基于E_(CPS)模型的青海湟水国家湿地公园湿地恢复评估
|
摘要
恢复效果评估是湿地恢复工程评价以及湿地后续高效管理和利用的基础。以西宁湟水国家湿地公园为案例区,构建基于生态系统特征-生态系统过程-生态系统服务(ECPS)的评估体系,筛选与区域自然环境相适应的的评价因子,采用样方调查、野外监测、问卷调查等方法获取评估数据,从时空尺度评价湿地恢复区植被特征、水文过程到生态系统服务变化情况,并对影响湿地恢复的主要过程和因素展开分析和讨论。结果显示,湿地恢复的综合评价指数为41分,湿地恢复效果较好:①湿地恢复区植物增加了11种,而湿地植被的平均盖度也增加了35.5%,重点监测的三种优势湿地植物(芦苇、小香蒲和篦齿眼子菜)在单位面积上的平均生物量较参照区平均增加30.9%。②从生态过程指标来看,湿地恢复区TSIp(Total System Interflow of P)指数和FCIp(Finn Cycle Index of P)指数较参照区分别提升了37.2%和26.3%,说明湿地物质交换和循环过程有一定的改善。③从生态系统服务指标的变化来看,栖息地、土壤肥力、水质净化、大气调节、休闲娱乐服务分别增加了92.3%,50.9%,98.3%,73.8%和82.6%。④从湿地恢复的影响因素来看,湿地水深、水域面积、水温和底泥颗粒粒径大小与湿地植被恢复相关,并进一步影响湿地生态过程恢复和生态系统服务的空间分布。
The effect assessment for wetland restoration is crucial for wetland management and sustainable utilization. Applying the Huangshui National Wetland Park in the city of Xining,China as a case study, this paper describes how degraded wetland was restored in the perspective of wetland ecological characters, ecological processes and ecosystem services(ECPS). A total of 10 indicators were selected for restoration effect assessment. Vegetation sampling plots investigation, questionnaire survey method and field monitoring were used to collect assessment data. In spatial and temporal scales, we investigated how wetland vegetation,ecological processes and ecosystem services varied in response to restoration project as well as some physical indices. The research results showed that wetland restoration had a score of 41 with a level of Preferably:(1) The abundance of wetland plants increased from 31 types to 42 types with an average increase of 35.5% in plant coverage. The average biomasses of three types of monitored plants(Phragmites communis, Typha minima, and Potamogeton pectinatus)increased by 30.9%.(2) TSI_p and FCI_p in restoration area increased by 37.2% and 26.3%,respectively, indicating a certain of improvement in matter exchanges and recycles of wetland ecosystem.(3) As for the wetland ecosystem service indices, habitat, soil fertility, water purification, atmosphere adjustment and tourism increased by 92.3%, 50.9%, 98.3%, 73.8%and 82.6%, respectively.(4) The factors of altitude, depth of water, particle diameter, etc.,exhibited certain correlations with the abundance and dominant species of wetland plants,which further influence the restoration of ecological processes and the distribution of ecosystem services.(5) With respect to the score distribution of restoration, the ecosystem service indicators scored the highest with over 80% of the total restoration score; followed by the ecological process score, accounting for about 13% of the total restoration score. The above results indicate that the primary targets of wetland restoration related researchers and managers have shifted from ecological characteristics restoration, such as wetland vegetation and wetland area, to ecological processes and ecosystem services. In general, the current framework proposed for wetland restoration assessment can well reflect the characteristics, processes and functions of wetland ecosystems, and provide a good reference for the future assessment of ecological restoration in plateau region.
