透过翻译的语言接触研究:翻译文本的“显化”特征对原生文本的历时影响
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摘要
语料库语言学与描写翻译研究的结合,翻译文本与原生文本比较语料库实证研究的兴起,使透过翻译的书面语言接触的考察成为可能。本文通过平行语料库和类比语料库的历时复合考察,分析翻译文本中表示对等关系的连接词显化现象对于汉语原生文本可能产生的影响,并结合隐化现象进行分析。研究发现:1)总体看来,汉语翻译文本与原生文本在对等关系连接词的使用频次上呈现较为一致的变化,衔接上使用较少的连接词,但在某些历史时期,二者呈现偏离;2)不同时期汉语翻译文本与原生文本在对等关系连接词的使用上具有相关性,翻译文本中的显化特征会迁移至原生文本中;3)从长期来看,翻译中与源语对应成分逐渐增高,英语语言的透过性影响逐渐增强,语际的显化和隐化逐渐下降,表明对等关系连接词由"意译"向"直译"转变;此外,语际显化和隐化在不同历史时期呈现出不同的变化比率,具有社会历史属性。研究认为,透过翻译的语言接触在一定历史时期会引起目标语语言显化程度发生变化,并探讨造成这种现象发生的可能因素。
The combination of corpus linguistics and descriptive translation studies gave rise to the empirical research between translated texts and original texts,which makes it possible to examine translation as a site of language contact through written texts.Adopting both diachronic and composite corpora approach,this paper purports to examine whether the explicitness in translations might have effect on target texts with reference to implicitation.It is found that:1)On the whole,translated Chinese texts have changed concomitantly with original Chinese texts in the frequencies of coordinating conjunctions,i.e.fewer connective words have been employed over time;however,in some particular period,the conjunctions employed in the two types of texts became divergent;2)The frequencies of coordinating conjunctions in translated Chinese texts and original Chinese texts over the three periods were interrelated,and the explicitness in translated Chinese texts may transfer into the original Chinese texts;3)Overall the occurrences of the equivalents to the original English in translated Chinese texts have increased,which shows that source language interference in translated Chinese texts has ascended over the three sampling periods;the decrease of explicitation and implicitationin translations suggests that literal translation has been preferred to free translation.Additionally,it can be inferred that both explicitation and implicitation bear historical and social attributes due to the diachronic change of their ratios.It is thus argued that language contact through translation may cause the change of explicitness in original Chinese texts and the possible factors behind are accordingly investigated.
The combination of corpus linguistics and descriptive translation studies gave rise to the empirical research between translated texts and original texts,which makes it possible to examine translation as a site of language contact through written texts.Adopting both diachronic and composite corpora approach,this paper purports to examine whether the explicitness in translations might have effect on target texts with reference to implicitation.It is found that:1)On the whole,translated Chinese texts have changed concomitantly with original Chinese texts in the frequencies of coordinating conjunctions,i.e.fewer connective words have been employed over time;however,in some particular period,the conjunctions employed in the two types of texts became divergent;2)The frequencies of coordinating conjunctions in translated Chinese texts and original Chinese texts over the three periods were interrelated,and the explicitness in translated Chinese texts may transfer into the original Chinese texts;3)Overall the occurrences of the equivalents to the original English in translated Chinese texts have increased,which shows that source language interference in translated Chinese texts has ascended over the three sampling periods;the decrease of explicitation and implicitationin translations suggests that literal translation has been preferred to free translation.Additionally,it can be inferred that both explicitation and implicitation bear historical and social attributes due to the diachronic change of their ratios.It is thus argued that language contact through translation may cause the change of explicitness in original Chinese texts and the possible factors behind are accordingly investigated.
引文
Amouzadeh,M.&J.House.2010.Translation as a language contact phenomenon:The case of English and Persian passives[J].Languages in Contrast 10(1):54-75.
Baumgarten,N.2007.Converging conventions?Macrosyntactic conjunction with English and German[J].Text Talk 27:139-170.
Becher,V.2009.The decline of damit in English-German translations:A diachronic perspective on source language interference[J].SKASE Journal of Translation and Interpreting 4(1):2-24.
Becher,V.2011.Explicitation and Implicitation in Translation:A Corpus-based Study of EnglishGerman and German-English Translations of Business Texts[D].Ph.D.Dissertation.Hamberg University,Germany.
