基于同震位移的隧道抗震设计及其工程应用
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摘要
首次在隧道抗震设计中考虑地震同震位移场,通过搜集历史地震破裂信息估计工程区地震位错,采用"分裂节点法"获得隧道周边的同震位移场,并联合拟静力隧道抗震设计方法,成功应用于某公路隧道。研究表明:基于同震位移的隧道抗震设计方法能够为我们估算未来可能的地震灾害提供有力的定量分析工具;当地层自振周期和基岩反应谱未知,可以利用同震位移场估算远场剪应变开展隧道拟静力抗震设计;例如对于云南某隧道,如果龙陵—澜沧断裂带发生地震,隧道南北两端强制位移约为6 cm。如果龙陵—瑞丽断裂发生地震,由于强制位移导致隧道南北部分出现反向运动,将会对隧道中部产生剪切作用,且隧道出现明显的横向和垂向差异运动。
In this work, the theory of the coseismic displacement field is first considered in the aseismic design of tunnels. We estimate earthquake dislocation in the engineering area by collecting historical earthquake rupture data. The coseismic displacement field around the tunnel is calculated through the splitting nodes method and applied in combination with the pseudostatic method in the aseismic design of a highway tunnel in Yunnan Province. Results show that the method based on coseismic displacement for the aseismic design of tunnels can provide a powerful quantitative analytical tool for the estimation of possible future earthquake disasters. If the natural vibration period and bedrock response spectrum are unknown, the coseismic displacement field can be used to estimate the far-field shear strain when conducting the quasistatic aseismic design of the tunnel. The forced displacement of the north and south segments of a tunnel in Yunnan is approximately 6 cm if earthquakes occur along the Longling—Lancang Fault Zone. If earthquakes occur along the Longling—Ruili Fault, forced displacement will cause reverse movement in the north and south parts of the tunnel. These movements will exert a pronounced shear effect on the middle of the tunnel, and lateral and vertical differential movements in the tunnel will intensify.
In this work, the theory of the coseismic displacement field is first considered in the aseismic design of tunnels. We estimate earthquake dislocation in the engineering area by collecting historical earthquake rupture data. The coseismic displacement field around the tunnel is calculated through the splitting nodes method and applied in combination with the pseudostatic method in the aseismic design of a highway tunnel in Yunnan Province. Results show that the method based on coseismic displacement for the aseismic design of tunnels can provide a powerful quantitative analytical tool for the estimation of possible future earthquake disasters. If the natural vibration period and bedrock response spectrum are unknown, the coseismic displacement field can be used to estimate the far-field shear strain when conducting the quasistatic aseismic design of the tunnel. The forced displacement of the north and south segments of a tunnel in Yunnan is approximately 6 cm if earthquakes occur along the Longling—Lancang Fault Zone. If earthquakes occur along the Longling—Ruili Fault, forced displacement will cause reverse movement in the north and south parts of the tunnel. These movements will exert a pronounced shear effect on the middle of the tunnel, and lateral and vertical differential movements in the tunnel will intensify.
引文
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[19] 虢顺民,周瑞琦.滇西南龙陵—澜沧断裂带:大陆地壳上一条新生的破裂带[J].科学通报,1999,44(19):2118-2121.GUO Shunmin,XIANG Hongfa,ZHOU Ruiqi,et al.The Longlinbg-Lancang Fault Zone in the Southwestern Yunnan Province:A Newly Generated Rupture Zone in Continental Crust[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1999,44(19):2118-2121.
[20] 黄学猛,杜义,舒赛兵,等.龙陵—瑞丽断裂(南支)北段晚第四纪活动性特征[J].地震地质,2010,32(2):222-232.HUANG Xuemeng,DU Yi,SU Saibing,et al.Study of the Late Quaternary Slip Rate Along the Northern Segment on the South Branch of Longling-Ruili Fault.[J] Seismology and Geology,2010,32(2):222-232.
[21] 胡家富,苏有锦,朱雄关,等.云南的地壳S波速度与泊松比结构及其意义[J].中国科学(D辑),2003,33(8):714-722.HU Jiafu,SU Youjin,ZHU Xiongguan,et al.S-wave Velocity and Poissons Ratio Structure of Crust in Yunnan and Its Implication[J].Science in China (Ser.D),2003,33(8):714-722.
[22] 刘兴旺,袁道阳,张波,等.滇西南地区澜沧断裂全新世滑动速率与走滑起始时间探讨[J].地震工程学报,2016,38(3):414-422.LIU Xingwang,YUAN Daoyang,ZHANG Bo,et al.Study of Holocene Slip Rate and Strike-slip Initial Time Along the Lancang Fault,Southwestern Yunnan[J].China Earthquake Engineering Journal,2016,38(3):414-422.
[2] 王明年,崔光耀.高烈度地震区隧道设置减震层研究[J].土木工程学报,2011,44(8):126 -131.WANG Mingnian,CUI Guangyao.Study of the Mechanism of Shock Absortion Layer in the Supporting System of Tunnels in Highly Seismic Areas[J] Chinese Civil Engineering Journal,2011,44(8):126-131.
[3] ASAKURA T,SATO Y.Damage to Mountain Tunnels in Hazard Area[J].Soils and Foundations,Japanese Geotechnical Society,1996,(Special Issue):301-310.
