干湿交替灌溉对抗旱性不同水稻品种产量的影响及其生理原因分析
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摘要
【目的】旨在阐明全生育期干湿交替灌溉对抗旱性不同水稻品种产量的影响。【方法】以抗旱性差异显著的4个水稻品种(籼稻扬稻6号和两优培九,粳稻旱优8号和镇稻88)为材料,以常规水层灌溉(CI)为对照,在盆栽条件下研究了轻干湿交替灌溉(WMD)和重干湿交替灌溉(WSD)对水稻产量、根系、叶片及籽粒部分生理特性的影响。【结果】与CI相比,WMD处理下抗旱性较强品种扬稻6号和旱优8号产量分别提高6.90%和7.45%,抗旱性较弱品种两优培九和镇稻88产量分别降低7.28%和8.10%。WSD处理下,4个水稻品种的产量均显著下降,抗旱性较弱的品种产量降幅远高于抗旱性较强的水稻品种。WMD处理下,扬稻6号和旱优8号复水后根系氧化力、根系与叶片细胞分裂素(玉米素+玉米素核苷)含量、叶片光合速率和籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶的活性均较CI有不同程度提高,而两优培九和镇稻88上述指标则与CI持平或有不同程度降低。WSD处理下,4个品种上述指标均较CI不同程度降低。【结论】轻干湿交替灌溉条件下,根系活性强、叶片细胞分裂素含量和光合速率高、籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性强是抗旱性较强水稻品种的基本生理特征。
【Objective】We aim to reveal the effects of alternate wetting and irrigation during whole growth period on grain yield in rice cultivars with different drought resistance and its physiological mechanisms.【Method】With four rice cultivars differed in drought resistance, Yangdao 6 and Liangyoupeijiu(indica), Hanyou 8 and Zhendao 88(japonica), as materials, three water management regimes, i.e. CI(conventional irrigation), WMD(alternate wetting and moderate drying irrigation) and WSD(alternate wetting and severe drying irrigation) during the whole growing season were conducted to investigate their effects on grain yield in a pot experiment.【Result】Compared with CI, WMD significantly increased the grain yields of Yangdao 6 and Hanyou 8 with higher drought resistance by 6.9% and 7.5%, and decreased those of Liangyoupeijiu and Zhendao 88 with lower drought resistance by 7.28% and 8.10%, respectively. Under WSD, the grain yields of four cultivars all decreased significantly, but the yield declines in Liangyoupeijiu and Zhendao 88 were much higher than those in Yangdao 6 and Hanyou 8. Under WMD, root oxidation activity, cytokinin(zeatin + zeatin riboside) content in roots and leaves, leaf photosynthetic rate and water potential, activities of enzymes involved in sucrose-to-starch conversion in grains were all significantly increased in Yangdao 6 and Hanyou 8 after re-watering and they were all nearly the same or decreased in Liangyoupeijiu and Zhendao 88. Under WSD, these indices were all decreased in four rice cultivars. 【Conclusion】 Stronger root oxidation activity, higher cytokinin(zeatin + zeatin riboside) content in roots and leaves, greater photosynthetic rate and water potential of leaves and activities of enzymes involved in sucrose-to-starch conversion in grains after re-watering were the basic physiological characteristics in rice cultivars with strong drought resistance under WMD.
【Objective】We aim to reveal the effects of alternate wetting and irrigation during whole growth period on grain yield in rice cultivars with different drought resistance and its physiological mechanisms.【Method】With four rice cultivars differed in drought resistance, Yangdao 6 and Liangyoupeijiu(indica), Hanyou 8 and Zhendao 88(japonica), as materials, three water management regimes, i.e. CI(conventional irrigation), WMD(alternate wetting and moderate drying irrigation) and WSD(alternate wetting and severe drying irrigation) during the whole growing season were conducted to investigate their effects on grain yield in a pot experiment.【Result】Compared with CI, WMD significantly increased the grain yields of Yangdao 6 and Hanyou 8 with higher drought resistance by 6.9% and 7.5%, and decreased those of Liangyoupeijiu and Zhendao 88 with lower drought resistance by 7.28% and 8.10%, respectively. Under WSD, the grain yields of four cultivars all decreased significantly, but the yield declines in Liangyoupeijiu and Zhendao 88 were much higher than those in Yangdao 6 and Hanyou 8. Under WMD, root oxidation activity, cytokinin(zeatin + zeatin riboside) content in roots and leaves, leaf photosynthetic rate and water potential, activities of enzymes involved in sucrose-to-starch conversion in grains were all significantly increased in Yangdao 6 and Hanyou 8 after re-watering and they were all nearly the same or decreased in Liangyoupeijiu and Zhendao 88. Under WSD, these indices were all decreased in four rice cultivars. 【Conclusion】 Stronger root oxidation activity, higher cytokinin(zeatin + zeatin riboside) content in roots and leaves, greater photosynthetic rate and water potential of leaves and activities of enzymes involved in sucrose-to-starch conversion in grains after re-watering were the basic physiological characteristics in rice cultivars with strong drought resistance under WMD.