The effect assessment for wetland restoration is crucial for wetland management and sustainable utilization. Applying the Huangshui National Wetland Park in the city of Xining,China as a case study, this paper describes how degraded wetland was restored in the perspective of wetland ecological characters, ecological processes and ecosystem services(ECPS). A total of 10 indicators were selected for restoration effect assessment. Vegetation sampling plots investigation, questionnaire survey method and field monitoring were used to collect assessment data. In spatial and temporal scales, we investigated how wetland vegetation,ecological processes and ecosystem services varied in response to restoration project as well as some physical indices. The research results showed that wetland restoration had a score of 41 with a level of Preferably:(1) The abundance of wetland plants increased from 31 types to 42 types with an average increase of 35.5% in plant coverage. The average biomasses of three types of monitored plants(Phragmites communis, Typha minima, and Potamogeton pectinatus)increased by 30.9%.(2) TSI_p and FCI_p in restoration area increased by 37.2% and 26.3%,respectively, indicating a certain of improvement in matter exchanges and recycles of wetland ecosystem.(3) As for the wetland ecosystem service indices, habitat, soil fertility, water purification, atmosphere adjustment and tourism increased by 92.3%, 50.9%, 98.3%, 73.8%and 82.6%, respectively.(4) The factors of altitude, depth of water, particle diameter, etc.,exhibited certain correlations with the abundance and dominant species of wetland plants,which further influence the restoration of ecological processes and the distribution of ecosystem services.(5) With respect to the score distribution of restoration, the ecosystem service indicators scored the highest with over 80% of the total restoration score; followed by the ecological process score, accounting for about 13% of the total restoration score. The above results indicate that the primary targets of wetland restoration related researchers and managers have shifted from ecological characteristics restoration, such as wetland vegetation and wetland area, to ecological processes and ecosystem services. In general, the current framework proposed for wetland restoration assessment can well reflect the characteristics, processes and functions of wetland ecosystems, and provide a good reference for the future assessment of ecological restoration in plateau region.
引文
[1]孙文广,王海霞,于少鹏.城市湿地研究进展.地理科学进展.2004,23(5):94-100.[Sun Wenguang,Wang Haixia,Yu Shaopeng.The advance of urban wetland study.Progress in Geography,2004,23(5):94-100.]
[2]Ellis J B,Shutes R B,Revitt D M,et al.Use of macrophytes for pollution treatment in urban wetlands.Resources,Conservation and Recycling,1994,11(1-4):1-12.
[3]Pastor R,Benqlilou C,Paz D,et al.Design optimisation of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment.Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2003,37(3):193-204.
[4]Ho M,Richardson C J.A five year study of floristic succession in a restored urban wetland.Ecological Engineering,2013,61:511-518.
[5]McInnes R J.Recognising wetland ecosystem services within urban case studies.Marine and Freshwater Research,2014,65(7):575-588.
[6]Lin Z,Pang Y,Xu R,et al.Analysis on ecological benefits of urban wetlands and protection measures with a case of Nansha wetland.Agricultural Science&Technology,2015,16(3):587.
[7]Wahlroos O,Valkama P,M?kinen E,et al.Urban wetland parks in Finland:Improving water quality and creating endangered habitats.International Journal of Biodiversity Science,Ecosystem Services&Management,2015,11(1):46-60.
[8]张慧,李智,刘光,等.中国城市湿地研究进展.湿地科学,2016,14(1):103-107.[Zhang Hui,Li Zi,Liu Guang,et al.The advance of urban wetland.Wetland Sciences,2016,14(1),103-107.]
[9]Sizo A,Noble B,Bell S.Futures analysis of urban land use and wetland change in Saskatoon,Canada:An application in strategic environmental assessment.Sustainability,2015,7(1):811-830.
[10]Ji W,Xu X,Murambadoro D.Understanding urban wetland dynamics:Cross-scale detection and analysis of remote sensing.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2015,36(7):1763-1788.
[11]Jiang W,Wang W,Chen Y,et al.Quantifying driving forces of urban wetlands change in Beijing city.Journal of Geographical Sciences,2012,22(2):301-314.
[12]Casagrande D G.The human component of urban wetland restoration.The Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Bulletin,1997,100:254-270.
[13]Ehrenfeld J G.Evaluating wetlands within an urban context.Ecological Engineering,2000,15(3):253-265.
[14]李春晖,郑小康,牛少凤,等.城市湿地保护与修复.地理研究进展,2009,28(2),271-279.[Li Chunhui.Zhen Xiaokang.Niu Shaofeng,et al.Research progress in protection and restoration of urban wetland.Process in Geography,2009,28(2):271-279.]
[15]Zhang X,Song Y.Optimization of wetland restoration siting and zoning in flood retention areas of river basins in China:A case study in Mengwa,Huaihe River Basin.Journal of Hydrology,2014,519:80-93.
[16]陈云浩.基于多源信息的北京城市湿地价值评价与功能分区.北京:科学出版社,2012.[Chen Yunhao.A Multisource Information-based Value Assessment and Functional Partition of Beijing Urban Wetlands.Beijing:Science Press,2012.]
[17]Grayson J E,Chapman M G,Underwood A J.The assessment of restoration of habitat in urban wetlands.Landscape and Urban Planning,1990,43(4):227-236.