Bennett,K.2010.Academic discourse in Portugal:A whole different ball game?[J].Journal of English for Academic Purposes 9(1):21-32.
Bisiada,M.2013.From Hypothtaxis to Parataxis:An investigation of English-German Syntactic Convergence in Translation[D].Ph.D.Dissertation.Manchester University.
Blake,N.1992.Translation and the history of English[A].In M.Rissanen,O.Ihalainen,T.Nevalainen&I.Taavitsainen(eds.).History of Englishes:Methods and Interpretations in Historical Linguistics[C].Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.3-24.
Blum-Kulka,S.1986.Shifts of cohesion and coherence in translation[A].In J.House&S.Blum-Kulka(eds.).Interlingual and Intercultural Communication[C].Tübingen:Gunter Narr.290-305.
Braunmüller,K.&J.House(eds.).2009.Convergence and Divergence in Language Contact Situations[C].Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
Dayrell,C.2005.Investigating Lexical Patterning in Translated Brazilian.Portuguese:A CorpusBased Study[D].Ph.D.Dissertation.The University of Manchester.
Delaere,I.,G.De Sutter&K.Plevoets.2012.Is translated language more standardized than nontranslated language?Using profile-based correspondence analysis for measuring linguistic distances between language varieties[J].Target 24:203-224.
Dyvik,H.1998.A translational basis for semantics[A].In S.Johansson&S.Oksefjell(eds.).Corpora and Crosslinguistic Research:Theory,Method and Case Studies[C].Amsterdam:Rodopi.51-86.
Enlich,K.1984.Zum Textbegriff[A].In A.Rothkegel&B.Sandig(eds.).Text-TextsortenSemantik[C].Hamburg:Buske.9-25.
Gottlieb,H.1999.The impact of English:Danish TV subtitles as mediators of anglicisms[J].Zeitschrift fur Anglistik und Amerikanistik 47:133-153.
Halliday,M.&R.Hasan.1976.Cohesion in English[M].London:Longman.
Heine,B.&T.Kuteva.2005.Language Contact and Grammatical Change[M].Cambridge:CUP.
House,J.2011.Using translation and parallel text corpora to investigate the influence of global English on textual norms in other languages[A].In A.Kuger,K.Wallmach&J.Munday(eds.).Corpus-based Translation Studies:Research and Applications[C].London:Continuum International Publishing Group.187-208.
Koller,W.1979/2004.Einfuhrung in die Ubersetzungswissenschaft(7th edition)[M].Wiebelsheim:Quelle&Meyer.
Kranich,S.,V.Becher&S.Hoder.2011.A tentative typology of translation-induced language change[A].In S.Kranich,V.Becher,S.Hoder&J.House(eds.).Multilingual Discourse Production[C].Amsterdam:John Benjamins.11-43.
Kranich,S.,J.House&V.Becher.2012.Changing conventions in English-German translations of popular scientific texts[A].In K.Braunmüller&C.Gabriel(eds.).Multilingual Individuals and Multilingual Societies[C].Amsterdam:John Benjamins.315-334.
Kubler,C.1985.A Study of Europeanized Grammar in Modern Written Chinese[M].Taipei:Student Book.
Labov,W.1972.Principles of language change[A].In J.Gumperz&D.Hymes(eds.).Directions in Sociolinguistics[C].New York:Holt,Rinehart and Winston.512-538.
Langacker,R.1977.Syntactic reanalysis[A].In C.Li(ed).Mechanisms of Syntactic Change[C].Austin,TX.:University of Texas Press.57-139.
Leech,G.,M.Hundt,C.Mair&N.Smith.2009.Change in Contemporary English:A Grammatical Study[M].Cambridge:CUP.
Malamatidou,S.2011.Translation and language change with reference to popular science articles:The interplay of diachronic and synchronic corpus-based studies[A].In H.Hedeland,T.Schmidt&K.Worner(eds.).Multilingual Resources and Multilingual Applications:Proceedings of the Conference of the German Society for Computational Linguistics and Language Technology(GSCL)[C].Hamburg:University of Hamburg.135-140.
Malamatidou,S.2013.Passive voice and the language of translation:A comparable corpus-based study of modern Greek popular science articles[J].Meta 58:411-429.