引文
[1]杨文钰,屠乃美.作物栽培学各论.北京:中国农业出版社,2003,2:5-8.Yang W Y,Tu N M.Crop Cultivation Theory.Beijing:China Agricultural Publishing House,2003,2:5-8.
[2]中华人民共和国水利部.2006年中国水资源公报.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007.The Ministry of Water Resources.China Water Resources Bulletin.Beijing:China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press,2007.
[3]张伟义.大力推广“薄、浅、湿润、晒”灌溉新技术促使农业再上新台阶.上海水利,1998,s2:37-39.Zhang W Y.Vigorously promote the“thin、shallow、moist、sun”irrigation technology to promote agriculture to a new level.Shanghai Water,1998,s2:37-39.
[4]吴端普,吴天恩,吴亚雄.水稻需水规律与灌溉技术试验研究.农田水利与小水电,1995,11:11-13.Wu D P,Wu T E,Wu Y X.Study on rice water requirement and irrigation technique.China Rural Water Hydrop,1995,11:11-13.
[5]李远华,张祖莲,赵长友,薛继亮,余峰,赛力克·加甫.水稻间歇灌溉的节水增产机理研究.中国农村水利水电,1998,11:12-15.Li Y H,Zhang Z L,Zhao C Y,Xue J L,Yu F,Sailike J.Study on water saving and yield increasing mechanism of rice intermittent irrigation.China Rural Water Hydrop,1998,11:12-15.
[6]张恩江,韩雪冰,刘春河.寒区水稻节水控制灌溉技术应用研究.黑龙江水专学报,2007,34(2):11-13.Zhang E J,Han X B,Liu C H.Water saving control irrigation technique of rice in cold regions of Heilongjiang province.J Heilongjiang Hydraul Engin Coll,2007,34(2):11-13.
[7]周立奎,焦艳.对水稻控制灌溉技术应用的研究.中国科技信息,2007,12:63-64.Zhou L K,Jiao Y.Study on application of controlled irrigation technique of rice.China Sci Technol Infor,2007,12:63-64.
[8]Toung TP,Bouman BAM,Mortimer M.More rice,less water-integrated approaches for increasing water productivity in irrigated rice-based systems in Asia.Plant Prod Sci,2005,8:231-241.
[9]Won J G,Choi J S,Lee S P,Son S H,Chung S O.Water saving by shallow intermittent irrigation and growth of rice.Plant Prod Sci,2005,8:487-492.
[10]Yang C,Yang L,Yang Y,Ouyang Z.Rice root growth and nutrient uptake as influenced by organic manure in continuously and alternately flooded paddy soils.Agric Water Manag,2004,70:67-81.
[11]Kukal S S,Aggarwal G C.Pudding depth and intensity effects in rice-wheat system on a sandy loam soil,II Water use and crop performance.Soil Till Res,2003,74:37-45.
[12]Bouman BAM,Fen Lg,Tuong TP,Lu L,Wang H,Feng Y.Exploring options to grow rice using less water in nitrogen China using a modeling approach:II.Quantifying yield,water balance components,and water productivity.Agric Water Manag,2007,88:23-33.
[13]Mishra H S,Rathore T R,Pant R C.Effect of intermittent irrigation on groundwater table contribution,irrigation requirement and yield of rice in Mullions of Tarai region.Agric Water Manag,1990,18:231-241.
