英国漫游权制度及其在国家公园中的适用
|
摘要
英国的法定漫游权及其制度是乡村政策的重点领域,也是国家公园公益性的重要载体。溯源乡村漫游问题产生的土地制度与法律传统,介绍了英国漫游权立法的历史进程及现行的漫游权内容。从利益机制、适用空间、权利取得方式、法定图则4个方面论述漫游权制度机制。分析国家公园围绕资源保护与促进游憩对漫游权制度进行的调整。最终,根据英国经验提出对中国国家公园体制建设的3点启示。
The UK's legal right to roam/access right and its system are the key areas of rural policy, as well as an important characterization of national park's public interest. This paper traces the roots of issues on access to countryside via land-ownership and legal traditions, and introduces the statutory history and existing provisions of access right. The mechanism of the access right is discussed from four main aspects: interest measurement mechanism, scope of open access land, methods of rights acquisition, and statutory mapping. Further, it analyses the variation of access right in national park on the basis of reconciling resource protection and recreation. In the end, three suggestions are proposed for China's national park system establishment in the light of UK's experiments.
The UK's legal right to roam/access right and its system are the key areas of rural policy, as well as an important characterization of national park's public interest. This paper traces the roots of issues on access to countryside via land-ownership and legal traditions, and introduces the statutory history and existing provisions of access right. The mechanism of the access right is discussed from four main aspects: interest measurement mechanism, scope of open access land, methods of rights acquisition, and statutory mapping. Further, it analyses the variation of access right in national park on the basis of reconciling resource protection and recreation. In the end, three suggestions are proposed for China's national park system establishment in the light of UK's experiments.
引文
[1]Parker G,Ravenscroft N.Benevolence,Nationalism And Hegemony:Fifty Years Of The National Parks And Access To The Countryside Act 1949[J].Leisure Studies,1999,18(4):297-313.
[2]Perle J.The Invisible Fence:An Exploration of Potential Conflict between the Right to Roam and the Right to Exclude[J].Birkbeck Law Review Volume,2015,3(1):77-102.
[3]Robertson H G.Public Access to Private Land for Walking:Environmental and Individual Responsibility as Rationale for Limiting the Right to Exclude[J].Georgetown Environmental Law Review,2011,23:211-262.
[4]Alexander G S.The Sporting Life:Democratic Culture And The Historical Origins Of The Scottish Right To Roam[J].University Of Illinois Law Review,2016(2):321-370.
[5]Sawers B.The Right To Exclude From Unimproved Land[J].Temple Law Review,2010-2011,83:665-696.
[6]张振威.英国进入权法律制度研究[M]//高鸿钧,邓海峰.清华法治论衡:第24辑.北京:清华大学出版社,2015:324-338.
[7]裴丽萍,张启彬.公众共用物使用权视角下的森林进入权构建[J].福建农林大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2015,18(6):102-107.
[8]裴丽萍,张启彬.论森林进入权[J].北京林业大学学报:社会科学版,2016,15(1):38-45.
[9]Anderson J L.Britain's Right to Roam:Redefining the Landowner's Bundle of Sticks[J].Georgetown International Environmental Law Review,2007,19(3):375-436.
[10]陈娟.近代早期英国的公地与土地的公共权利[J].武汉大学学报:人文科学版,2006(2):224-229.
[11](美)温迪·达比.风景与认同:英国民族与阶级地理[M].张箭飞,赵红英,译.南京:译林出版社,2011:142-143;190.
[12]Curry N.Countryside Recreation,Access and Land Use planning:Participation,Preference,Policies[M].Taylor&Francis,1994:2.
[13]Coastal Access-Natural England's Approved Scheme.Natural England,2013(NE446)[EB/OL].(2013-06-13)[2018-03-28].http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/file/5352294828736512.
[14]Anderson J L.Countryside Access and Environmental Protection:An American View of Britain's Right to Roam[J].Environmental Law Review,2007,9(4):241-259.
[15]Countryside access in the UK:a review of associated legislation and policy.National Assembly for Wales,2014[EB/OL].[2018-04-15].http://www.assembly.wales/14-019.pdf.
[16]The"Right to Roam"in England and Wales.Ramblers Association,2007[EB/OL].[2018-04-12].http://www.ramblers.org.uk/~/media/Files/Go%20walking/Access Fact Sheet-FS8.pdf.
[17]王应临,杨锐,埃卡特·兰格.英国国家公园管理体系评述[J].中国园林,2013,29(9):11-19.
[18]McCarthy J,Lloyd G,Illsley B.National parks in Scotland:balancing environment and economy[J].European Planning Studies,2002,10(5):665-670.
