长白山哈泥泥炭地丘间生境泥炭藓孢子的寿命
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摘要
长寿有性繁殖体对于植物种群的长存具有重要意义,迄今,泥炭地苔藓植物孢子长寿性研究还很少。在长白山哈泥泥炭地钻取丘间表层泥炭样品,测定泥炭腐殖化度和烧失量,逐层提取和培养泥炭藓孢子,研究埋藏时间对孢子萌发的影响。结果表明,丘间泥炭藓孢子埋藏环境中,随着埋深的增加即埋藏年限的增加,泥炭腐殖化度和烧失量总体上分别呈现增加和递减的趋势,而地层泥炭藓孢子萌发率呈现直线递减的规律,但在埋藏近150余年后孢子萌发率仍可达40%。研究进一步证明泥炭藓具有长期持久孢子库,根据推算,泥炭地丘间埋藏环境中,泥炭藓孢子最大寿命可超过400a。
Longevous sexual propagules are of great importance for persistence of plant populations. In natural environment,Sphagnum spores have potential to germinate and regenerate. They may play an important role in maintaining population persistence of Sphagnum when great natural or man-made disturbance happens. However,quite few studies about spore longevity of peatland bryophytes have been reported so far. In Hani Peatland of the Changbai Mountains,we took peat cores in hollow habitats,determined peat humification degree and ignition loss and extracted the spores of Sphagnum from the peat cores layer by layer. We cultivated the spores,to investigate the effect of burial time on spore germination rate. In the burial environment of hollows for Sphagnum spores,with the increase of depth namely burial time,peat humification degree and ignition loss generally showed a trend of increase and decrease,respectively. The germination rate of Sphagnum spores decreases linearly,but it can still reach 40% after the spores were buried for more than 150 years. Our study further proves that there are long-term persistent spore banks in peatlands. If we define the maximum longevity of spores as the time that when germination rate of spores is 1% in the burial environment,the maximum longevity for Sphagnum spores can be older than 400 years. The longevity mechanism of Sphagnum spores may be related with the special burial environment ofpeatlands. It is necessary to carry out experiments to test effects of environment factors such as hydrology,water chemistry and even microbiological diversity on spore viability in the future.
Longevous sexual propagules are of great importance for persistence of plant populations. In natural environment,Sphagnum spores have potential to germinate and regenerate. They may play an important role in maintaining population persistence of Sphagnum when great natural or man-made disturbance happens. However,quite few studies about spore longevity of peatland bryophytes have been reported so far. In Hani Peatland of the Changbai Mountains,we took peat cores in hollow habitats,determined peat humification degree and ignition loss and extracted the spores of Sphagnum from the peat cores layer by layer. We cultivated the spores,to investigate the effect of burial time on spore germination rate. In the burial environment of hollows for Sphagnum spores,with the increase of depth namely burial time,peat humification degree and ignition loss generally showed a trend of increase and decrease,respectively. The germination rate of Sphagnum spores decreases linearly,but it can still reach 40% after the spores were buried for more than 150 years. Our study further proves that there are long-term persistent spore banks in peatlands. If we define the maximum longevity of spores as the time that when germination rate of spores is 1% in the burial environment,the maximum longevity for Sphagnum spores can be older than 400 years. The longevity mechanism of Sphagnum spores may be related with the special burial environment ofpeatlands. It is necessary to carry out experiments to test effects of environment factors such as hydrology,water chemistry and even microbiological diversity on spore viability in the future.
引文
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[4]Grubb P J.Some generalizing ideas about colonization and succession in green plants and fungi//Gray A J,Crawley M J,Edwards P J,eds.Colonization,Succession,and Stability:the 26th Symposium of the British Ecological Society Held Jointly with the Linnean Society of London.Blackwell Science Inc,1987,(26):81-81.
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[12]Blackford J J,Chambers F M.Determining the degree of peat decomposition for peat-based paleao climatic studies.International Peat Journal,1993(5):7-24.
[13]Rudolph H,Kirchhoff M,Gliesmann S.Sphagnum culture techniques//Glime J M,ed.Methods in Bryology Nichinan:Hattori Botanical Laboratory,1988:25-34.
[14]Rydin H,Jeglum J.The Biology of Peatlands.New York:Oxford University Press,2006:15-16.
[15]Bernstein M.Versucheüber die lebensdauer der moossporen.Acta Horti Botanici Universitatis Latviensis,1928,3:33-36.
[16]Poschlod P.Diaspore rain and dispore bank in raised bogs and implications for the restoration of peat-mined sites//Wheeler B D,Shaw S C,Fojt W J,Robertson R A eds.Restoration of Temperate Wetlands.Chichester,UK:John Wiley&Sons,1995:471-494.