[14]Tabbal D F,Bouman B A M,Bhuiyan S I,Sibayan E B,Sattar MA.On-farm strategies for reducing water input in irrigated rice:case studies in the Philippines.Agric Water Manag,2002,56:93-112.
[15]陈新红,徐国伟,孙华山,王志琴,杨建昌.结实期土壤水分与氮素营养对水稻产量与品质的影响.扬州大学学报:农业与生命科学版,2003,24(3):37-41.Chen X H,Xu G W,Sun H S,Wang Z Q,Yang J C.Effects of soil moisture and nitrogen nutrition during grain filling on the grain yield and quality of rice.J Yangzhou Univ:Agric Life Sci Ed,2003,24(3):37-41.
[16]胡继超,姜东,曹卫星,罗卫红.短期干旱对水稻叶水势、光合作用及干物质分配的影响.应用生态学报,2004,15(1):63-67.Hu J C,Jiang D,Cao W X,Luo W H.Effect of shortterm drought on leaf water potential photosynthesis and dry matter partitioning in paddy rice.Chin J Appl Ecol,2004,15(1):63-67.
[17]章骏德,刘国屏,施永宁.植物生理实验法.南昌:江西人民出版社,1982,52-57.Zhang J D,Liu G P,Shi Y N.Experimental plant physiology.Nanchang:Jiangxi People’s Publishing House,1981,153:561-571
[18]陈远平,杨文钰.卵叶韭休眠芽中GA3、IAA、ABA和ZT的高效液相色谱法测定.四川农业大学学报,2005,23(4):60-68.Chen Y P,Yang W Y.Determination of GA3,IAA,ABA,and ZT in dormant buds of allium ovalifolium by HPLC.J Sichuan Agric Univ,2005,23(4):60-68.
[19]Weiler E W,Jordan P S,Conrad W.Levels of indole-3-acetic acid in intact and decapitated as determined by a specific and highly sensitive solid-phase enzyme immay.Planta,1981,153:561-571.
[20]Yang J C,Zhang J H,Wang Z Q,Zhu Q S,Liu L J.Activities of enzymes involved in sucrose-to-starch metabolism in rice grains subjected to water stress during filling.Field Crops Res,2003,81:69-81.
[21]Yang J C,Zhang J H,Liu L J,Wang Z Q,Zhu Q S.Carbon remobilization and grain filling in japonica/indica hybrid rice subjected to postanthesis water deficits.Agron J,2002,94:102-109.
[22]Yang J C,Zhang J H,Wang Z Q,Liu L J,Zhu Q S.Postanthesis water deficits enhance grain filling in twoline hybrid rice.Crop Sci,2003,43(6):2099-2108.
[23]Belder P,Bouman B A M,Cabangon R,Guoan L,Quilang E J P,Li Y,Spiertz J H J,Tuong T P.Effect of water-saving irrigation on rice yield and water use in typical lowland conditions in Asia.Agric Water Manag,2004,65:193-210.
[24]Ramasamy S,Berge H,Purushothaman S.Yield formation in rice in response to drainage and nitrogen application.Field Crops Res,1997,51:65–82.
[25]Chu G,Chen T,Wang Z,Yang,J,Zhang J.Morphological and physiological traits of roots and their relationships with water productivity in water-saving and droughtresistant rice.Field Crops Res,2014,162:108-119.
[26]Li H,Liu L,Wang Z,Yang J,Zhang J.Agronomic and physiological performance of high-yielding wheat and rice in the lower reaches of Yangtze River of China.Field Crops Res,2012,133:119-129.
[27]Yao F,Huang J,Cui K,Nie L,Xiang J,Liu X,Wu W,Chen M,Peng S.Agronomic performance of highyielding rice variety grown under alternate wetting an drying irrigation.Field Crops Res,2012,126:16-22.
[28]Stoop W A,Uphoff N,Kassam A.A review of agricultural research issues raised by the system of rice intensification(SRI)from Madagascar:opportunities for improving farming system for resource-poor farmers.Agric Sys,2002,71:249-274.
[29]Yang J,Zhang J,Wang Z,Zhu Q,Wang W.Hormonal changes in the grains of rice subjected to water stress during grain filling.Plant Physiol,2001,127:315-323.
[30]Wopereis M C S,Kropff M J,Maligaya A R,Tuong T P.Drought-stress responses of two lowland rice cultivars to soil water status.Field Crops Res,1996,46:21-39.
