黑土坡耕地有机碳及其组分累积-损耗格局对耕作侵蚀与水蚀的响应
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摘要
耕作与水蚀是黑土区坡耕地碳库退化的主导因素,为进一步探究土壤有机碳(SOC)及其组分对不同侵蚀驱动力(耕作、水力)的响应格局,基于该区耕作侵蚀与水蚀模型,在定量表达耕作侵蚀-沉积量与水蚀量的基础上,利用地统计学的方法,分析了东北黑土区典型漫岗地形坡面尺度SOC及其3种组分的空间分布特征.结果表明:耕作侵蚀与沉积速率分别表现为坡上>坡下>坡中>坡脚和坡脚>坡下>坡中>坡上;水蚀速率表现为坡下>坡脚>坡中>坡上;坡下陡坡位置耕作侵蚀与水蚀协同引起严重的土壤流失.虽然耕作侵蚀速率(0.02~7.02t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))远小于水蚀速率(5.96~101.17 t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)),但耕作侵蚀在全坡面范围均可对SOC产生不同程度的影响,而水蚀则主要在坡下径流汇集区显著影响SOC的累积-损耗.受水蚀与耕作侵蚀-沉积作用影响,SOC、颗粒有机碳、水溶性有机碳在侵蚀点含量低于沉积点,而微生物生物量碳变化趋势相反;耕作侵蚀通过影响颗粒有机碳参与SOC的积累-损耗过程.
Tillage and water erosion have been recognized as the main factors causing degradation in soil organic carbon( SOC) pools of black soil. To further explore the response of SOC and its fractions to different driving forces of erosion( tillage and water),geostatistical methods were used to analyze spatial patterns of SOC and its three fractions at a typical sloping farmland based on tillage and water erosion rates calculated by local models. The results showed that tillage erosion and deposition rates changed according to the slope positions,decreasing in the order: upper-slope > lowerslope > middle-slope > toe-slope and toe-slope > lower-slope > middle-slope > upper-slope,respectively; while the order of water erosion rates decreased in the order: lower-slope > toe-slope > middle-slope > upper-slope. Tillage and water erosion cooperatively triggered intense soil loss in the lower-slope areas with steep slope gradient. Tillage erosion could affect C cycling through the whole slope at different levels,although the rate of tillage erosion( 0.02-7.02 t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)) was far less than that of water erosion( 5.96-101.17 t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)) in black soil area. However,water erosion only played a major role in controlling C dynamics in the runoff-concentrated lower slope area. Affected by water erosion and tillage erosion-deposition disturbance,the concentrations of SOC,particulate organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon in depositional areas were higher than in erosional areas,however,microbial biomass carbon showed an opposite trend. Tillage erosion dominated SOC dynamic by depleting particulate organic carbon.
Tillage and water erosion have been recognized as the main factors causing degradation in soil organic carbon( SOC) pools of black soil. To further explore the response of SOC and its fractions to different driving forces of erosion( tillage and water),geostatistical methods were used to analyze spatial patterns of SOC and its three fractions at a typical sloping farmland based on tillage and water erosion rates calculated by local models. The results showed that tillage erosion and deposition rates changed according to the slope positions,decreasing in the order: upper-slope > lowerslope > middle-slope > toe-slope and toe-slope > lower-slope > middle-slope > upper-slope,respectively; while the order of water erosion rates decreased in the order: lower-slope > toe-slope > middle-slope > upper-slope. Tillage and water erosion cooperatively triggered intense soil loss in the lower-slope areas with steep slope gradient. Tillage erosion could affect C cycling through the whole slope at different levels,although the rate of tillage erosion( 0.02-7.02 t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)) was far less than that of water erosion( 5.96-101.17 t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)) in black soil area. However,water erosion only played a major role in controlling C dynamics in the runoff-concentrated lower slope area. Affected by water erosion and tillage erosion-deposition disturbance,the concentrations of SOC,particulate organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon in depositional areas were higher than in erosional areas,however,microbial biomass carbon showed an opposite trend. Tillage erosion dominated SOC dynamic by depleting particulate organic carbon.
