放牧对新疆草地生态系统碳源/汇的影响模拟研究
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摘要
正确评估新疆草地生态系统碳源/汇效应,对区域尺度碳循环研究具有重要意义。放牧是新疆草地生态系统中主要的人类活动,但放牧对草地碳平衡与碳动态的影响还具有很大的不确定性。利用生态系统放牧模型Biome-BGC grazing,通过情景模拟综合评价新疆草地生态系统碳源/汇的动态。结果表明:1)1979—2007年新疆草地生态系统的碳源总量为0.38Pg C,其中由放牧导致的碳释放为0.37Pg C;2)当平均放牧率小于0.24头标准羊/hm~2时,放牧能够促进草地碳固定。研究实现了BiomeBGC grazing模型在区域尺度的应用,研究结果将有助于理解气候变化及放牧对干旱区草地生态系统碳动态变化的驱动机理,对探明干旱区草原生态系统的源/汇特征具有重要意义。
Identifying the carbon source/sink strength of grassland ecosystems in Xinjiang is of great importance for the regional carbon cycle. Using the modified Biome-BGC grazing model,we modeled carbon dynamics in grasslands in Xinjiang,northwest China with varying grazing intensities. In general,the regional simulation estimated that the grassland ecosystems in Xinjiang acted as a net carbon source,with a value of 0.38 Pg during the period 1979—2007,of which 0.37 Pg was caused by grazing. In general,the strength of carbon sequestration improved when grazing intensity was less than0.24 head/hm~2. However,the over-compensation effect may also be the result of the growth of poisonous grass. Therefore,in the future,by adding the"vegetation succession"module,we should improve the Biome-BGC grazing model to study the compensation effect more intensively. Our findings have implications for grassland ecosystem management as they relate tocarbon sequestration and climate change mitigation,e.g.,removal of grazing should be considered in strategies that aim to increase terrestrial carbon sequestrations at local and regional scales. We anticipate that our study will emphasize the need for large-scale assessments of how grazing affects carbon cycling.
Identifying the carbon source/sink strength of grassland ecosystems in Xinjiang is of great importance for the regional carbon cycle. Using the modified Biome-BGC grazing model,we modeled carbon dynamics in grasslands in Xinjiang,northwest China with varying grazing intensities. In general,the regional simulation estimated that the grassland ecosystems in Xinjiang acted as a net carbon source,with a value of 0.38 Pg during the period 1979—2007,of which 0.37 Pg was caused by grazing. In general,the strength of carbon sequestration improved when grazing intensity was less than0.24 head/hm~2. However,the over-compensation effect may also be the result of the growth of poisonous grass. Therefore,in the future,by adding the"vegetation succession"module,we should improve the Biome-BGC grazing model to study the compensation effect more intensively. Our findings have implications for grassland ecosystem management as they relate tocarbon sequestration and climate change mitigation,e.g.,removal of grazing should be considered in strategies that aim to increase terrestrial carbon sequestrations at local and regional scales. We anticipate that our study will emphasize the need for large-scale assessments of how grazing affects carbon cycling.
引文
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[21]孔玉华,姚风军,鹏爽,刘艳,董文轩,白龙.不同利用方式下草地土壤碳积累及汇/源功能转换特征研究.草业科学,2010,27(4):40-45.
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[23]李东.基于CENTURY模型的高寒草甸土壤有机碳动态模拟研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2011.
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[26]杨红飞,刚成诚,穆少杰,章超斌,周伟,李建龙.近10年新疆草地生态系统净初级生产力及其时空格局变化研究.草业学报,2014,23(3):39-50.
[27]陈曦,罗格平,夏军,周可法,娄少平,叶民权.新疆天山北坡气候变化的生态响应研究.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2004,34(12):1166-1175.
[28]何清,杨青,李红军.新疆40a来气温、降水和沙尘天气变化.冰川冻土,2003,25(4):423-427.
[29]施雅风,沈永平,胡汝骥.西北气候由暖干向暖湿转型的信号、影响和前景初步探讨.冰川冻土,2002,24(3):219-226.
[30]朱玲玲,戎郁萍,王伟光,马磊.放牧对草地生态系统CO2净气体交换影响研究概述.草地学报,2013,21(1):3-10.
[31]汪诗平,王艳芬,李永宏,陈佐忠.不同放牧率对草原牧草再生性能和地上净初级生产力的影响.草地学报,1998,6(4):275-281.
[32]赵彬彬,牛克昌,杜国祯.放牧对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸群落27种植物地上生物量分配的影响.生态学报,2009,29(3):1596-1606.
[2]Pringle H J R,Watson L W,Tinley K L.Landscape improvement,or ongoing degradation-reconciling apparent contradictions from the arid rangelands of Western Australia.Landscape Ecology,2006,21(8):1267-1279.
[3]Qi S Z,Luo F.Water environmental degradation of the Heihe River basin in arid Northwestern China.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2005,108(1):205-215.
