本体性意义与学科反思:大数据时代社会学研究的回应
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摘要
大数据应用对社会学的研究产生了巨大的影响,以至于出现方法学转向乃至"理论终结说"的主张。但是,从本体论角度来说,大数据的局限性在于它过度简单化了社会生活,因而忽略抑或悬置了社会生活所具有的历史特殊意义。而大数据推崇者所宣称的意义指的是客观、普遍的意义,这无疑是一种曲解。此外,如果越来越多的学者热衷于"计算社会学""新计算社会学"的研究,那么很可能会导致学科的分支化倾向。因而在大数据时代,我们更要秉持学科中的重要内容,即理论的意义以及人文的关怀。简言之,在学科反思的层面上,"溯洄涵泳"式的回应必要且紧迫。
The impact of big data on sociological researches is so massive that a methodological turn or rather a statement of "The End of Theory"has occurred.However,in the ontological perspective,the limitation of big data is that it over simplifies social life,thus ignoring or suspending its special historical meaning.The meaning declared by big data advocators refers to the objective and general meaning,which is a distorted interpretation.In addition,if more and more scholars are devoted to "computational sociology"or "new computational sociology",a further disciplinary division will take place as a result.In this regard,we should uphold the essentials of the discipline such as theoretical significance and humanistic concern.In a nutshell,an urgent response to the big data era is necessary,which calls for"swimming against the stream"on the level of disciplinary reflection.
The impact of big data on sociological researches is so massive that a methodological turn or rather a statement of "The End of Theory"has occurred.However,in the ontological perspective,the limitation of big data is that it over simplifies social life,thus ignoring or suspending its special historical meaning.The meaning declared by big data advocators refers to the objective and general meaning,which is a distorted interpretation.In addition,if more and more scholars are devoted to "computational sociology"or "new computational sociology",a further disciplinary division will take place as a result.In this regard,we should uphold the essentials of the discipline such as theoretical significance and humanistic concern.In a nutshell,an urgent response to the big data era is necessary,which calls for"swimming against the stream"on the level of disciplinary reflection.
引文
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[2][法]福柯.规训与惩罚[M].刘北成,杨远婴,译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1999:194-200.
[3]Erving Goffman.Asylum:Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates[M].New York:Anchor Books,1961:127-131.
[4]叶启政.均值人与离散人的观念巴贝塔:统计社会学的两个概念基石[J].台湾社会学,2001(1):1-63.
[5]Jerzy Neyman.The Emergence of Mathematical Statistics:A Historical Sketch with Particular Reference to the United States[M]//Donald B Owen.On the History of Statistics and Probability.New York:Marcel Dekker,1976:149-193.
[6]郑震.社会学方法的综合---以问卷法和访谈法为例[J].社会科学,2016(11):93-100.
[7][德]亨普尔.自然科学的哲学[M].张华夏,余谋昌,鲁旭东,译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1987:102.
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[9]Mckinsey Clobal Institute.Big Data:The Next Frontier For Innovation,Competition,And Productivity[R].Chicago:Mckinsey&Company,2011.
[10]Anthony Giddens.The Consequences of Modernity[M].California:Stanford University Press,1990:151.
[11][美]彭特兰.智慧社会:大数据与社会物理学[M].汪小帆,汪容,译.杭州:浙江人民出版社,2015:2.
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[13]David Lazer,Alex Pentland.Life in The Network:The Coming Age of Computational Social Science[J].Science,2009(5915):721-723.
[14]Claudio Cioffi-Revilla.Introduction to Computational Social Science[M].London:Springer-Verlag,2014.
[15]陈云松.大数据中的百年社会学---基于百万书籍的文化影响力研究[J].社会学研究,2015(1):23-48.
[16]陈云松,吴青熹,张翼.近三百年中国城市的国际知名度:基于大数据的描述与回归[J].社会,2015(5):60-77.
[17]陈云松,朱灿然,张亮亮.代内“文化反授”:概念、理论和大数据实证[J].社会学研究,2017(1):78-100.
[18]罗玮,罗教讲.新计算社会学:大数据时代的社会学研究[J].社会学研究,2015(3):222-241.
[19]Chris Anderson.The End of Theory,Will the Data Deluge Makes the Scientific Method Obsolete?[J/OL].(2008-06-30)[2018-03-02].https://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/anderson08/anderson08_index.html/,2008.
[20]孙秀林,施润华.社会学应该拥抱大数据[J].新视野,2016(3):36-41.
[21]Stephen Baker.The Numerati[M].Boston:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,2008:22
[22]潘绥铭.生活是如何被篡改为数据的?---大数据套用到研究人类的“原罪”[J].新视野,2016(3):32-35.
[23]Jim Harris.Big Data Hubris[N/OL].(2014-03-26)[2018-03-05].http://blogs.sas.com/content/datamanagement/2014/03/26/big-data-hubris/,2014.