引文
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[22]Fan H-Z(樊红柱),Zhang J-H(张建辉),Wang Y(王勇),et al.Tillage erosion impacts on soil aggregate associated carbon in mountainous region slope farmland of northern Sichuan.Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery(农业机械学报),2015,46(11):157-164(in Chinese)
[23]Wei S,Zhang X,Mclaughlin NB,et al.Effect of breakdown and dispersion of soil aggregates by erosion on soil CO2emission.Geoderma,2016,264:238-243
[24]Renard KG,Foster GR,Weesies GA,eds.Predicting Soil Erosion by Water:A Guide to Conservation Planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE).Agricultural Handbook No.537.Washington DC:USDA,1997
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[26]Martinez-Mena M,Lopez J,Almagro M,et al.Effect of water erosion and cultivation on the soil carbon stock in a semiarid area of South-East Spain.Soil and Tillage Research,2008,99:119-129
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[28]Li S,Lobb DA,Tiessen KHD.Modeling tillage-induced morphological features in cultivated landscapes.Soil and Tillage Research,2009,103:33-45
[29]Mc Cool DK,Brown LC,Foster GR,et al.Revised slope steepness factor for the universal soil loss equation.Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1987,30:1387-1396
[30]Sun Y.Monitoring of Soil Erosion Modulus Based on GIS-Gucheng Watershed in Keshan County for Example.Master Thesis.Harbin:Northeast Normal University,2012(in Chinese)
[31]Zhang X-K(张宪奎),Xu J-H(许靖华),Lu X-Q(卢秀琴),et al.A study on the soil loss equation in Heilongjiang Province.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持通报),1992,12(4):1-9(in Chinese)
[32]Wischmeier WH,Mannering JV.Relation of soil properties to its erodibility.Soil Science Society of America Proceedings,1969,33:131-136
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[35]Wang B(王彬),Zheng F-L(郑粉莉),Wang Y-X(王玉玺).Adaptability analysis on soil erodibility models in typical thin layer black soil area of Northeast China.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2012,28(6):126-131(in Chinese)
[36]Su Z-A(苏正安),Zhang J-H(张建辉).Research progress in tillage erosion and its impacts on soil fertility and crop production.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2007,23(1):272-278(in Chinese)
[37]Yang W-G(杨维鸽),Zheng F-L(郑粉莉),Wang ZL(王占礼),et al.Effects of topography on spatial distribution of soil erosion and deposition on hillslope in the typical of black soil region.Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2016,45(3):572-581(in Chinese)
[38]Doetterl S,Six J,Van Wesemael B,et al.Carbon cycling in eroding landscapes:Geomorphic controls on soil organic C pool composition and C stabilization.Global Change Biology,2012,18:2218-2232
[39]Neogi S,Bhattacharyya P,Roy KS,et al.Soil respiration,labile carbon pools,and enzyme activities as affected by tillage practices in a tropical rice-maize-cowpea cropping system.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2014,186:4223-4236
[40]Buragiene S,arauskis E,Romaneckas K,et al.Experimental analysis of CO2emissions from agricultural soils subjected to five different tillage systems in Lithuania.Science of the Total Environment,2015,514:1-9
[41]Helgason BL,Konschuh HJ,Bedard-Haughn A,et al.Microbial distribution in an eroded landscape:Buried a horizons support abundant and unique communities.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2014,196:94-102
[42]Doetterl S,Stevens A,Van Oost K,et al.Spatiallyexplicit regional-scale prediction of soil organic carbon stocks in cropland using environmental variables and mixed model approaches.Geoderma,2013,204-205:31-42
[43]Wang X,Cammeraat LH,Wang Z,et al.Stability of organic matter in soils of the Belgian Loess Belt upon erosion and deposition.European Journal of Soil Science,2013,64:219-228
[44]Ma6ga-Yaleu S,Guiguemde I,Yacouba H,et al.Soil crusting impact on soil organic carbon losses by water erosion.Catena,2013,107:26-34
[45]Ma W,Li Z,Ding K,et al.Effect of soil erosion on dissolved organic carbon redistribution in subtropical red soil under rainfall simulation.Geomorphology,2014,226:217-225
