西安市二氧化硫排放清单及对PM_(2.5)的贡献
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摘要
SO_2是主要的大气污染物,会导致酸沉降,也是二次颗粒物的重要前体物。结合西安市统计年鉴、环境统计数据和现场调查等确定西安市各类SO_2排放源活动水平数据,采用物料衡算法和排放因子法建立了2014年西安市SO_2排放清单。结果表明:2014年西安市SO_2排放量为8. 16×10~4t,平均排放强度为7. 59 t/km~2;固定燃烧源为SO_2的主要排放源,其排放贡献率达到92. 07%;未央区为西安市SO_2排放量最大的区县,排放量为2. 8×10~4t/a;莲湖区排放强度最大,为126. 47 t/km~2。2014年西安市排放的SO_2中有15. 18%转化为硫酸铵,形成了二次细颗粒物PM_(2.5)。
The present paper has been making efforts to create an emission inventory of SO_2 of Xi'an City in 2014 based on the material balance and emission factor method by taking the sulfur dioxide( SO_2) as the major atmospheric pollutant,which is believed to be the chief precursor of the secondary fine particulate matter of acid deposition. And,then,combined with Xi'an Statistical Yearbook,we have identified and determined the environmental statistics data through a field survey of different sulfur dioxide sources in the city. The results of our investigation and determination show that the total amount of SO_2 emissions from the anthropogenic sources in Xi 'an assessment can probably have achieved 8. 16 ×10~4 t in 2014,with the average emission intensity being of 7. 59 t/km2 for the year. Among all the kinds of SO_2 emission source,the fuel combustion can be taken into consideration as a contributive rate of 92. 07%,which serves as the greatest share of such contribution,whereas the contributive rate of the road mobile source,the biomass combustion source and the catering industry occupy merely no more than 1%. As to the power plant source,it should be said that it serves as the biggest share among all the fuel combustion sources with the contribution rate of 38. 6%. What is more,in terms of the regional distribution of sulfur dioxide emission Weiyang District turns out to be one of the most serious counties with SO_2 emission at a rate of 2. 8×10~4 t/a,which is followed by Huyi District and Baqiao District,though the sulfur dioxide emission sources in each district and suburban county prove to be quite different. Besides,in terms of emission intensity,Lianhu district proves to be the most serious one in emission intensity of SO_2 at 126. 47 t/km2,whereas Lantian County is regarded as the lightest one at the rate of0. 73 t/km2. On the contrary,since it is easy for the oxidized SO_2 to release into the atmosphere to form sulfuric or sulphate aerosols,it could be estimated that in 2014,15. 18% of the emissions of sulfur dioxide might have been converted into ammonium sulfate,which can result in the secondary fine particles PM_(2.5) with their sizes of mass being about 2. 55 ×10~4 t. According to the reduction situation of SO_2 emission,their content concentration rates of SO_2 are likely to scatter in the ambient atmosphere nearby the ground floor in Xi'an municipality area.
The present paper has been making efforts to create an emission inventory of SO_2 of Xi'an City in 2014 based on the material balance and emission factor method by taking the sulfur dioxide( SO_2) as the major atmospheric pollutant,which is believed to be the chief precursor of the secondary fine particulate matter of acid deposition. And,then,combined with Xi'an Statistical Yearbook,we have identified and determined the environmental statistics data through a field survey of different sulfur dioxide sources in the city. The results of our investigation and determination show that the total amount of SO_2 emissions from the anthropogenic sources in Xi 'an assessment can probably have achieved 8. 16 ×10~4 t in 2014,with the average emission intensity being of 7. 59 t/km2 for the year. Among all the kinds of SO_2 emission source,the fuel combustion can be taken into consideration as a contributive rate of 92. 07%,which serves as the greatest share of such contribution,whereas the contributive rate of the road mobile source,the biomass combustion source and the catering industry occupy merely no more than 1%. As to the power plant source,it should be said that it serves as the biggest share among all the fuel combustion sources with the contribution rate of 38. 6%. What is more,in terms of the regional distribution of sulfur dioxide emission Weiyang District turns out to be one of the most serious counties with SO_2 emission at a rate of 2. 8×10~4 t/a,which is followed by Huyi District and Baqiao District,though the sulfur dioxide emission sources in each district and suburban county prove to be quite different. Besides,in terms of emission intensity,Lianhu district proves to be the most serious one in emission intensity of SO_2 at 126. 47 t/km2,whereas Lantian County is regarded as the lightest one at the rate of0. 73 t/km2. On the contrary,since it is easy for the oxidized SO_2 to release into the atmosphere to form sulfuric or sulphate aerosols,it could be estimated that in 2014,15. 18% of the emissions of sulfur dioxide might have been converted into ammonium sulfate,which can result in the secondary fine particles PM_(2.5) with their sizes of mass being about 2. 55 ×10~4 t. According to the reduction situation of SO_2 emission,their content concentration rates of SO_2 are likely to scatter in the ambient atmosphere nearby the ground floor in Xi'an municipality area.