[24]刘林平,蒋和超,李潇晓.规律与因果:大数据对社会科学研究冲击之反思[J].社会科学,2016(9):67-80.
[25]mile Durkheim.Les régles de la methodesociologique[M].Paris:PUF,1996:14.
[26]George C Homans.Social Behavior:Its Elementary Forms[M].New York:Harcourt,Brace&World Inc,1961:38.
[27]谢志刚.大数据再掀经济学方法论之争[N].中国社会科学报,2015-09-17(002).
[28]郑震.论日常生活[J].社会学研究,2013(1):65-88.
[29]Max Weber.Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft:Grundriss der verstehenden[M].Tübingen:Jakob Christian Benjamin Mohr,1972.
[30]郑震.作为存在的身体[M].南京:南京大学出版社,2007:14-25.
[31]Alfred Schütz.The Problems of Social Reality[M].Netherlands:Springer,1973.
[32]Alfred Schütz.Der Sinnhafte Aufbau Der Sozialen Welt[M].Wien:Verlag von Julius Springer,1932:38.
[33][德]狄尔泰.历史中的意义[M].艾彦,译.南京:译林出版社,2014:17.
[34]Charles W Mills.The Sociological Imagination[M].London:Oxford University Press,1976.
[35]成伯清.情感、叙事与想象---将历史维度带回社会学[J].江海学刊,2015(5):100-106.
[36]Richard D Precht.Wer Bin Ich und wenn ja,wie viele[M].München:Wilhelm Goldmann Verlag,2007:65.
[37]Abraham Kaplan.The Conduct of Inquiry:Methodology for Behavioral Science[M].Scranton:Chandler Publishing Coompany,1964:209.
[38]叶启政.实证的迷思:重估社会科学经验研究[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2018.
[39]成伯清.社会学的修辞[J].社会学研究,2002(5):46-61.
[40]Norbert Elias.On Civilization,Power and Knowledge:Selected Writings[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1998:239-240.
[41]Martin Heidegger.The Question Concerning Technology[M].New York:Garland Publishing,Inc,1977:4.
[42]Gary King.Restructuring the Social Sciences:Reflections from Harvard's Institute for Quantitative Social Science[J].Political Science and Politics,2014(1):165-172.
[43]Karl Jaspers.The Origin and Goal of History[M].New Haven,London:Yale University Press,1965:2.
[44]余英时.论天人之际[M].台北:联经出版事业股份有限公司,2014:9.
[45]Max Weber.Gesammelte Aufstze zur Wissenschaftslehre[M].Tübingen:Jakob Christian Benjamin Mohr,1988:540.
[46][德]韦伯.韦伯方法论文集[M].张旺山,译.台北:联经出版事业股份有限公司,2013:538.
(1)19世纪30年代,由门格尔(Carl Menger)和施穆勒(Gustav von Schmoller)私人的学术争论引发了奥地利经济学派同德国历史学派的派别论争,此为第一次方法学之争。而在20世纪中期,弗里德曼(Milton Friedman)与萨缪尔森(Paul A Samuelson)因经济学方法学观点的不同而在学界中掀起第二次方法学之争。
(2)《生活是如何被篡改为数据的?——大数据套用到研究人类的“原罪”》一文的四个副标题(现实生活被裁剪、社会情境被忽视、主题建构被抹煞、生活意义被取消)涉及的是认识论问题。
[2][法]福柯.规训与惩罚[M].刘北成,杨远婴,译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1999:194-200.
[3]Erving Goffman.Asylum:Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates[M].New York:Anchor Books,1961:127-131.
[4]叶启政.均值人与离散人的观念巴贝塔:统计社会学的两个概念基石[J].台湾社会学,2001(1):1-63.
[5]Jerzy Neyman.The Emergence of Mathematical Statistics:A Historical Sketch with Particular Reference to the United States[M]//Donald B Owen.On the History of Statistics and Probability.New York:Marcel Dekker,1976:149-193.
[6]郑震.社会学方法的综合---以问卷法和访谈法为例[J].社会科学,2016(11):93-100.
[7][德]亨普尔.自然科学的哲学[M].张华夏,余谋昌,鲁旭东,译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1987:102.
[8]Carl Hempel.Philosophy of Natural Science[M].New Jersey:Prentice-Hall Inc,1966:245.
[9]Mckinsey Clobal Institute.Big Data:The Next Frontier For Innovation,Competition,And Productivity[R].Chicago:Mckinsey&Company,2011.
[10]Anthony Giddens.The Consequences of Modernity[M].California:Stanford University Press,1990:151.
[11][美]彭特兰.智慧社会:大数据与社会物理学[M].汪小帆,汪容,译.杭州:浙江人民出版社,2015:2.
[12][英]舍恩伯格,[英]库克耶.大数据时代:生活、工作与思维的大变革[M].盛杨燕,周涛,译.杭州:浙江人民出版社,2014.