[18]Zedler J B,Callaway J C.Tracking wetland restoration:Do mitigation sites follow desired trajectories.Restoration Ecology,1999,7(1):69-73.
[19]Cooper D J,Kaczynski K M,Sueltenfuss J,et al.Mountain wetland restoration:The role of hydrologic regime and plant introductions after 15 years in the Colorado Rocky Mountains,USA.Ecological Engineering,2017,101:46-59.
[20]周进,Hisako Tachibana,李伟,等.受损湿地植被的恢复与重建研究进展.植物生态学报,2001,25(5):561-572.[Zhou Jin,Tachbana Hisako,Li Wei,et al.An overview of studies on the restoration and reconstruction of disturbed wetland vegetation communities.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2001,25(5):561-572.]
[21]McAllister L S,Peniston B E,Leibowitz S G,et al.A synoptic assessment for prioritizing wetland restoration efforts to optimize flood attenuation.Wetlands,2000,20(1):70-83.
[22]Holden J,Chapman P J,Labadz J C.Artificial drainage of peatlands:Hydrological and hydrochemical process and wetland restoration.Progress in Physical Geography,2004,28(1):95-123.
[23]Oudot-Canaff J,Bornette G,Viricel M R,et al.The short-term impact of wetland restoration on the genetic diversity of a predominantly clonal plant species.Aquatic Botany,2013,110:16-23.
[24]Yepsen M,Baldwin A H,Whigham D F,et al.Agricultural wetland restorations on the USA Atlantic Coastal Plain achieve diverse native wetland plant communities but differ from natural wetlands.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2014,197:11-20.
[25]Mchergui C,Aubert M,Buatois B,et al.Use of dredged sediments for soil creation in the Seine estuary(France):Importance of a soil functioning survey to assess the success of wetland restoration in floodplains.Ecological Engineering,2014,71:628-638.
[26]Ma J,Liu Y,Yu G,et al.Temporal dynamics of urbanization-driven environmental changes explored by metal contamination in surface sediments in a restoring urban wetland park.Journal of Hazardous Materials,2016,309:228-235.
[27]Hagy H M,Hine C S,Horath M M,et al.Waterbird response indicates floodplain wetland restoration.Hydrobiologia,2016,1:1-19.
[28]李宏林,徐当会,杜国祯.青藏高原高寒沼泽湿地在退化梯度上植物群落组成的改变对湿地水分状况的影响.植物生态学报,2012,36(5):403-410.[Li Honglin,Xu Danghui,Du Guozhen.Effect of change of plant community composition along degradation gradients on water conditions in an alpine swamp wetland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2012,36(5):403-410.]
[29]Meli P,Benayas J M R,Balvanera P,et al.Restoration enhances wetland biodiversity and ecosystem service supply,but results are context-dependent:A meta-analysis.PloS One,2014,9(4):e93507.
[30]Moreno-Mateos D,Meli P,Vara-Rodríguez M I,et al.Ecosystem response to interventions:Lessons from restored and created wetland ecosystems.Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,52(6):1528-1537.
[31]Zhao Q,Bai J,Huang L,et al.A review of methodologies and success indicators for coastal wetland restoration.Ecological Indicator.2016.60:442-452.
[32]Peh KSH,Balmford A,Field R H,et al.Benefits and costs of ecological restoration:Rapid assessment of changing ecosystem service values at a UK wetland.Ecology and Evolution,2014,4(20):3875-3886.
[33]Santiago Soliveres,Fons van der Plas,Peter Manning.et al.Biodiversity at multiple trophic levels is needed for ecosystem multifunctionality.Nature,2016,536(25):456-459.
[34]孙文广,孙志高,孙景宽,等.黄河口芦苇湿地不同恢复阶段种群生态特征.生态学报,2015,35(17):5804-5812.[Sun Wenguang,Sun Zhigao,Sun Jingkuan,et al.Ecological traits of Phragmites australis community in different restoration phases of the Yellow River estuary,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(17):5804-5812.]
[35]Zedler J B.Progress in wetland restoration ecology.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2000,15(10):402-407.
[36]张琨,吕一河,傅伯杰.生态恢复中生态系统服务的演变:趋势、过程与评估.生态学报,2016,36(20):6337-6344.[Zhang Kun,Lv Yihe,Fu Bojie.Ecosystem service evolution in ecological restoration:trend,process,and evaluation.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(20):6337-6344.]