[2]Zhao P-Z(赵鹏志),Chen X-W(陈祥伟),Wang EH(王恩姮).Quantitative assessment of tillage erosion on typical sloping field in black soil area of northeast China.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2016,32(12):151-157(in Chinese)
[3]Lobb DA,Kachanoski RG.Modelling tillage erosion in the topographically complex landscapes of southwestern Ontario,Canada.Soil and Tillage Research,1999,51:261-277
[4]Torri D,Borselli L.Clod movement and tillage tool characteristics for modeling tillage erosion.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2002,57:24-28
[5]Wang Z-L(王占礼).Study of Tillage Erosion and Its Effects on Loess Sloping Land.Ph D Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2012(in Chinese)
[6]Li Y,Zhang QW,Reicosky DC,et al.Changes in soil organic carbon induced by tillage and water erosion on a steep cultivated hillslope in the Chinese Loess Plateau from 1898-1954 and 1954-1998.Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences,2007,112:1-10
[7]Nie XJ,Zhang JH,Cheng JX,et al.Effect of soil redistribution on various organic carbons in a water-and tillage-eroded soil.Soil and Tillage Research,2016,155:1-8
[8]Zhang J,Quine TA,Ni S,et al.Stocks and dynamics of SOC in relation to soil redistribution by water and tillage erosion.Global Change Biology,2006,12:1834-1841
[9]Nie X-J(聂小军),Su Y-Y(苏艳艳).Characteristics of soil erosion on sloping farmlands in a purple hilly region of the Sichuan Basin.Ecology and Environmental Sciences(生态环境学报),2012,21(4):682-686(in Chinese)
[10]Wang Y,Zhang JH,Zhang ZH.Influences of intensive tillage on water-stable aggregate distribution on a steep hillslope.Soil and Tillage Research,2015,151:82-92
[11]Zhang J,Nie X,Su Z.Soil profile properties in relation to soil redistribution by intense tillage on a steep hillslope.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2008,72:1767-1773
[12]Li Y,Tian G,Lindstrom M,et al.Variation of surface soil quality parameters by intensive donkey-drawn tillage on steep slope.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2004,68:907-913
[13]Su ZA,Zhang JH,Qin FC,et al.Landform change due to soil redistribution by intense tillage based on highresolution DEMs.Geomorphology,2012,175:190-198
[14]Wang Y,Zhang JH,Zhang ZH,et al.Impact of tillage erosion on water erosion in a hilly landscape.Science of the Total Environment,2016,551:522-532
[15]Doetterl S,Berhe AA,Nadeu E,et al.Erosion,deposition and soil carbon:A review of process-level controls,experimental tools and models to address C cycling in dynamic landscapes.Earth-Science Reviews,2016,154:102-122
[16]Quinton JN,Govers G,van Oost K,et al.The impact of agricultural soil erosion on biogeochemical cycling.Nature Geoscience,2010,3:311-314
[17]Steinbeiss S,Bessler H,Engels C,et al.Plant diversity positively affects short-term soil carbon storage in experimental grasslands.Global Change Biology,2008,14:2937-2949
[18]Zhou P(周萍),Pan G-X(潘根兴),Li L-Q(李恋卿),et al.SOC enhancement in major types of paddy soils in a long-term agro-ecosystem experiment in south China.V.Relationship between carbon input and soil carbon sequestration.Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2009,42(12):4260-4268(in Chinese)
[19]Chen H,Hou R,Gong Y,et al.Effects of 11 years of conservation tillage on soil organic matter fractions in wheat monoculture in Loess Plateau of China.Soil and Tillage Research,2009,106:85-94
[20]Wang C-H(王超华),Xu M-X(许明祥),Ran Y-F(冉宜凡),et al.Distribution of soil microbial biomass on eroded sloping land with different organic carbon contents in the hilly Loess Plateau region.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae(环境科学学报),2015,35(10):3284-3291(in Chinese)
[21]Van Oost K,Govers G,Desmet P.Evaluating the effects of changes in landscape structure on soil erosion by water and tillage.Landscape Ecology,2000,15:577-589
[22]Fan H-Z(樊红柱),Zhang J-H(张建辉),Wang Y(王勇),et al.Tillage erosion impacts on soil aggregate associated carbon in mountainous region slope farmland of northern Sichuan.Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery(农业机械学报),2015,46(11):157-164(in Chinese)
[23]Wei S,Zhang X,Mclaughlin NB,et al.Effect of breakdown and dispersion of soil aggregates by erosion on soil CO2emission.Geoderma,2016,264:238-243