[4]Jabbar M T,Chen X L.Land degradation due to salinization in arid and semi-arid regions with the aid of geo-information techniques.Geo-Spatial Information Science,2008,11(2):112-120.
[5]Beyene S T.Rangeland degradation in a semi-arid communal savannah of swaziland:long-term dip-tank use effects on woody plant structure,cover and their indigenous use in three soil types.Land Degradation&Development,2015,26(4):311-323.
[6]赵万羽,李建龙,齐家国,刘旭.新疆草地生态安全问题、现状与对策分析.干旱区研究,2005,22(1):45-50.
[7]柴军.新疆牧民生产决策行为与草地退化问题研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2008.
[8]Wang Y H,Zhou G S,Jia B R.Modeling SOC and NPP responses of meadow steppe to different grazing intensities in Northeast China.Ecological Modelling,2008,217(1/2):72-78.
[9]Riedo M,Gyalistras D,Fuhrer J.Net primary production and carbon stocks in differently managed grasslands:simulation of site-specific sensitivity to an increase in atmospheric CO2and to climate change.Ecological Modelling,2000,134(2/3):207-227.
[10]Schaldach R,Wimmer F,Koch J,Volland J,Geiler K,K9chy M.Model-based analysis of the environmental impacts of grazing management on Eastern Mediterranean ecosystems in Jordan.Journal of Environmental Management,2013,127:S84-S95.
[11]Pi1eiro G,Paruelo J M,Oesterheld M,Jobbágy E G.Pathways of grazing effects on soil organic carbon and nitrogen.Rangel and Ecology and Management,2010,63(1):109-119.
[12]侯扶江,杨中艺.放牧对草地的作用.生态学报,2006,26(1):244-264.
[13]张雪,乌云娜,林璐,赵晨羽,王雪婷,白佳忆.放牧梯度上草原植被——土壤系统碳截存特征.中国沙漠,2013,33(6):1789-1795.
[14]宋彦涛.松嫩草地植物功能生态学研究[D].长春:东北师范大学,2012.
[15]汪诗平,李永宏,王艳芬,陈佐忠.不同放牧率对内蒙古冷蒿草原植物多样性的影响.植物学报,2001,43(1):89-96.
[16]王仁忠,李建东.羊草草地放牧退化演替中种群消长模型的研究.植物生态学报,1995,19(2):170-174.
[17]张璐璐,周晓松,李英年,袁芙蓉,樊瑞俭,朱志红.刈割、施肥和浇水对矮嵩草补偿生长的影响.植物生态学报,2011,35(6):641-652.
[18]朱志红,席博,李英年,臧岳铭,王文娟,刘建秀,郭华.高寒草甸不同生境粗喙薹草补偿生长研究.植物生态学报,2010,34(3):348-358.
[19]董世魁,江源,黄晓霞.草地放牧适宜度理论及牧场管理策略.资源科学,2002,24(6):35-41.
[20]周德成,罗格平,韩其飞,尹昌应,李龙辉,胡玉昆.天山北坡不同海拔梯度山地草原生态系统地上净初级生产力对气候变化及放牧的响应.生态学报,2012,32(1):81-92.
[21]孔玉华,姚风军,鹏爽,刘艳,董文轩,白龙.不同利用方式下草地土壤碳积累及汇/源功能转换特征研究.草业科学,2010,27(4):40-45.
[22]何念鹏,韩兴国,于贵瑞.内蒙古放牧草地土壤碳固持速率和潜力.生态学报,2012,32(3):844-851.
[23]李东.基于CENTURY模型的高寒草甸土壤有机碳动态模拟研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2011.
[24]张存厚.内蒙古草原地上净初级生产力对气候变化响应的模拟[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2013.
[25]丹利,季劲钧,马柱国.新疆植被生产力与叶面积指数的变化及其对气候的响应.生态学报,2007,27(9):3582-3592.
[26]杨红飞,刚成诚,穆少杰,章超斌,周伟,李建龙.近10年新疆草地生态系统净初级生产力及其时空格局变化研究.草业学报,2014,23(3):39-50.
[27]陈曦,罗格平,夏军,周可法,娄少平,叶民权.新疆天山北坡气候变化的生态响应研究.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2004,34(12):1166-1175.
[28]何清,杨青,李红军.新疆40a来气温、降水和沙尘天气变化.冰川冻土,2003,25(4):423-427.
[29]施雅风,沈永平,胡汝骥.西北气候由暖干向暖湿转型的信号、影响和前景初步探讨.冰川冻土,2002,24(3):219-226.
[30]朱玲玲,戎郁萍,王伟光,马磊.放牧对草地生态系统CO2净气体交换影响研究概述.草地学报,2013,21(1):3-10.
[31]汪诗平,王艳芬,李永宏,陈佐忠.不同放牧率对草原牧草再生性能和地上净初级生产力的影响.草地学报,1998,6(4):275-281.
[32]赵彬彬,牛克昌,杜国祯.放牧对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸群落27种植物地上生物量分配的影响.生态学报,2009,29(3):1596-1606.