[13]David Lazer,Alex Pentland.Life in The Network:The Coming Age of Computational Social Science[J].Science,2009(5915):721-723.
[14]Claudio Cioffi-Revilla.Introduction to Computational Social Science[M].London:Springer-Verlag,2014.
[15]陈云松.大数据中的百年社会学---基于百万书籍的文化影响力研究[J].社会学研究,2015(1):23-48.
[16]陈云松,吴青熹,张翼.近三百年中国城市的国际知名度:基于大数据的描述与回归[J].社会,2015(5):60-77.
[17]陈云松,朱灿然,张亮亮.代内“文化反授”:概念、理论和大数据实证[J].社会学研究,2017(1):78-100.
[18]罗玮,罗教讲.新计算社会学:大数据时代的社会学研究[J].社会学研究,2015(3):222-241.
[19]Chris Anderson.The End of Theory,Will the Data Deluge Makes the Scientific Method Obsolete?[J/OL].(2008-06-30)[2018-03-02].https://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/anderson08/anderson08_index.html/,2008.
[20]孙秀林,施润华.社会学应该拥抱大数据[J].新视野,2016(3):36-41.
[21]Stephen Baker.The Numerati[M].Boston:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,2008:22
[22]潘绥铭.生活是如何被篡改为数据的?---大数据套用到研究人类的“原罪”[J].新视野,2016(3):32-35.
[23]Jim Harris.Big Data Hubris[N/OL].(2014-03-26)[2018-03-05].http://blogs.sas.com/content/datamanagement/2014/03/26/big-data-hubris/,2014.
[24]刘林平,蒋和超,李潇晓.规律与因果:大数据对社会科学研究冲击之反思[J].社会科学,2016(9):67-80.
[25]mile Durkheim.Les régles de la methodesociologique[M].Paris:PUF,1996:14.
[26]George C Homans.Social Behavior:Its Elementary Forms[M].New York:Harcourt,Brace&World Inc,1961:38.
[27]谢志刚.大数据再掀经济学方法论之争[N].中国社会科学报,2015-09-17(002).
[28]郑震.论日常生活[J].社会学研究,2013(1):65-88.
[29]Max Weber.Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft:Grundriss der verstehenden[M].Tübingen:Jakob Christian Benjamin Mohr,1972.
[30]郑震.作为存在的身体[M].南京:南京大学出版社,2007:14-25.
[31]Alfred Schütz.The Problems of Social Reality[M].Netherlands:Springer,1973.
[32]Alfred Schütz.Der Sinnhafte Aufbau Der Sozialen Welt[M].Wien:Verlag von Julius Springer,1932:38.
[33][德]狄尔泰.历史中的意义[M].艾彦,译.南京:译林出版社,2014:17.
[34]Charles W Mills.The Sociological Imagination[M].London:Oxford University Press,1976.
[35]成伯清.情感、叙事与想象---将历史维度带回社会学[J].江海学刊,2015(5):100-106.
[36]Richard D Precht.Wer Bin Ich und wenn ja,wie viele[M].München:Wilhelm Goldmann Verlag,2007:65.
[37]Abraham Kaplan.The Conduct of Inquiry:Methodology for Behavioral Science[M].Scranton:Chandler Publishing Coompany,1964:209.
[38]叶启政.实证的迷思:重估社会科学经验研究[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2018.
[39]成伯清.社会学的修辞[J].社会学研究,2002(5):46-61.
[40]Norbert Elias.On Civilization,Power and Knowledge:Selected Writings[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1998:239-240.
[41]Martin Heidegger.The Question Concerning Technology[M].New York:Garland Publishing,Inc,1977:4.
[42]Gary King.Restructuring the Social Sciences:Reflections from Harvard's Institute for Quantitative Social Science[J].Political Science and Politics,2014(1):165-172.
[43]Karl Jaspers.The Origin and Goal of History[M].New Haven,London:Yale University Press,1965:2.
[44]余英时.论天人之际[M].台北:联经出版事业股份有限公司,2014:9.
[45]Max Weber.Gesammelte Aufstze zur Wissenschaftslehre[M].Tübingen:Jakob Christian Benjamin Mohr,1988:540.
[46][德]韦伯.韦伯方法论文集[M].张旺山,译.台北:联经出版事业股份有限公司,2013:538.
(1)19世纪30年代,由门格尔(Carl Menger)和施穆勒(Gustav von Schmoller)私人的学术争论引发了奥地利经济学派同德国历史学派的派别论争,此为第一次方法学之争。而在20世纪中期,弗里德曼(Milton Friedman)与萨缪尔森(Paul A Samuelson)因经济学方法学观点的不同而在学界中掀起第二次方法学之争。
(2)《生活是如何被篡改为数据的?——大数据套用到研究人类的“原罪”》一文的四个副标题(现实生活被裁剪、社会情境被忽视、主题建构被抹煞、生活意义被取消)涉及的是认识论问题。