标准联盟主导企业标准创新对成员企业的影响——研发投入强度、技术距离与超常收益
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摘要
建立标准联盟是企业参与标准竞争的重要战略手段。本文以"开放手机联盟"为研究对象,通过事件研究法和多元回归法研究手机操作系统主导企业谷歌公司2010—2012年安卓(Android)系统重大技术升级对联盟成员企业产生的异质性影响,重点从成员企业角度探讨成员企业研发投入强度和技术距离在此过程中的作用。研究表明,联盟内不同类型的企业在主导企业对技术标准进行创新的过程中受到不一致的影响,成员企业研发投入强度与超常收益之间存在显著负向关系;技术距离以U型方式调节投入强度对超常收益的负向影响强度。
Establishing standards alliance is an important strategy for the enterprises to participate standards competition.The sample of this paper consists of panel data for the member companies of "open handset alliance"(OHA)from 2010 to 2012.Using event study and MLR,the paper observes the heterogeneous influence of Android system' s major updates launched by the dominant company of OHA—Google inc.—during these three years on other members,and especially explores the function of both R&D intensity and technological distances between the members and the dominant companies in the process.The results show that the respective R&D intensity has a negative effect on abnormal return.Moreover,technological distance moderates the effect of the R&D intensity on abnormal return in a U-curvilinear way.
Establishing standards alliance is an important strategy for the enterprises to participate standards competition.The sample of this paper consists of panel data for the member companies of "open handset alliance"(OHA)from 2010 to 2012.Using event study and MLR,the paper observes the heterogeneous influence of Android system' s major updates launched by the dominant company of OHA—Google inc.—during these three years on other members,and especially explores the function of both R&D intensity and technological distances between the members and the dominant companies in the process.The results show that the respective R&D intensity has a negative effect on abnormal return.Moreover,technological distance moderates the effect of the R&D intensity on abnormal return in a U-curvilinear way.
引文
[1]夏大慰,熊红星.网络效应,消费偏好与标准竞争[J].中国工业经济,2005(5):43-49.
[2]KEIL T.De-facto standardization through alliances-lessons from bluetooth[J].Telecommunication Policy,2002,26(3):205-213.
[3]周青,毛崇峰.基于协作研发的技术标准联盟形成条件与路径分析[J].科学管理研究,2006(24):47-50.
[4]HAN K,OH W.KUN S I,et al.Value cocreation and wealth spillover in open innovation alliances[J].MIS Quarterly,2012,36(1):1-26.
[5]王硕,杨蕙馨,王军.标准联盟内平台产品技术创新对成员企业的财富效应——来自“开放手机联盟”的实证研究[J].经济与管理研究,2014(8):96-107.
[6]COHEN W M,LEVINTHAL D A.Absorptive capacity:a new perspective on learning and innovation[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1990,35(1):128-152.
[7]ZAHRA S A,HAYTON J C.The effect of international venturing on firm performance:the moderating influence of absorptive capacity[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2008,23(2):195-220.
[8]MANSFIELD E.Rates of return from industrial research and development[J].The American Economic Review,1965,55(1-2):310-322.
[9]LEV B.R&D and capital markets[J].Journal of Applied Corporate Finance,1999,11(4):21-35.
[10]孙耀吾,顾荃,翟翌.高技术服务创新网络利益分配机理与仿真研究——基于Shapley值法修正模型[J].经济与管理研究,2014(6):103-110.
[11]龙勇,罗芳,黄海波.竞争性联盟中关于技术合作效应的实证研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2009(10):31-37.
[12]PORTER M E.Clusters and the new economics of competition[J].Harvard Business Review,1998,76(6):77-90.
[13]KRAATZ M S.Learning by association?Interorganizational networks and adaptation to environmental change[J].Academy of Management Journal,1998,41(6):621-643.
[14]TELLIS G J,YIN E,NIRAJ R.Does quality win?Network effects versus quality in high-tech markets[J].Journal of Marketing Research,2009,46(2):135-149.