[31]Lu J,Ookawa T,Hirasawa T.The effects of irrigation regimes on the water use,dry matter production and physiological responses of paddy rice.Plant Soil,2000,223:207-216.
[32]Cheng C Y,Lur H S.Ethylene may be involved in abortion of the maize caryopsis.Physiol Plant,1996,98:245-252.
[33]Apelbaum A,Yang SF.Biosynthesis of stress-ethylene induced by water deficit.Plant Physiol,1981,68:594-596.
[2]中华人民共和国水利部.2006年中国水资源公报.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007.The Ministry of Water Resources.China Water Resources Bulletin.Beijing:China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press,2007.
[3]张伟义.大力推广“薄、浅、湿润、晒”灌溉新技术促使农业再上新台阶.上海水利,1998,s2:37-39.Zhang W Y.Vigorously promote the“thin、shallow、moist、sun”irrigation technology to promote agriculture to a new level.Shanghai Water,1998,s2:37-39.
[4]吴端普,吴天恩,吴亚雄.水稻需水规律与灌溉技术试验研究.农田水利与小水电,1995,11:11-13.Wu D P,Wu T E,Wu Y X.Study on rice water requirement and irrigation technique.China Rural Water Hydrop,1995,11:11-13.
[5]李远华,张祖莲,赵长友,薛继亮,余峰,赛力克·加甫.水稻间歇灌溉的节水增产机理研究.中国农村水利水电,1998,11:12-15.Li Y H,Zhang Z L,Zhao C Y,Xue J L,Yu F,Sailike J.Study on water saving and yield increasing mechanism of rice intermittent irrigation.China Rural Water Hydrop,1998,11:12-15.
[6]张恩江,韩雪冰,刘春河.寒区水稻节水控制灌溉技术应用研究.黑龙江水专学报,2007,34(2):11-13.Zhang E J,Han X B,Liu C H.Water saving control irrigation technique of rice in cold regions of Heilongjiang province.J Heilongjiang Hydraul Engin Coll,2007,34(2):11-13.
[7]周立奎,焦艳.对水稻控制灌溉技术应用的研究.中国科技信息,2007,12:63-64.Zhou L K,Jiao Y.Study on application of controlled irrigation technique of rice.China Sci Technol Infor,2007,12:63-64.
[8]Toung TP,Bouman BAM,Mortimer M.More rice,less water-integrated approaches for increasing water productivity in irrigated rice-based systems in Asia.Plant Prod Sci,2005,8:231-241.
[9]Won J G,Choi J S,Lee S P,Son S H,Chung S O.Water saving by shallow intermittent irrigation and growth of rice.Plant Prod Sci,2005,8:487-492.
[10]Yang C,Yang L,Yang Y,Ouyang Z.Rice root growth and nutrient uptake as influenced by organic manure in continuously and alternately flooded paddy soils.Agric Water Manag,2004,70:67-81.
[11]Kukal S S,Aggarwal G C.Pudding depth and intensity effects in rice-wheat system on a sandy loam soil,II Water use and crop performance.Soil Till Res,2003,74:37-45.
[12]Bouman BAM,Fen Lg,Tuong TP,Lu L,Wang H,Feng Y.Exploring options to grow rice using less water in nitrogen China using a modeling approach:II.Quantifying yield,water balance components,and water productivity.Agric Water Manag,2007,88:23-33.
[13]Mishra H S,Rathore T R,Pant R C.Effect of intermittent irrigation on groundwater table contribution,irrigation requirement and yield of rice in Mullions of Tarai region.Agric Water Manag,1990,18:231-241.
[14]Tabbal D F,Bouman B A M,Bhuiyan S I,Sibayan E B,Sattar MA.On-farm strategies for reducing water input in irrigated rice:case studies in the Philippines.Agric Water Manag,2002,56:93-112.
[15]陈新红,徐国伟,孙华山,王志琴,杨建昌.结实期土壤水分与氮素营养对水稻产量与品质的影响.扬州大学学报:农业与生命科学版,2003,24(3):37-41.Chen X H,Xu G W,Sun H S,Wang Z Q,Yang J C.Effects of soil moisture and nitrogen nutrition during grain filling on the grain yield and quality of rice.J Yangzhou Univ:Agric Life Sci Ed,2003,24(3):37-41.