[37]李蓓,张一驰,于静洁,等.东居延海湿地恢复进程研究.地理研究,2017,36(7):1223-1232.[Li Bei,Zhang Yichi,Yu Jingjie,et al.Research on wetland restoration process of the East Juyan Lake.Geographical Research,2017,36(7):1223-1232.]
[38]李玉凤,刘红玉,蔡春晓,等.城市湿地公园周边干扰对其水环境健康的影响:以西溪国家湿地公园为例.地理研究,2015,34(5):851-860.[Li Yufeng,Liu Hongyu,Cai Chunxiao,et al.The disturbance effect of the surroundings on the water environmental health of urban wetland park:A case study on Xixi Wetland Park,China.Geographical Research,2015,34(5):851-860.]
[39]Holden J,Chapman J,Labadz C.Artificial drainage of peatlands:Hydrological and hydrochemical process and wetland restoration.Progress in Physical Geography,2004,28(1):95-123.
[40]Palmer M A,Filoso S,Fanelli R M.From ecosystems to ecosystem services:Stream restoration as ecological engineering.Ecological Engineering,2014,65:62-70.
[41]Gattie D K,Schramski J R,Borrett S R,et al.Indirect effects and distributed control in ecosystems:Network environ analysis of a seven-compartment model of nitrogen flow in the Neuse River Estuary,USA:Steady-state analysis.Ecological Modelling,2006,194(1-3):162-177.
[42]Ulanowicz RE.Quantitative methods for ecological network analysis.Computational Biology and Chemistry,2004,28:321-339.
[43]Fath B D,Borette S R.A MATLAB function for network environ analysis.Environmental Modelling and Software,2006,21:375-405.
[44]Latham LG.Network flow analysis algorithms.Ecological Modelling,2006,192:586-600.
[45]吴后建,王学雷.中国湿地生态恢复效果评价研究进展.湿地科学,2006,(4):304-310.[Wu Houjina,Wang Xuelei.Progresses of evaluation of wetland's ecological restoration effects in China.Wetland Science,2006,(4):304-310.]
[46]关蕾,刘平,雷光春.国际重要湿地生态特征描述及其监测指标研究.中南林业调查规划,2011,30(2):1-9.[Guan Lei,Liu Ping,Lei Guangchun.Ecological characters and assessment indicators of international important wetlands.Central South Forest Inventory and Planning,2011,30(2):1-9.]
[47]Hua C G,Li Y L,Huang C Y,et al.Study on the assess index system of the ecological restoration to the Lalu wetland in Tibet.Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2005,(6):23-28.
[48]江波,Christina P Wong,陈媛媛,等.湖泊湿地生态服务监测指标与监测方法.生态学杂志,2015,34(10):2956-2964.[Jiang Bo,Wong Christina P,Chen Yuanyuan,et al.Monitoring indicators and methods for lake wetland ecosystem services.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(10):2956-2964.]
[2]Ellis J B,Shutes R B,Revitt D M,et al.Use of macrophytes for pollution treatment in urban wetlands.Resources,Conservation and Recycling,1994,11(1-4):1-12.
[3]Pastor R,Benqlilou C,Paz D,et al.Design optimisation of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment.Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2003,37(3):193-204.
[4]Ho M,Richardson C J.A five year study of floristic succession in a restored urban wetland.Ecological Engineering,2013,61:511-518.
[5]McInnes R J.Recognising wetland ecosystem services within urban case studies.Marine and Freshwater Research,2014,65(7):575-588.
[6]Lin Z,Pang Y,Xu R,et al.Analysis on ecological benefits of urban wetlands and protection measures with a case of Nansha wetland.Agricultural Science&Technology,2015,16(3):587.
[7]Wahlroos O,Valkama P,M?kinen E,et al.Urban wetland parks in Finland:Improving water quality and creating endangered habitats.International Journal of Biodiversity Science,Ecosystem Services&Management,2015,11(1):46-60.
[8]张慧,李智,刘光,等.中国城市湿地研究进展.湿地科学,2016,14(1):103-107.[Zhang Hui,Li Zi,Liu Guang,et al.The advance of urban wetland.Wetland Sciences,2016,14(1),103-107.]
[9]Sizo A,Noble B,Bell S.Futures analysis of urban land use and wetland change in Saskatoon,Canada:An application in strategic environmental assessment.Sustainability,2015,7(1):811-830.