Martinet,A.1953/1974.Preface[A].In U.Weinreich.Languages in Contact:Findings and Problems[M].The Hague:Mouton.vii-ix.
Matras,Y.2009.Language Contact[M].Cambridge:CUP.Mc Enery,T.&R.Xiao.2007.Parallel and comparable corpora:What is happening?[A].In G.
Anderman&M.Rogers(eds.).Incorporating Corpora:The Linguist and the Translator[C].Multilingual Matters.18-31.
Montgametry,S.2000.Science in Translation:Movements of Knowledge Through Cultures and Time[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
Pander Matt,H.&T.Sanders.2006.Connectives in text[A].In K.Brown(ed.).Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics.[C].London:Elsevier.33-41.
Probst,J.2009.Der Einfluss des Englischen auf das Deutsche:Zum sprachlichen Ausdruck von Interpersonalit?t in popul?rwissenschaftlichen Texten[M].Hamburg:Verlag Dr.Kovac.
Vinay,J.&J.Darbelnet.1958/1995.Comparative Stylistics of French and English:A Methodology for Translation[M],trans.&ed.by J.Sager&M.Hamel.Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
Weinreich,U.1953/1974.Languages in Contact:Findings and Problems[M].The Hague:Mouton.
Xiao,R.&N.Wei.2014.Translation and contrastive linguistic studies at the interface of English and Chinese:Significance and implications[J].Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 10:1-10.
北京图书馆,1987,《民国时期总书目》[M]。北京:书目文献出版社。
北京图书馆书目编辑组,1986,《中国现代作家著译书目》[M]。北京:书目文献出版社。
陈瑞清,2004,汉译文本的形合趋势:以语料库为本的翻译学研究[J],《翻译学研究期刊》(9):161-196。
崔山佳,2013,《汉语欧化语法现象专题研究》[M]。成都:巴蜀书社。
刁晏斌,2000,论现代汉语史[J],《辽宁师范大学学报》(6):69-73。
冯志伟,2016,从文本事物中发现事物的因果链[OL],http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_72d083c70100o9d1.html(2018年1月9日读取)。
郭鸿杰,2005,《英语对现代汉语的影响》[M]。上海:上海交通大学出版社。
贺阳,2008,《现代汉语欧化语法现象研究》[M]。北京:商务印书馆。
胡开宝,2005,论英汉词典历史文本对汉语现代化进程的影响[J],《外语与外语教学》(3):57-60。
黎锦熙,1924/2007,《新著国文语法》[M]。长沙:湖南教育出版社。
吕叔湘、朱德熙,1952,《语法修辞讲话》[M]。沈阳:辽宁教育出版社。
庞双子、王克非,2015,基于语料库考察翻译与语言发展的关系[J],《中国外语》(4):80-87。
沈家煊,2017,《〈繁花〉语言札记》[M]。南昌:二十一世纪出版社。
王克非,2002,近代翻译对于汉语的影响[J],《外语教学与研究》(6):458-463。
王力,1943/1985,《中国现代语法》[M]。北京:商务印书馆。
谢耀基,1990,《现代汉语欧化语法概论》[M]。香港:香港光明图书公司。
邢福义,1996,《汉语语法学》[M]。长春:东北师范大学出版社。
赵秋荣,2013,翻译与现代汉语白话文的发展[D]。博士学位论文。北京外国语大学。
朱一凡,2011,《翻译与现代汉语的变迁》[M]。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
1语言接触引起的语言变化并非我们所见的短时期里某些结构的升高或者降低,抑或保持不变。只有通过较长时间跨度的考察,才能对这种由于语言接触所构成的变化进行更具生命力的探索,有时是一百年,有时是一千年(Heine&Kuteva 2005:5)。
2这里的对应是指翻译文本中表示对等关系的连接词在英语源语中由于对等翻译而来,为了避免与对等关系的连接词中的对等混淆,本文将其称为“对应”,并且不同于“对应分析”中的对应。
3相对显化频率在这里是指翻译文本相对于原生文本的比率。
Baumgarten,N.2007.Converging conventions?Macrosyntactic conjunction with English and German[J].Text Talk 27:139-170.