[19]徐菲菲.制度可持续性视角下英国国家公园体制建设和管治模式研究[J].旅游科学,2015,29(3):27-35.
[20]Peak District National Park Management Plan Topic Papers.Peak District National Park,2018[EB/OL].[2018-10-12].https://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/_data/assets/pdf_file/0012/968835/BackgroundTopic-Papers.pdf.
[21]赵智聪,彭琳,杨锐.国家公园体制建设背景下中国自然保护地体系的重构[J].中国园林,2016,32(7):11-18.
[22]杨锐.生态保护第一、国家代表性、全民公益性:中国国家公园体制建设的三大理念[J].生物多样性,2017,25(10):1040-1041.
[23]杨锐.论中国国家公园体制建设中的九对关系[J].中国园林,2014,30(8):5-8.
[24]陈耀华,陈康琳.国家公园的公益性内涵及中国风景名胜区的公益性提升对策研究[J].中国园林,2018,34(7):13-16.
[2]Perle J.The Invisible Fence:An Exploration of Potential Conflict between the Right to Roam and the Right to Exclude[J].Birkbeck Law Review Volume,2015,3(1):77-102.
[3]Robertson H G.Public Access to Private Land for Walking:Environmental and Individual Responsibility as Rationale for Limiting the Right to Exclude[J].Georgetown Environmental Law Review,2011,23:211-262.
[4]Alexander G S.The Sporting Life:Democratic Culture And The Historical Origins Of The Scottish Right To Roam[J].University Of Illinois Law Review,2016(2):321-370.
[5]Sawers B.The Right To Exclude From Unimproved Land[J].Temple Law Review,2010-2011,83:665-696.
[6]张振威.英国进入权法律制度研究[M]//高鸿钧,邓海峰.清华法治论衡:第24辑.北京:清华大学出版社,2015:324-338.
[7]裴丽萍,张启彬.公众共用物使用权视角下的森林进入权构建[J].福建农林大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2015,18(6):102-107.
[8]裴丽萍,张启彬.论森林进入权[J].北京林业大学学报:社会科学版,2016,15(1):38-45.
[9]Anderson J L.Britain's Right to Roam:Redefining the Landowner's Bundle of Sticks[J].Georgetown International Environmental Law Review,2007,19(3):375-436.
[10]陈娟.近代早期英国的公地与土地的公共权利[J].武汉大学学报:人文科学版,2006(2):224-229.
[11](美)温迪·达比.风景与认同:英国民族与阶级地理[M].张箭飞,赵红英,译.南京:译林出版社,2011:142-143;190.
[12]Curry N.Countryside Recreation,Access and Land Use planning:Participation,Preference,Policies[M].Taylor&Francis,1994:2.
[13]Coastal Access-Natural England's Approved Scheme.Natural England,2013(NE446)[EB/OL].(2013-06-13)[2018-03-28].http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/file/5352294828736512.
[14]Anderson J L.Countryside Access and Environmental Protection:An American View of Britain's Right to Roam[J].Environmental Law Review,2007,9(4):241-259.
[15]Countryside access in the UK:a review of associated legislation and policy.National Assembly for Wales,2014[EB/OL].[2018-04-15].http://www.assembly.wales/14-019.pdf.
[16]The"Right to Roam"in England and Wales.Ramblers Association,2007[EB/OL].[2018-04-12].http://www.ramblers.org.uk/~/media/Files/Go%20walking/Access Fact Sheet-FS8.pdf.
[17]王应临,杨锐,埃卡特·兰格.英国国家公园管理体系评述[J].中国园林,2013,29(9):11-19.
[18]McCarthy J,Lloyd G,Illsley B.National parks in Scotland:balancing environment and economy[J].European Planning Studies,2002,10(5):665-670.
[19]徐菲菲.制度可持续性视角下英国国家公园体制建设和管治模式研究[J].旅游科学,2015,29(3):27-35.
[20]Peak District National Park Management Plan Topic Papers.Peak District National Park,2018[EB/OL].[2018-10-12].https://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/_data/assets/pdf_file/0012/968835/BackgroundTopic-Papers.pdf.
[21]赵智聪,彭琳,杨锐.国家公园体制建设背景下中国自然保护地体系的重构[J].中国园林,2016,32(7):11-18.
[22]杨锐.生态保护第一、国家代表性、全民公益性:中国国家公园体制建设的三大理念[J].生物多样性,2017,25(10):1040-1041.
[23]杨锐.论中国国家公园体制建设中的九对关系[J].中国园林,2014,30(8):5-8.
[24]陈耀华,陈康琳.国家公园的公益性内涵及中国风景名胜区的公益性提升对策研究[J].中国园林,2018,34(7):13-16.