[10]Ji W,Xu X,Murambadoro D.Understanding urban wetland dynamics:Cross-scale detection and analysis of remote sensing.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2015,36(7):1763-1788.
[11]Jiang W,Wang W,Chen Y,et al.Quantifying driving forces of urban wetlands change in Beijing city.Journal of Geographical Sciences,2012,22(2):301-314.
[12]Casagrande D G.The human component of urban wetland restoration.The Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Bulletin,1997,100:254-270.
[13]Ehrenfeld J G.Evaluating wetlands within an urban context.Ecological Engineering,2000,15(3):253-265.
[14]李春晖,郑小康,牛少凤,等.城市湿地保护与修复.地理研究进展,2009,28(2),271-279.[Li Chunhui.Zhen Xiaokang.Niu Shaofeng,et al.Research progress in protection and restoration of urban wetland.Process in Geography,2009,28(2):271-279.]
[15]Zhang X,Song Y.Optimization of wetland restoration siting and zoning in flood retention areas of river basins in China:A case study in Mengwa,Huaihe River Basin.Journal of Hydrology,2014,519:80-93.
[16]陈云浩.基于多源信息的北京城市湿地价值评价与功能分区.北京:科学出版社,2012.[Chen Yunhao.A Multisource Information-based Value Assessment and Functional Partition of Beijing Urban Wetlands.Beijing:Science Press,2012.]
[17]Grayson J E,Chapman M G,Underwood A J.The assessment of restoration of habitat in urban wetlands.Landscape and Urban Planning,1990,43(4):227-236.
[18]Zedler J B,Callaway J C.Tracking wetland restoration:Do mitigation sites follow desired trajectories.Restoration Ecology,1999,7(1):69-73.
[19]Cooper D J,Kaczynski K M,Sueltenfuss J,et al.Mountain wetland restoration:The role of hydrologic regime and plant introductions after 15 years in the Colorado Rocky Mountains,USA.Ecological Engineering,2017,101:46-59.
[20]周进,Hisako Tachibana,李伟,等.受损湿地植被的恢复与重建研究进展.植物生态学报,2001,25(5):561-572.[Zhou Jin,Tachbana Hisako,Li Wei,et al.An overview of studies on the restoration and reconstruction of disturbed wetland vegetation communities.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2001,25(5):561-572.]
[21]McAllister L S,Peniston B E,Leibowitz S G,et al.A synoptic assessment for prioritizing wetland restoration efforts to optimize flood attenuation.Wetlands,2000,20(1):70-83.
[22]Holden J,Chapman P J,Labadz J C.Artificial drainage of peatlands:Hydrological and hydrochemical process and wetland restoration.Progress in Physical Geography,2004,28(1):95-123.
[23]Oudot-Canaff J,Bornette G,Viricel M R,et al.The short-term impact of wetland restoration on the genetic diversity of a predominantly clonal plant species.Aquatic Botany,2013,110:16-23.
[24]Yepsen M,Baldwin A H,Whigham D F,et al.Agricultural wetland restorations on the USA Atlantic Coastal Plain achieve diverse native wetland plant communities but differ from natural wetlands.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2014,197:11-20.
[25]Mchergui C,Aubert M,Buatois B,et al.Use of dredged sediments for soil creation in the Seine estuary(France):Importance of a soil functioning survey to assess the success of wetland restoration in floodplains.Ecological Engineering,2014,71:628-638.
[26]Ma J,Liu Y,Yu G,et al.Temporal dynamics of urbanization-driven environmental changes explored by metal contamination in surface sediments in a restoring urban wetland park.Journal of Hazardous Materials,2016,309:228-235.
[27]Hagy H M,Hine C S,Horath M M,et al.Waterbird response indicates floodplain wetland restoration.Hydrobiologia,2016,1:1-19.
[28]李宏林,徐当会,杜国祯.青藏高原高寒沼泽湿地在退化梯度上植物群落组成的改变对湿地水分状况的影响.植物生态学报,2012,36(5):403-410.[Li Honglin,Xu Danghui,Du Guozhen.Effect of change of plant community composition along degradation gradients on water conditions in an alpine swamp wetland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2012,36(5):403-410.]
[29]Meli P,Benayas J M R,Balvanera P,et al.Restoration enhances wetland biodiversity and ecosystem service supply,but results are context-dependent:A meta-analysis.PloS One,2014,9(4):e93507.