引文
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[14] CAO Guoliang(曹国良),ZHANG Xiaoye(张小曳),WANG Dan(王丹),et al. Inventory of atmospheric pollutants discharged from biomass burning in China continent[J]. China Environmental Science(中国环境科学),2005,25(4):389-393.
[15] WANG S G,CHEN B. Accounting of SO2emissions from combustion in industrial boilers[J]. Energy Procedia, 2016, 88:325-329.
[16] ZHENG Xinmei(郑新梅),LI Wenqing(李文青). Development of sulfur dioxide emission inventory and emission reduction analysis for electric power industry in Nanjing City[J]. Auhui Agricultural Science Bulletin(安徽农学通报),2016,22(6):106-110.
[17] HU Yuehong(胡月红),NIU Hao(牛皓). Correlation analysis between sulfur dioxide emissions reduction and air quality in Xi'an City[J]. Environment and Sustainable Development(环境与可持续发展),2014(1):63-69.
[18] GUO Wei(郭伟),CHENG Yan(程燕),FAN Wei(樊巍),et al. Characteristics and affecting factors of atmospheric pollutants in Xi’an[J]. Journal of Earth Environment(地球环境学报),2014,5(4):235-242.
[19] SUN Gennian(孙根年),ZHANG Jing(张静). Study on spatiotemporal change of the sulphation speed in atmosphere in Xi'an City during the period of 1989-2003[J]. Arid Zone Research(干旱区研究),2006,23(3):478-483.
[20] CAO Junji(曹军骥). PM2. 5and the environment in China(PM2. 5与环境)[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2014:115-129.
[21] ZHAO Bin(赵斌),MA Jianzhong(马建中). Development of an air pollutant emission inventory for Tianjin[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae(环境科学学报),2008,28(2):368-375.
[22] The First National Pollution Census Data Compilation Committee(第一次全国污染普查资料编纂委员会). China pollution source census(污染源普查产排污系数手册)[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2011.
[23] Ministry of Environment of the People’s Republic of China(环境保护部). Technical guidelines of air pollutant emission inventory of non-road moving sources(非道路移动源大气污染物排放清单编制技术指南(试行))[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2014.
[24] Ministry of Environment of the People’s Republic of China(环境保护部). Technical guidelines of air pollutant emission inventory of biomass combustion sources(生物质燃烧源大气污染物排放清单编制技术指南(试行))[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2014.
[25] WANG Li(王丽),LI Xueming(李雪铭),XU Yan(许妍). The economic losses caused by crop residues burnt in open field in china[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment(干旱区资源与环境),2008,22(2):170-175.
[26] YAN Dongjie(闫东杰),SU Hang(苏航),HUANG Xuemin(黄学敏),et al. VOCs emission inventory of anthropogenic sources in Xi'an[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae(环境科学学报),2017,37(2):446-452.
[27] MO Hua(莫华),ZHU Fahua(朱法华),WANG Sheng(王圣).Contribution to PM2. 5of atmospheric pollutant emission from thermal power sector and emission reduction countermeasures[J].Electric Power(中国电力),2013,40(8):1-6.
[2] LIU Xiaoyu(刘晓宇),LANG Jianlei(郎建垒),CHENG Shuiyuan(程水源),et al. Pollution characteristics and regional migration impact of PM2. 5in Beijing in winter season[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报), 2018, 18(3):1200-1205.
[3] HAO Jiming(郝吉明),MA Guangda(马广大),WANG Shuxiao(王书肖). Air pollution control engineering(大气污染控制工程)[M]. Beijing:Higher Education Press,2010:324-377.
[4] VARHELYI G. Continental and global sulfur budgets—I. Anthropogenic SO2emission[J]. Atmospheric Environment,1985,19(2):1029-1040.
[5] US Environmental Protection Agency. National emission inventory data(NEI)[EB/OL]. Washington DC:US EPA,2008[2015-11-18]. http://www. epa. gov/ttn/chief/net/2008 inventory.html.
[6] European Environment Agency(EEA). EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook—2009[EB/OL]. Denmark:EEA,2009[2015-11-18]. http://www. eea. europa. eu//publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-2009.