Becher,V.2009.The decline of damit in English-German translations:A diachronic perspective on source language interference[J].SKASE Journal of Translation and Interpreting 4(1):2-24.
Becher,V.2011.Explicitation and Implicitation in Translation:A Corpus-based Study of EnglishGerman and German-English Translations of Business Texts[D].Ph.D.Dissertation.Hamberg University,Germany.
Bennett,K.2010.Academic discourse in Portugal:A whole different ball game?[J].Journal of English for Academic Purposes 9(1):21-32.
Bisiada,M.2013.From Hypothtaxis to Parataxis:An investigation of English-German Syntactic Convergence in Translation[D].Ph.D.Dissertation.Manchester University.
Blake,N.1992.Translation and the history of English[A].In M.Rissanen,O.Ihalainen,T.Nevalainen&I.Taavitsainen(eds.).History of Englishes:Methods and Interpretations in Historical Linguistics[C].Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.3-24.
Blum-Kulka,S.1986.Shifts of cohesion and coherence in translation[A].In J.House&S.Blum-Kulka(eds.).Interlingual and Intercultural Communication[C].Tübingen:Gunter Narr.290-305.
Braunmüller,K.&J.House(eds.).2009.Convergence and Divergence in Language Contact Situations[C].Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
Dayrell,C.2005.Investigating Lexical Patterning in Translated Brazilian.Portuguese:A CorpusBased Study[D].Ph.D.Dissertation.The University of Manchester.
Delaere,I.,G.De Sutter&K.Plevoets.2012.Is translated language more standardized than nontranslated language?Using profile-based correspondence analysis for measuring linguistic distances between language varieties[J].Target 24:203-224.
Dyvik,H.1998.A translational basis for semantics[A].In S.Johansson&S.Oksefjell(eds.).Corpora and Crosslinguistic Research:Theory,Method and Case Studies[C].Amsterdam:Rodopi.51-86.
Enlich,K.1984.Zum Textbegriff[A].In A.Rothkegel&B.Sandig(eds.).Text-TextsortenSemantik[C].Hamburg:Buske.9-25.
Gottlieb,H.1999.The impact of English:Danish TV subtitles as mediators of anglicisms[J].Zeitschrift fur Anglistik und Amerikanistik 47:133-153.
Halliday,M.&R.Hasan.1976.Cohesion in English[M].London:Longman.
Heine,B.&T.Kuteva.2005.Language Contact and Grammatical Change[M].Cambridge:CUP.
House,J.2011.Using translation and parallel text corpora to investigate the influence of global English on textual norms in other languages[A].In A.Kuger,K.Wallmach&J.Munday(eds.).Corpus-based Translation Studies:Research and Applications[C].London:Continuum International Publishing Group.187-208.
Koller,W.1979/2004.Einfuhrung in die Ubersetzungswissenschaft(7th edition)[M].Wiebelsheim:Quelle&Meyer.
Kranich,S.,V.Becher&S.Hoder.2011.A tentative typology of translation-induced language change[A].In S.Kranich,V.Becher,S.Hoder&J.House(eds.).Multilingual Discourse Production[C].Amsterdam:John Benjamins.11-43.
Kranich,S.,J.House&V.Becher.2012.Changing conventions in English-German translations of popular scientific texts[A].In K.Braunmüller&C.Gabriel(eds.).Multilingual Individuals and Multilingual Societies[C].Amsterdam:John Benjamins.315-334.
Kubler,C.1985.A Study of Europeanized Grammar in Modern Written Chinese[M].Taipei:Student Book.
Labov,W.1972.Principles of language change[A].In J.Gumperz&D.Hymes(eds.).Directions in Sociolinguistics[C].New York:Holt,Rinehart and Winston.512-538.
Langacker,R.1977.Syntactic reanalysis[A].In C.Li(ed).Mechanisms of Syntactic Change[C].Austin,TX.:University of Texas Press.57-139.
Leech,G.,M.Hundt,C.Mair&N.Smith.2009.Change in Contemporary English:A Grammatical Study[M].Cambridge:CUP.
Malamatidou,S.2011.Translation and language change with reference to popular science articles:The interplay of diachronic and synchronic corpus-based studies[A].In H.Hedeland,T.Schmidt&K.Worner(eds.).Multilingual Resources and Multilingual Applications:Proceedings of the Conference of the German Society for Computational Linguistics and Language Technology(GSCL)[C].Hamburg:University of Hamburg.135-140.