[30]Moreno-Mateos D,Meli P,Vara-Rodríguez M I,et al.Ecosystem response to interventions:Lessons from restored and created wetland ecosystems.Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,52(6):1528-1537.
[31]Zhao Q,Bai J,Huang L,et al.A review of methodologies and success indicators for coastal wetland restoration.Ecological Indicator.2016.60:442-452.
[32]Peh KSH,Balmford A,Field R H,et al.Benefits and costs of ecological restoration:Rapid assessment of changing ecosystem service values at a UK wetland.Ecology and Evolution,2014,4(20):3875-3886.
[33]Santiago Soliveres,Fons van der Plas,Peter Manning.et al.Biodiversity at multiple trophic levels is needed for ecosystem multifunctionality.Nature,2016,536(25):456-459.
[34]孙文广,孙志高,孙景宽,等.黄河口芦苇湿地不同恢复阶段种群生态特征.生态学报,2015,35(17):5804-5812.[Sun Wenguang,Sun Zhigao,Sun Jingkuan,et al.Ecological traits of Phragmites australis community in different restoration phases of the Yellow River estuary,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(17):5804-5812.]
[35]Zedler J B.Progress in wetland restoration ecology.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2000,15(10):402-407.
[36]张琨,吕一河,傅伯杰.生态恢复中生态系统服务的演变:趋势、过程与评估.生态学报,2016,36(20):6337-6344.[Zhang Kun,Lv Yihe,Fu Bojie.Ecosystem service evolution in ecological restoration:trend,process,and evaluation.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(20):6337-6344.]
[37]李蓓,张一驰,于静洁,等.东居延海湿地恢复进程研究.地理研究,2017,36(7):1223-1232.[Li Bei,Zhang Yichi,Yu Jingjie,et al.Research on wetland restoration process of the East Juyan Lake.Geographical Research,2017,36(7):1223-1232.]
[38]李玉凤,刘红玉,蔡春晓,等.城市湿地公园周边干扰对其水环境健康的影响:以西溪国家湿地公园为例.地理研究,2015,34(5):851-860.[Li Yufeng,Liu Hongyu,Cai Chunxiao,et al.The disturbance effect of the surroundings on the water environmental health of urban wetland park:A case study on Xixi Wetland Park,China.Geographical Research,2015,34(5):851-860.]
[39]Holden J,Chapman J,Labadz C.Artificial drainage of peatlands:Hydrological and hydrochemical process and wetland restoration.Progress in Physical Geography,2004,28(1):95-123.
[40]Palmer M A,Filoso S,Fanelli R M.From ecosystems to ecosystem services:Stream restoration as ecological engineering.Ecological Engineering,2014,65:62-70.
[41]Gattie D K,Schramski J R,Borrett S R,et al.Indirect effects and distributed control in ecosystems:Network environ analysis of a seven-compartment model of nitrogen flow in the Neuse River Estuary,USA:Steady-state analysis.Ecological Modelling,2006,194(1-3):162-177.
[42]Ulanowicz RE.Quantitative methods for ecological network analysis.Computational Biology and Chemistry,2004,28:321-339.
[43]Fath B D,Borette S R.A MATLAB function for network environ analysis.Environmental Modelling and Software,2006,21:375-405.
[44]Latham LG.Network flow analysis algorithms.Ecological Modelling,2006,192:586-600.
[45]吴后建,王学雷.中国湿地生态恢复效果评价研究进展.湿地科学,2006,(4):304-310.[Wu Houjina,Wang Xuelei.Progresses of evaluation of wetland's ecological restoration effects in China.Wetland Science,2006,(4):304-310.]
[46]关蕾,刘平,雷光春.国际重要湿地生态特征描述及其监测指标研究.中南林业调查规划,2011,30(2):1-9.[Guan Lei,Liu Ping,Lei Guangchun.Ecological characters and assessment indicators of international important wetlands.Central South Forest Inventory and Planning,2011,30(2):1-9.]
[47]Hua C G,Li Y L,Huang C Y,et al.Study on the assess index system of the ecological restoration to the Lalu wetland in Tibet.Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2005,(6):23-28.
[48]江波,Christina P Wong,陈媛媛,等.湖泊湿地生态服务监测指标与监测方法.生态学杂志,2015,34(10):2956-2964.[Jiang Bo,Wong Christina P,Chen Yuanyuan,et al.Monitoring indicators and methods for lake wetland ecosystem services.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(10):2956-2964.]