[24]Renard KG,Foster GR,Weesies GA,eds.Predicting Soil Erosion by Water:A Guide to Conservation Planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE).Agricultural Handbook No.537.Washington DC:USDA,1997
[25]Cambardella CA,Elliot ET.Particulate soil organicmatter changes across a grassland cultivation sequence.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1992,56:777-783
[26]Martinez-Mena M,Lopez J,Almagro M,et al.Effect of water erosion and cultivation on the soil carbon stock in a semiarid area of South-East Spain.Soil and Tillage Research,2008,99:119-129
[27]Vance ED,Brookes PC,Jenkinson DS.An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19:703-707
[28]Li S,Lobb DA,Tiessen KHD.Modeling tillage-induced morphological features in cultivated landscapes.Soil and Tillage Research,2009,103:33-45
[29]Mc Cool DK,Brown LC,Foster GR,et al.Revised slope steepness factor for the universal soil loss equation.Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1987,30:1387-1396
[30]Sun Y.Monitoring of Soil Erosion Modulus Based on GIS-Gucheng Watershed in Keshan County for Example.Master Thesis.Harbin:Northeast Normal University,2012(in Chinese)
[31]Zhang X-K(张宪奎),Xu J-H(许靖华),Lu X-Q(卢秀琴),et al.A study on the soil loss equation in Heilongjiang Province.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持通报),1992,12(4):1-9(in Chinese)
[32]Wischmeier WH,Mannering JV.Relation of soil properties to its erodibility.Soil Science Society of America Proceedings,1969,33:131-136
[33]Wischmeier WH,Johnson CB.Soil erodibility nomograph for farmland and construction sites.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1971,26:189-193
[34]Burt R.Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual Soil.Survey Investigations Report No.42.United States Department of Agriculture.Natural Resources Conservation Service,2004[EB/OL].(1996-05-16)[2016-11-20].www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/16/nrcs143_019356.pdf
[35]Wang B(王彬),Zheng F-L(郑粉莉),Wang Y-X(王玉玺).Adaptability analysis on soil erodibility models in typical thin layer black soil area of Northeast China.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2012,28(6):126-131(in Chinese)
[36]Su Z-A(苏正安),Zhang J-H(张建辉).Research progress in tillage erosion and its impacts on soil fertility and crop production.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2007,23(1):272-278(in Chinese)
[37]Yang W-G(杨维鸽),Zheng F-L(郑粉莉),Wang ZL(王占礼),et al.Effects of topography on spatial distribution of soil erosion and deposition on hillslope in the typical of black soil region.Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2016,45(3):572-581(in Chinese)
[38]Doetterl S,Six J,Van Wesemael B,et al.Carbon cycling in eroding landscapes:Geomorphic controls on soil organic C pool composition and C stabilization.Global Change Biology,2012,18:2218-2232
[39]Neogi S,Bhattacharyya P,Roy KS,et al.Soil respiration,labile carbon pools,and enzyme activities as affected by tillage practices in a tropical rice-maize-cowpea cropping system.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2014,186:4223-4236
[40]Buragiene S,arauskis E,Romaneckas K,et al.Experimental analysis of CO2emissions from agricultural soils subjected to five different tillage systems in Lithuania.Science of the Total Environment,2015,514:1-9
[41]Helgason BL,Konschuh HJ,Bedard-Haughn A,et al.Microbial distribution in an eroded landscape:Buried a horizons support abundant and unique communities.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2014,196:94-102
[42]Doetterl S,Stevens A,Van Oost K,et al.Spatiallyexplicit regional-scale prediction of soil organic carbon stocks in cropland using environmental variables and mixed model approaches.Geoderma,2013,204-205:31-42
[43]Wang X,Cammeraat LH,Wang Z,et al.Stability of organic matter in soils of the Belgian Loess Belt upon erosion and deposition.European Journal of Soil Science,2013,64:219-228
[44]Ma6ga-Yaleu S,Guiguemde I,Yacouba H,et al.Soil crusting impact on soil organic carbon losses by water erosion.Catena,2013,107:26-34
[45]Ma W,Li Z,Ding K,et al.Effect of soil erosion on dissolved organic carbon redistribution in subtropical red soil under rainfall simulation.Geomorphology,2014,226:217-225