Malamatidou,S.2013.Passive voice and the language of translation:A comparable corpus-based study of modern Greek popular science articles[J].Meta 58:411-429.
Martinet,A.1953/1974.Preface[A].In U.Weinreich.Languages in Contact:Findings and Problems[M].The Hague:Mouton.vii-ix.
Matras,Y.2009.Language Contact[M].Cambridge:CUP.Mc Enery,T.&R.Xiao.2007.Parallel and comparable corpora:What is happening?[A].In G.
Anderman&M.Rogers(eds.).Incorporating Corpora:The Linguist and the Translator[C].Multilingual Matters.18-31.
Montgametry,S.2000.Science in Translation:Movements of Knowledge Through Cultures and Time[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
Pander Matt,H.&T.Sanders.2006.Connectives in text[A].In K.Brown(ed.).Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics.[C].London:Elsevier.33-41.
Probst,J.2009.Der Einfluss des Englischen auf das Deutsche:Zum sprachlichen Ausdruck von Interpersonalit?t in popul?rwissenschaftlichen Texten[M].Hamburg:Verlag Dr.Kovac.
Vinay,J.&J.Darbelnet.1958/1995.Comparative Stylistics of French and English:A Methodology for Translation[M],trans.&ed.by J.Sager&M.Hamel.Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
Weinreich,U.1953/1974.Languages in Contact:Findings and Problems[M].The Hague:Mouton.
Xiao,R.&N.Wei.2014.Translation and contrastive linguistic studies at the interface of English and Chinese:Significance and implications[J].Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 10:1-10.
北京图书馆,1987,《民国时期总书目》[M]。北京:书目文献出版社。
北京图书馆书目编辑组,1986,《中国现代作家著译书目》[M]。北京:书目文献出版社。
陈瑞清,2004,汉译文本的形合趋势:以语料库为本的翻译学研究[J],《翻译学研究期刊》(9):161-196。
崔山佳,2013,《汉语欧化语法现象专题研究》[M]。成都:巴蜀书社。
刁晏斌,2000,论现代汉语史[J],《辽宁师范大学学报》(6):69-73。
冯志伟,2016,从文本事物中发现事物的因果链[OL],http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_72d083c70100o9d1.html(2018年1月9日读取)。
郭鸿杰,2005,《英语对现代汉语的影响》[M]。上海:上海交通大学出版社。
贺阳,2008,《现代汉语欧化语法现象研究》[M]。北京:商务印书馆。
胡开宝,2005,论英汉词典历史文本对汉语现代化进程的影响[J],《外语与外语教学》(3):57-60。
黎锦熙,1924/2007,《新著国文语法》[M]。长沙:湖南教育出版社。
吕叔湘、朱德熙,1952,《语法修辞讲话》[M]。沈阳:辽宁教育出版社。
庞双子、王克非,2015,基于语料库考察翻译与语言发展的关系[J],《中国外语》(4):80-87。
沈家煊,2017,《〈繁花〉语言札记》[M]。南昌:二十一世纪出版社。
王克非,2002,近代翻译对于汉语的影响[J],《外语教学与研究》(6):458-463。
王力,1943/1985,《中国现代语法》[M]。北京:商务印书馆。
谢耀基,1990,《现代汉语欧化语法概论》[M]。香港:香港光明图书公司。
邢福义,1996,《汉语语法学》[M]。长春:东北师范大学出版社。
赵秋荣,2013,翻译与现代汉语白话文的发展[D]。博士学位论文。北京外国语大学。
朱一凡,2011,《翻译与现代汉语的变迁》[M]。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
1语言接触引起的语言变化并非我们所见的短时期里某些结构的升高或者降低,抑或保持不变。只有通过较长时间跨度的考察,才能对这种由于语言接触所构成的变化进行更具生命力的探索,有时是一百年,有时是一千年(Heine&Kuteva 2005:5)。
2这里的对应是指翻译文本中表示对等关系的连接词在英语源语中由于对等翻译而来,为了避免与对等关系的连接词中的对等混淆,本文将其称为“对应”,并且不同于“对应分析”中的对应。
3相对显化频率在这里是指翻译文本相对于原生文本的比率。