[7] European Environment Agency(EEA). COPERTⅢ-computer program to calculate emissions from road transport:methodology and emission(version 2. 1)[R]. Denmark:European Environment Agency,2000:9-37.
[8] WANG Wenxing(王文兴),WANG Wei(王玮),ZHANG Wanhua(张婉华),et al. Geographycal distribution of SO2and NOxemission intensities and trends in China[J]. China Environment Science(中国环境科学),1996,16(3):161-167.
[9] ZHENG J Y,ZHANG L J,CHE W W,et al. A highly resolved temporal and spatial air pollutant emission inventory for the Pearl River Delta region,China and its uncertainty assessment[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(32):5112-5122.
[10] QI J,ZHENG B,LI M,et al. A high-resolution air pollutants emission inventory in 2013 for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2017,170:156-168.
[11] YE Xianman(叶贤满),XU Chang(徐昶),HONG Shengmao(洪盛茂),et al. Emission inventory and characteristics of air pollutants in Hangzhou[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China(中国环境监测),2015,31(2):5-11.
[12] CHEN Guolei(陈国磊),ZHOU Ying(周颖),CHENG Shuiyuan(程水源),et al. Air pollutant emission inventory and impact of typical industries on PM2. 5in Chengde[J]. Environmental Science(环境科学),2016,37(11):4069-4079.
[13] ZHAO Lingjie(赵羚杰). Study on air pollutant emissions of iron and steel plants in China and the cost of emission reduction(中国钢铁行业大气污染物排放清单及减排成本研究)[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2016.
[14] CAO Guoliang(曹国良),ZHANG Xiaoye(张小曳),WANG Dan(王丹),et al. Inventory of atmospheric pollutants discharged from biomass burning in China continent[J]. China Environmental Science(中国环境科学),2005,25(4):389-393.
[15] WANG S G,CHEN B. Accounting of SO2emissions from combustion in industrial boilers[J]. Energy Procedia, 2016, 88:325-329.
[16] ZHENG Xinmei(郑新梅),LI Wenqing(李文青). Development of sulfur dioxide emission inventory and emission reduction analysis for electric power industry in Nanjing City[J]. Auhui Agricultural Science Bulletin(安徽农学通报),2016,22(6):106-110.
[17] HU Yuehong(胡月红),NIU Hao(牛皓). Correlation analysis between sulfur dioxide emissions reduction and air quality in Xi'an City[J]. Environment and Sustainable Development(环境与可持续发展),2014(1):63-69.
[18] GUO Wei(郭伟),CHENG Yan(程燕),FAN Wei(樊巍),et al. Characteristics and affecting factors of atmospheric pollutants in Xi’an[J]. Journal of Earth Environment(地球环境学报),2014,5(4):235-242.
[19] SUN Gennian(孙根年),ZHANG Jing(张静). Study on spatiotemporal change of the sulphation speed in atmosphere in Xi'an City during the period of 1989-2003[J]. Arid Zone Research(干旱区研究),2006,23(3):478-483.
[20] CAO Junji(曹军骥). PM2. 5and the environment in China(PM2. 5与环境)[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2014:115-129.
[21] ZHAO Bin(赵斌),MA Jianzhong(马建中). Development of an air pollutant emission inventory for Tianjin[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae(环境科学学报),2008,28(2):368-375.
[22] The First National Pollution Census Data Compilation Committee(第一次全国污染普查资料编纂委员会). China pollution source census(污染源普查产排污系数手册)[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2011.
[23] Ministry of Environment of the People’s Republic of China(环境保护部). Technical guidelines of air pollutant emission inventory of non-road moving sources(非道路移动源大气污染物排放清单编制技术指南(试行))[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2014.
[24] Ministry of Environment of the People’s Republic of China(环境保护部). Technical guidelines of air pollutant emission inventory of biomass combustion sources(生物质燃烧源大气污染物排放清单编制技术指南(试行))[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2014.
[25] WANG Li(王丽),LI Xueming(李雪铭),XU Yan(许妍). The economic losses caused by crop residues burnt in open field in china[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment(干旱区资源与环境),2008,22(2):170-175.
[26] YAN Dongjie(闫东杰),SU Hang(苏航),HUANG Xuemin(黄学敏),et al. VOCs emission inventory of anthropogenic sources in Xi'an[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae(环境科学学报),2017,37(2):446-452.
[27] MO Hua(莫华),ZHU Fahua(朱法华),WANG Sheng(王圣).Contribution to PM2. 5of atmospheric pollutant emission from thermal power sector and emission reduction countermeasures[J].Electric Power(中国电力),2013,40(8):1-6.