[17]Van der Molen P C,Wijmstra T A.The thermal regime of hummock-hollow complexes on Clara Bog,Co.Offaly.Biology and Environment:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy,1994,94(3):209-221.
[18]Bonnett S A F,Ostle N,Freeman C.Seasonal variations in decomposition processes in a valley bottom riparian peatland.Science of the Total Environment,2006,370(2/3):561-73.
[19]Verhoeven J T A,Liefveld W M.The ecological significance of organochemical compounds in Sphagnum.Acta Botanica Neerlandica,1997,46:117-130.
[20]Rydgren K,Hestmark G.The soil propagule bank in a boreal old-growth spruce forest:changes with depth and relationship to above ground vegetation.Canadian Journal of Botany 1997,75:121-128.
[21]Smith,R I L.The bryophyte propagule bank of Antarctic fellfield soils//Symp.Biol.Hung.1987,35:233-245.
[2]Baskin C C,Baskin J M.Seeds:Ecology,Biogeography,and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination.San Diego,CA,USA:Academic Press,1998.
[3]Shen-Miller J,Mudgett MB,Schopf JW,Clarke S,Berger R..Exceptional seed longevity and robust growth:ancient sacred lotus from China.American Journal of Botany,1995,82(11):1367-1380.
[4]Grubb P J.Some generalizing ideas about colonization and succession in green plants and fungi//Gray A J,Crawley M J,Edwards P J,eds.Colonization,Succession,and Stability:the 26th Symposium of the British Ecological Society Held Jointly with the Linnean Society of London.Blackwell Science Inc,1987,(26):81-81.
[5]Furness S B,Hall R H.An explanation of the intermittent occurrence of Physcomitrium sphaericum(Hedw.)Brid.Journal of Bryology,1981,11(4):733-744.
[6]Clymo R S,Duckett J G,Regeneration of sphagnum.New Phytologist,1986,102(4):589-614.
[7]Jonsson B G.The bryophyte diaspore bank and its role after small-scale disturbance in a boreal forest.Journal of Vegetation Science,1993,4(6):819-826.
[8]During H J.Bryophyte diaspore banks.Advances in Bryology,1997,60(2):103-134.
[9]Soro A,Sundberg S,Rydin H.Species diversity,niche metrics and species associations in harvested and undisturbed bogs.Journal of Vegetation Science,1999,10(4):549-560.
[10]Sundberg S,Rydin H.Experimental evidence for a persistent spore bank in Sphagnum.New Phytologist,2000,148(1):105-116.
[11]冯璐,汤袁,卜兆君,赵高林.长白山哈泥泥炭地持久孢子库的实验证据.植物研究,2013,33(2):248-251.
[12]Blackford J J,Chambers F M.Determining the degree of peat decomposition for peat-based paleao climatic studies.International Peat Journal,1993(5):7-24.
[13]Rudolph H,Kirchhoff M,Gliesmann S.Sphagnum culture techniques//Glime J M,ed.Methods in Bryology Nichinan:Hattori Botanical Laboratory,1988:25-34.
[14]Rydin H,Jeglum J.The Biology of Peatlands.New York:Oxford University Press,2006:15-16.
[15]Bernstein M.Versucheüber die lebensdauer der moossporen.Acta Horti Botanici Universitatis Latviensis,1928,3:33-36.
[16]Poschlod P.Diaspore rain and dispore bank in raised bogs and implications for the restoration of peat-mined sites//Wheeler B D,Shaw S C,Fojt W J,Robertson R A eds.Restoration of Temperate Wetlands.Chichester,UK:John Wiley&Sons,1995:471-494.
[17]Van der Molen P C,Wijmstra T A.The thermal regime of hummock-hollow complexes on Clara Bog,Co.Offaly.Biology and Environment:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy,1994,94(3):209-221.
[18]Bonnett S A F,Ostle N,Freeman C.Seasonal variations in decomposition processes in a valley bottom riparian peatland.Science of the Total Environment,2006,370(2/3):561-73.
[19]Verhoeven J T A,Liefveld W M.The ecological significance of organochemical compounds in Sphagnum.Acta Botanica Neerlandica,1997,46:117-130.
[20]Rydgren K,Hestmark G.The soil propagule bank in a boreal old-growth spruce forest:changes with depth and relationship to above ground vegetation.Canadian Journal of Botany 1997,75:121-128.
[21]Smith,R I L.The bryophyte propagule bank of Antarctic fellfield soils//Symp.Biol.Hung.1987,35:233-245.