[4] MIYABAYASHI H,TOSAKA T,ISOGAI A,et al.Basic Studies on Earthquake Damage to Shallow Mountain Tunnels[C]//Proceedings of World Tunnel Congress 2008-Underground Facilities for Better Environment and Safety.India,2008.
[5] 王成虎,仇文革,陈永前.震区同震地表破裂统计经验关系及其对隧道抗震设计的意义[J].现代隧道技术,2014(5):1-8.WANG Chenghu,CHOU Wenge,Statistical Empirical Relationship of Coseismic Surface Rupture and Aseismic Tunnel Design[J].Modern Tunnelling Technology,2014(5):1-8.
[6] STEKETEE J A.On Volterra's Dislocations in a Semi-Infinite Elastic Medium[J].Canadian Journal of Physics,1958,36(2):192-205.
[7] OKADA Y.Internal Deformation Due to Shear and Tensile Faults in a Half-space[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1992,82(2):1018-1040.
[8] OKADA Y.Surface Deformation Due to Shear and Tensile Faults in a Half-space[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1985,75(4):1135-1154.
[9] 马艳晶.水电站地下洞室群地震反应初步分析[D].大连理工大学,2009.MA Yanjing,Elementary Seismic Analysis of Underground Hydropower Cavern Groups[D] Dalian University of Technology,2009.
[10] 李天斌.汶川特大地震中山岭隧道变形破坏特征及影响因素分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):742-750.LI Tianbin.Failure Characteristics and Influence Factor Analysis of Mountain Tunnels at Epicenter Zones of Great Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(6):742-750.
[11] ARNOLD D N.An Interior Penalty Finite Element Method with Discontinuous Elements[J].SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis,1982,19(4):742-760.
[12] AAGAARD B,WILLIAMS C,KNEPLEY M.PyLith:A Finite-element Code for Modeling Quasi-static And Dynamic Crustal Deformation[J].Eos Trans,AGU,2007,88:52.
[13] MELOSH H J,RAEFSKY A.A Simple and Efficient Method for Introducing Faults Into Finite Element Computations[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1981,71(5):1391-1400.
[14] BELYTSCHKO T,BLACK T.Elastic Crack Growth in Finite Elements with Minimal Remeshing[J].International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering,1999,45(5):601-620.
[15] 黄禄渊,王成虎,杨树新.地震位错模拟在有限元软件MSC.Marc中的实现[J].华北地震科学,2018(1):1-9.HUANG Luyuan,WANG Chenghu,YANG Shuxin.Numerical Modeling of Earthquake Dislocation Using MSC.Marc[J] North China Earthquake Sciences,2018(1):1-9.
[16] 晏启祥,唐茂皓,何川,等.基于薄壁圆柱壳理论的盾构隧道抗震拟静力分析法[J].岩土工程学报,2014,36(7):1371-1376.YAN Qixiang,TANG Maohao,HE Chuan.Seismic Quasi-static Analysis Method of Shield Tunnel Based on the Theory of Thin Shell Cylindrical Tunne[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2014,36(7):1371-1376.
[17] 邓起东.活动断裂研究[M].北京:地震出版社,1993.DENG Qidong.Research on Active Fault[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,1993.
[18] WELLS D L,COPPERSMITH K J.New Empirical Relationships among Magnitude,Rupture Length,Rupture Width,Rupture Area,and Surface Displacement[J].Bulletion of the Seismological Society of America,1994,84(4):974-1002.
[19] 虢顺民,周瑞琦.滇西南龙陵—澜沧断裂带:大陆地壳上一条新生的破裂带[J].科学通报,1999,44(19):2118-2121.GUO Shunmin,XIANG Hongfa,ZHOU Ruiqi,et al.The Longlinbg-Lancang Fault Zone in the Southwestern Yunnan Province:A Newly Generated Rupture Zone in Continental Crust[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1999,44(19):2118-2121.
[20] 黄学猛,杜义,舒赛兵,等.龙陵—瑞丽断裂(南支)北段晚第四纪活动性特征[J].地震地质,2010,32(2):222-232.HUANG Xuemeng,DU Yi,SU Saibing,et al.Study of the Late Quaternary Slip Rate Along the Northern Segment on the South Branch of Longling-Ruili Fault.[J] Seismology and Geology,2010,32(2):222-232.
[21] 胡家富,苏有锦,朱雄关,等.云南的地壳S波速度与泊松比结构及其意义[J].中国科学(D辑),2003,33(8):714-722.HU Jiafu,SU Youjin,ZHU Xiongguan,et al.S-wave Velocity and Poissons Ratio Structure of Crust in Yunnan and Its Implication[J].Science in China (Ser.D),2003,33(8):714-722.
[22] 刘兴旺,袁道阳,张波,等.滇西南地区澜沧断裂全新世滑动速率与走滑起始时间探讨[J].地震工程学报,2016,38(3):414-422.LIU Xingwang,YUAN Daoyang,ZHANG Bo,et al.Study of Holocene Slip Rate and Strike-slip Initial Time Along the Lancang Fault,Southwestern Yunnan[J].China Earthquake Engineering Journal,2016,38(3):414-422.