[16]胡继超,姜东,曹卫星,罗卫红.短期干旱对水稻叶水势、光合作用及干物质分配的影响.应用生态学报,2004,15(1):63-67.Hu J C,Jiang D,Cao W X,Luo W H.Effect of shortterm drought on leaf water potential photosynthesis and dry matter partitioning in paddy rice.Chin J Appl Ecol,2004,15(1):63-67.
[17]章骏德,刘国屏,施永宁.植物生理实验法.南昌:江西人民出版社,1982,52-57.Zhang J D,Liu G P,Shi Y N.Experimental plant physiology.Nanchang:Jiangxi People’s Publishing House,1981,153:561-571
[18]陈远平,杨文钰.卵叶韭休眠芽中GA3、IAA、ABA和ZT的高效液相色谱法测定.四川农业大学学报,2005,23(4):60-68.Chen Y P,Yang W Y.Determination of GA3,IAA,ABA,and ZT in dormant buds of allium ovalifolium by HPLC.J Sichuan Agric Univ,2005,23(4):60-68.
[19]Weiler E W,Jordan P S,Conrad W.Levels of indole-3-acetic acid in intact and decapitated as determined by a specific and highly sensitive solid-phase enzyme immay.Planta,1981,153:561-571.
[20]Yang J C,Zhang J H,Wang Z Q,Zhu Q S,Liu L J.Activities of enzymes involved in sucrose-to-starch metabolism in rice grains subjected to water stress during filling.Field Crops Res,2003,81:69-81.
[21]Yang J C,Zhang J H,Liu L J,Wang Z Q,Zhu Q S.Carbon remobilization and grain filling in japonica/indica hybrid rice subjected to postanthesis water deficits.Agron J,2002,94:102-109.
[22]Yang J C,Zhang J H,Wang Z Q,Liu L J,Zhu Q S.Postanthesis water deficits enhance grain filling in twoline hybrid rice.Crop Sci,2003,43(6):2099-2108.
[23]Belder P,Bouman B A M,Cabangon R,Guoan L,Quilang E J P,Li Y,Spiertz J H J,Tuong T P.Effect of water-saving irrigation on rice yield and water use in typical lowland conditions in Asia.Agric Water Manag,2004,65:193-210.
[24]Ramasamy S,Berge H,Purushothaman S.Yield formation in rice in response to drainage and nitrogen application.Field Crops Res,1997,51:65–82.
[25]Chu G,Chen T,Wang Z,Yang,J,Zhang J.Morphological and physiological traits of roots and their relationships with water productivity in water-saving and droughtresistant rice.Field Crops Res,2014,162:108-119.
[26]Li H,Liu L,Wang Z,Yang J,Zhang J.Agronomic and physiological performance of high-yielding wheat and rice in the lower reaches of Yangtze River of China.Field Crops Res,2012,133:119-129.
[27]Yao F,Huang J,Cui K,Nie L,Xiang J,Liu X,Wu W,Chen M,Peng S.Agronomic performance of highyielding rice variety grown under alternate wetting an drying irrigation.Field Crops Res,2012,126:16-22.
[28]Stoop W A,Uphoff N,Kassam A.A review of agricultural research issues raised by the system of rice intensification(SRI)from Madagascar:opportunities for improving farming system for resource-poor farmers.Agric Sys,2002,71:249-274.
[29]Yang J,Zhang J,Wang Z,Zhu Q,Wang W.Hormonal changes in the grains of rice subjected to water stress during grain filling.Plant Physiol,2001,127:315-323.
[30]Wopereis M C S,Kropff M J,Maligaya A R,Tuong T P.Drought-stress responses of two lowland rice cultivars to soil water status.Field Crops Res,1996,46:21-39.
[31]Lu J,Ookawa T,Hirasawa T.The effects of irrigation regimes on the water use,dry matter production and physiological responses of paddy rice.Plant Soil,2000,223:207-216.
[32]Cheng C Y,Lur H S.Ethylene may be involved in abortion of the maize caryopsis.Physiol Plant,1996,98:245-252.
[33]Apelbaum A,Yang SF.Biosynthesis of stress-ethylene induced by water deficit.Plant Physiol,1981,68:594-596.