大连市冬季大气污染数值模拟及其对人工增雨(雪)作业的指示作用
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摘要
利用国家环境保护部大气污染指标和常规气象观测资料,结合区域空气质量模式系统(Weather Research and Forecasting-Community M ultiscale Air Quality,WRF-CM AQ)的模拟结果,对2015年12月大连市大气污染过程的气象要素和气溶胶的时空分布特征进行了分析,并对大气污染天气条件下有效开展人工增雨(雪)作业进行了初步探讨。结果表明:2015年12月大连市出现5次大气污染过程,累积污染日数为13 d,占12月总日数的41.94%,且日平均最低能见度为2.27 km。出现大气污染时,近地面温度均略有升高,大气层结稳定,因此,实施人工增雨(雪)作业时,宜选用增雨火箭和增雨飞机,从而保障催化剂可以播撒到高效核化层高度(-15℃~-10℃);同时,模拟结果表明,污染天气条件下一定量的细颗粒物在大气各种扰动下可以扩展至3.00 km以上,对具有增雨(雪)潜力的冷云实施作业时,应考虑催化剂量在常规作业剂量基础上适当减少。通过对2015年12月大连市的一次重度大气污染个例分析发现,大连市形成重污染的大气气溶胶物种主要为硝酸盐、铵盐和硫酸盐,其中硝酸盐占比最大,可以达到51.27%,说明除了相关工业源和燃煤排放,交通源排放也是大连市主要的大气污染源之一。
The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of meteorological elements and aerosol in Dalian in December of 2015 when some air pollution events occurred were analyzed using the conventional meteorological observation data and air pollution indices from the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China as well as the simulation results from the regional air quality WRF-CMAQ( Weather Research and Forecasting-Community Multi-scale Air Quality) model. Under the air pollution weather conditions,how to carry out precipitation/snow enhancement operation was discussed as well. The results show that there are five air pollution events during December of 2015 in Dalian city,with a persistent time of 13 days,which is 41. 94% of the total number of days in this month. The daily mean lowest visibility is 2. 27 km. When the air pollution events occur, the temperature near surface increases slightly,and the atmospheric stratification is stable. Thus, it is suitable to choose aircraft or rocket to carry out the precipitation/snow enhancement operations in order to guarantee the catalyst to be sowed to the nucleation layer with the temperature of-15 ℃ ~-10 ℃. A certain amount of fine particles can reach up to the height of more than 3. 00 km under the air pollution weather conditions. Therefore, the amount of catalyst should be properly reduced on the basis of the normal level when operating on the cold cloud target. Based on the analysis of a serious air pollution cases occurring in Dalian in December, it reveals that nitrate,ammonium,and sulfate are the main pollutant components,and the percentage of nitrate is the highest among these components, reaching 51. 27%; it suggests that,except industrial sources and coal emissions,car emissions are also responsible for the pollution in Dalian city.
The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of meteorological elements and aerosol in Dalian in December of 2015 when some air pollution events occurred were analyzed using the conventional meteorological observation data and air pollution indices from the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China as well as the simulation results from the regional air quality WRF-CMAQ( Weather Research and Forecasting-Community Multi-scale Air Quality) model. Under the air pollution weather conditions,how to carry out precipitation/snow enhancement operation was discussed as well. The results show that there are five air pollution events during December of 2015 in Dalian city,with a persistent time of 13 days,which is 41. 94% of the total number of days in this month. The daily mean lowest visibility is 2. 27 km. When the air pollution events occur, the temperature near surface increases slightly,and the atmospheric stratification is stable. Thus, it is suitable to choose aircraft or rocket to carry out the precipitation/snow enhancement operations in order to guarantee the catalyst to be sowed to the nucleation layer with the temperature of-15 ℃ ~-10 ℃. A certain amount of fine particles can reach up to the height of more than 3. 00 km under the air pollution weather conditions. Therefore, the amount of catalyst should be properly reduced on the basis of the normal level when operating on the cold cloud target. Based on the analysis of a serious air pollution cases occurring in Dalian in December, it reveals that nitrate,ammonium,and sulfate are the main pollutant components,and the percentage of nitrate is the highest among these components, reaching 51. 27%; it suggests that,except industrial sources and coal emissions,car emissions are also responsible for the pollution in Dalian city.
