The lower forest storey had the most positive response to crop tree tending and thinning. The forest competition index of lower storeys by weak thinning decreased from 0.634 to 0.455,which was the most significant.(5) DBH periodic growth rate and volume periodic growth rate of forest storey decreased with the increase of the height of forest storey. The DBH periodic growth rates of the upper, middle and lower forest storey were 1.22%-1.96%, 1.94%-2.59%, 4.02%-8.17%, respectively. The volume growth rate were 1.74%-4.10%, 3.50%-5.14%, 10.12%-18.97%, respectively. [Conclusion] CTR can significantly affect the growth and structure of different forest storeys of secondary Quercus mongolica forest. On the whole, moderate thinning(about 20% of thinning intensity) is suitable crop tree thinning intensity for secondary Quercus mongolica forest in study area. The specific tending methods and follow-up time are still based on long-term observations of forest stand dynamics.
[Objective] Crop tree release(CTR) based on single tree is an important way to realize close-tonature forest management. In order to reveal influences of CTR on the vertical structure of natural secondary forests, natural secondary Quercus mongolica forest in the northern Changbai Mountains was used as research objects, to investigate the response of forest stand structure and single-wood growth to the different intensity tending, which can provide basic support for developing scientific and rational management.[Method] 16 sample plots of 0.09 ha(30 m×30 m) were set up in the Jilin Wangqing Forestry Bureau in August 2013, to carry out crop tree release and thinning test. According to the thinning intensity, 4 treatments were set as: weak(5%), mild(10%), moderate(20%) and control, each treatment had 4 replicates.All sample plots were resurveyed in 2016. The stands were divided into upper,middle and lower storeys according to the canopy competition height(CCH) in stand. The effects of different tending thinning intensity on each forest storey height, tree species composition, competition and growth were analyzed.[Result] (1) the CCH of upper, middle and lower storeys was 15.27-16.12 m, 8.76-9.65 m and 2.95-3.37 m, respectively. Thinning increased the height of upper and middle forest storeys, upper forest storey height was increased from 15.42 to 17.21 by moderate thinning, which was significantly higher than other treatments, while the height of the lower forest storey remained basically unchanged.(2) Thinning adjusted the proportion of tree species in the upper and middle forest storeys. the proportion of Betula platyphylla was decreased while that of Quercus mongolica was increased in upper forest storeys, and the proportion of Quercus mongolica increased with the increase of thinning intensity. The proportion of other wood decreased while that of Pinus koraiensis increased.(3) The average DBH of upper storeys was improved under moderate thinning, with an increase of 0.57 cm, but decreased under other treatments. The average DBH of middle storey was only improved under mild thinning. Changes on average DBH of lower storey was opposite to that of upper forest storey. The proportion of upper and middle forest storeys of forest stands increased. The proportion of forest storeys in the weak, mild and moderate thinned sample plot increased by1.92%, 11.52% and 13.15%, respectively.(4) Thinning significantly reduced the competition index of forest trees in each forest storey. The lower forest storey had the most positive response to crop tree tending and thinning. The forest competition index of lower storeys by weak thinning decreased from 0.634 to 0.455,which was the most significant.(5) DBH periodic growth rate and volume periodic growth rate of forest storey decreased with the increase of the height of forest storey. The DBH periodic growth rates of the upper, middle and lower forest storey were 1.22%-1.96%, 1.94%-2.59%, 4.02%-8.17%, respectively. The volume growth rate were 1.74%-4.10%, 3.50%-5.14%, 10.12%-18.97%, respectively. [Conclusion] CTR can significantly affect the growth and structure of different forest storeys of secondary Quercus mongolica forest. On the whole, moderate thinning(about 20% of thinning intensity) is suitable crop tree thinning intensity for secondary Quercus mongolica forest in study area. The specific tending methods and follow-up time are still based on long-term observations of forest stand dynamics.
引文
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[4]Demirc M,Bettinger P.Using mixed integer multi-objective goal programming for stand tending block designation:a case study from Turkey[J].Forest Policy and Economics,2015,55:28-36.
[5]盛炜彤.我国应将天然次生林的经营放在重要位置[J].林业科技通讯,2016(2):10-13.Sheng W T.China should put an important position for the management of natural secondary forests[J].Forest Science and Technology,2016(2):10-13.
[6]Miller G W,Stringer J W,Mercker D C.Technical guide to crop tree release in hardwood forests[R/OL]//The University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service Publication Series.Knoxville:University of Tennessee,2007:1-24.[2018-10-10].http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_agexfores/19.
[7]陆元昌.近自然森林经营理论与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.Lu Y C.Theory and practice of close-to-nature forest management[M].Beijing:Science Press,2006.
[8]Healy W M,Lewis A M,Boose E F.Variation of red oak acorn production[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1999,116(1-3):1-11.
[9]宁金魁,陆元昌,赵浩彦,等.北京西山地区油松人工林近自然化改造效果评价[J].东北林业大学学报,2009,37(7):42-44.Ning J K,Lu Y C,Zhao H Y,et al.Assessment on close-tonature transformation of Pinus tabuliformis plantations in Xishan Region,Beijing[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2009,37(7):42-44.
[10]王懿祥,张守攻,陆元昌,等.干扰树间伐对马尾松人工林目标树生长的初期效应[J].林业科学,2014,50(10):67-73.Wang Y X,Zhang S G,Lu Y C,et al.Initial effects of crop tees growth after crop tree release on Pinus massoniana plantation[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2014,50(10):67-73.
[11]李婷婷,陆元昌,姜俊,等.马尾松人工林森林经营模式评价[J].西北林学院学报,2015,30(1):164-171.Li T T,Lu Y C,Jiang J,et al.Assessment of forest management model of Pinus massoniana plantation[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2015,30(1):164-171.
[12]张晓红,张会儒,卢军,等.美国目标树经营体系及其经营效果研究进展[J].世界林业研究,2016,29(2):91-96.Zhang X H,Zhang H R,Lu J,et al.Crop tree release in United States and progress on management effect[J].World Forestry Research,2016,29(2):91-96.
[13]李俊清,牛树奎,刘艳红.森林生态学[M].3版.北京:高等教育出版社.2017.Li J Q,Niu S K,Liu Y H.Forest ecology[M].3rd ed.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2017.
[14]臧润国,杨彦承,蒋有绪.海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林群落结构及树种多样性特征的研究[J].植物生态学报,2001,25(3):270-275.Zang R G,Yang Y C,Jiang Y X.Community structure and tree species diversity characteristics in a tropical montane rain forest in bawangling nature reserve,Hainan Island[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2001,25(3):270-275.
[15]惠刚盈,Gadow K V,胡艳波,等.结构化森林经营[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2007.Hui G Y,Gadow K V,Hu Y B,et al.Structure based forest management[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2007.
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