西医东渐的历史经验及其对中医药“走出去”的启示
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摘要
文章试图通过梳理近代西医东渐的历史,以期为中医药文化的国际传播提供有益的启示。笔者发现除了时代潮流因素之外,西医有如下特点:①首先西医利用自身优势填补了中国医疗及公共领域的空白;②此后的大规模传播离不开背后充足的精神和物质资源支持;③在具体形式上适应本土文化,以消弭群众的误解;④与政府、本地精英合作加强了西医的地位。这段历史对当今中医药文化的国际传播有以下启示:①文化自强是"走出去"的前提;②应结合区域现实,找出并发扬中医药的优势以立足;③应坚持核心精神、适应本土文化以走进人心;④应加强高层次交流与合作,营造良好的社会风尚,以利于中医药文化在海外的进一步发展。
This paper attempted to sort out the history of the spread of modern western medicine to the east, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the international dissemination of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) culture. It turned out that these factors of western medicine itself, besides the epoch factor, contributed to its success: ①making use of its own advantages to fill the gap in medical and public fields of China; ②there were sufficient spiritual and material resources to support the large-scale spread afterwards; ③the adaption to the local culture in practice had eliminated misunderstandings among people;④cooperation with the government and local elites strengthened the position of western medicine. Some implications we can learn from the history for the international communication of TCM culture: ①cultural improvement was the premise of ‘going out'; ②the advantages of TCM based on the regional reality should be find and promote for survival; ③adaption to the local culture without giving up the core value of itself would make it easier to accept; ④high-level exchanges and cooperation should be strengthened, and social grace should be improve because of TCM culture, so as to facilitate the further development of it overseas.
This paper attempted to sort out the history of the spread of modern western medicine to the east, in order to provide useful enlightenment for the international dissemination of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) culture. It turned out that these factors of western medicine itself, besides the epoch factor, contributed to its success: ①making use of its own advantages to fill the gap in medical and public fields of China; ②there were sufficient spiritual and material resources to support the large-scale spread afterwards; ③the adaption to the local culture in practice had eliminated misunderstandings among people;④cooperation with the government and local elites strengthened the position of western medicine. Some implications we can learn from the history for the international communication of TCM culture: ①cultural improvement was the premise of ‘going out'; ②the advantages of TCM based on the regional reality should be find and promote for survival; ③adaption to the local culture without giving up the core value of itself would make it easier to accept; ④high-level exchanges and cooperation should be strengthened, and social grace should be improve because of TCM culture, so as to facilitate the further development of it overseas.
引文
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[17]徐雪莉.中医文化构建中国式健康文化.中国中医药报,2011-12-28(002)
[18]迟莹,齐晓安.发达国家文化产业“走出去”模式及启示.税务与经济,2014(6):45-49
[19]中国科协学会学术部.中医药发展的若干关键问题与思考.北京:中国科学技术出版社,2010:106
[20]张其成.大医国风-张其成访谈录.北京:中国中医药出版社,2017:20
[21]张其成.让中医药走向世界.人民日报,2018-11-15(007)
[2]张宗明.传承中医文化基因中医文化专家访谈录.北京:中国医药科技出版社,2015:14
[3]熊月之.西学东渐与晚清社会.上海:上海人民出版社,1994:737
[4]方豪.中西交通史.上海:上海人民出版社,2008:568-569
[5][罗]尼·斯·米列斯库.中国漫记.北京:中华书局,1989:41
[6]Harold J Cook,W F Bynum,Roy Porter(ed.).Medical Fringe and Medical Orthodoxy,1750-1850.Bulletion of the History of Medical,1988,62(3):492-493
[7]Roy porter.Before the Fringe:Quack Medicine in Georgian England.History Today,1986,36(11):16
[8]徐菁菁.医与患关系断代史:权力、壁垒与困境.三联生活周刊,2016(13):38-42
[9]吴义雄.在宗教与世俗之间:基督教新传教士在华南沿海的早期活动.广州:广东教育出版社,2000:294-298
[10]郝先中.西医东渐与中国近代医疗卫生事业的肇始.华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2005(1):27-33,122
[11]李经纬,鄢良.西学东渐与中国近代医学思潮.武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,1990:57
[12]杨念群.再造“病人”中西医冲突下的空间政治1832-1985.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006:96-118
[13]赵洪钧.近代中西医论争史.合肥:安徽科学技术出版社,1989:19
[14]杨念群.女人、病人和中国转型之痛.中国经营报,2016-03-21(E02)
[15]吴廷燮.北京市志稿2民政志卷14.北京:燕山出版社,1998:566-577
[16]北京市档案馆.北京市卫生局第三卫生区事务所举办秋季卫生运动周召集本区各坊长卫生恳谈会记录.北京档案史料J5全宗1目录613卷:13-25
[17]徐雪莉.中医文化构建中国式健康文化.中国中医药报,2011-12-28(002)
[18]迟莹,齐晓安.发达国家文化产业“走出去”模式及启示.税务与经济,2014(6):45-49
[19]中国科协学会学术部.中医药发展的若干关键问题与思考.北京:中国科学技术出版社,2010:106
[20]张其成.大医国风-张其成访谈录.北京:中国中医药出版社,2017:20
[21]张其成.让中医药走向世界.人民日报,2018-11-15(007)