引文
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[2]吴兑,毕雪岩,邓雪娇,等.珠江三角洲大气灰霾导致能见度下降问题研究[J].气象学报,2006,64(4):510-517.
[3]吴兑,廖国莲,邓雪娇,等.珠江三角洲霾天气的近地层输送条件研究[J].应用气象学报,2008,19(1):1-9.
[4]刘丽伟,李文才,尚可政,等.京津冀地区一次严重霾天气过程及其影响因素分析[J].气象与环境学报,2015,31(3):35-42.
[5]王成祥,刘加珍.聊城市空气质量现状及污染原因分析[J].气象与环境学报,2016,32(1):108-112.
[6]赵娜,尹志聪,吴方.北京一次持续性雾霾的特征及成因分析[J].气象与环境学报,2014,30(5):15-20.
[7]Che H Z,Zhang X Y,Li Y,et al.Horizontal visibility trends in China 1981-2005[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2007,34(24):L24706.
[8]Sun Y L,Zhuang G S,Tang A H,et al.Chemical characteristics of PM2.5and PM10in haze-fog episodes in Beijing[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(10):3148-3155.
[9]Quan J,Zhang Q,He H,et al.Analysis of the formation of fog and haze in North China Plain(NCP)[J].Atmospheric Chemistry Physics,2011,11(15):8205-8214.
[10]YU X N,Zhu B,Yin Y,et al.A comparative analysis ofaerosol properties in dust and haze-fog days in a Chinese urban region[J].Atmospheric Research,2011,99(2):24l-247.
[11]韩霄,张美根.2013年1月华北平原重霾成因模拟分析[J].气候与环境研究,2014,19(2):127-139.
[12]Ding A J,Wang T,Zhao M,et al.Simulation of sea-land breezes and a discussion of their implications on the transport of air pollution during a multi-day ozone episode in the Pearl River Delta of China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(39):6737-6750.
[13]Yu Y,Sokhi R S,Kitwiroon N,et al.Performance characteristics of M M5-SM OKE-CM AQ for a summer photochemical episode in southeast England,United Kingdom[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(20):4870-4883.
[14]Chen X L,Feng Y R,Li J N,et al.Numerical simulations on the effect of sea-land breezes on atmospheric haze over the Pearl River Delta region[J].Environment M odeling&Assessment,2009,14(3):351-363.
[15]邹旭东,田晓波,杨洪斌,等.2007年冬季沈阳典型大气污染源PM10排放模拟[J].气象与环境学报,2011,27(6):28-34.
[16]余纬.两种天气系统下珠三角气溶胶污染的数值模拟[D].广州:中山大学,2012.
[17]刘宁,王雪松,胡泳涛,等.珠江三角洲秋季PM10污染模拟与形成过程分析[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(9):1537-1545.
[18]韩燕,徐虹,毕晓辉,等.降水对颗粒物的冲刷作用及其对雨水化学的影响[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(2):193-200.
[19]胡敏,张静,吴志军.北京降水化学组成特征及其对大气颗粒物的去除作用[J].中国科学:B辑化学,2005,35(2):169-176.
[20]余纬,罗栩羽,范绍佳,等.珠三角一次重空气污染过程特征分析及数值模拟[J].环境科学研究,2011,24(6):645-653.
[21]Zhang Q,Streets D G,Carmichael G R,et al.Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission[J]Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2009,9(14):5131-5153.
[22]李锋,朱彬,安俊岭,等.2013年12月初长江三角洲及周边地区重雾霾污染的数值模拟[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(7):1965-1974.
[23]常明,刘晓环,刘明旭,等.非采暖期和采暖期青岛市及中国东部臭氧和细颗粒物模拟研究[J].中国海洋大学学报:自然科学版,2016,46(2):14-25.
[24]刘一鸣,洪莹莹,张舒婷,等.珠江三角洲秋季典型气溶胶污染的过程分析[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(12):3017-3025.
[25]王颖,隆霄,余晔,等.复杂地形上气象场对空气质量数值模拟结果影响的研究[J].大气科学,2013,37(1):14-22.
[26]李红斌,周德平,濮文耀.火箭增雨作业部位和催化剂量的确定[J].气象,2005,31(10):42-46.