[15]MOWERY D C.Firm structure,government policy,and the organization of industrial research:great britain and the united states,1900-1950[J].Business History Review,1984,58(4):504-531.
[16]康志勇.技术选择、投入强度与企业创新绩效研究[J].科研管理,2013(6):42-49.
[17]吴卫华,万迪昉,吴祖光.高新技术企业R&D投入强度与企业业绩——基于会计和市场业绩对比的激励契约设计[J].经济与管理研究,2014(5):93-102.
[18]张瑞,苏方林,李臣.基于PVAR模型的R&D投入与产出关系的实证研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2011(12):18-25.
[19]赵喜仓,任洋.R&D投入、专利产出效率和经济增长实力的动态关系研究——基于江苏省13个地级市面板数据的PVAR分析[J].软科学,2014(10):18-26.
[20]MOWERY D C.OXLEY J E,SILVERMAN B S.Technological overlap and inter-firm cooperation implications for the resource-based view of the firm[J].Research Policy,1998,27(5):507-523.
[21]LANE F P,LUBATKTN M.Relative absorptive capacity and interorganizational learning[J].Strategic Management Joumal,1998,19(5):461-477.
[22]AHUJA G.The duality of collaboration:inducements and opportunities in the formation of inter-firm linkages[J].Strategic Management Journal,2000,21(3):317-343.
[23]BURT R S.Structural holes—the social structure of competition[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1992.
[24]LETTERIE W,HAGEDOORN J,VAN KRANENBURG H,PALM F.Information gathering through alliances[J].Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization,2008,66(2):176-194.
[25]CASSIMAN B,COLOMBO M,GARRONE P,VEUGELERS R.The impact of M&A on the R&D process:an empirical analysis of the role of technological and market relatedness[J].Research Policy,2005,34(2):195-220.
[26]BAUM J A C,CALABRESE T,SILVERMAN B S.Don't go it alone:alliance network composition and start-ups'performance in Canadian biotechnology[J].Strategic Management Journal,2000,21(3):267-294,
[27]PAKES A,GRILICHES Z.Estimating distributed lags in short panels with an application to the specification of depreciation patterns and capital stock constructs[J].Review of Economic Studies,1984,51(2):243-262.
[28]HALL B H,ZIKDONIS R H.The patent paradox revisited:an empirical study of patenting in the US semiconductor industry,1979—1995[J].Rand Journal of Economics,2001,32(1):101-128.
[29]SAMPSON R C.R&D alliances and firm performance:the impact of technological diversity and alliance organization on innovation[J].Academy of Management Journal,2007,50(2):364-386.
[30]NOOTEBOOM B.Innovation and diffusion in small business:theory and empirical evidence[J].Small Business Economics,1994,6(5):327-347.
[31]WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM AND INSEAD.The global information technology report 2012:living in a hyperconnected world[R].April 2012.
[32]Event Studies with Stata[DB/CD].Http://Dss.Princeton.Edu/Online_Help/Stats_Packages/Stata/Eventstudy.html.
①比如,谷歌公司对安卓操作系统的技术升级提升其主营业务互联网搜索、云计算、广告技术在移动网络设备中的市场占有率,微软公司对操作系统的升级使其网络浏览器和办公软件在个人电脑的安装基础占据压倒性优势。
①同时在多个地区上市的企业,首选其本土股票市场数据,考虑到股票市场的有效性和异质性对本研究的影响,中国大陆企业采用香港股票市场数据或美国股票市场数据。
①本文并未使用专利许可数量衡量研发产出,主要原因在于专利申请与专利批准之间有较长时间间隔,并且专利的批准受行业技术发展、政府政策等影响较大。
②“开放手机联盟”官方网站内将其成员企业划分成五种类型:商业化公司6家,手机制造商20家,移动运营商10家,芯片制造商16家,软件生产商7家。尽管这一分类并不标准,但能够更清晰的反应各成员企业在联盟中的作用和网络位置,本文参考这一分类。
[2]KEIL T.De-facto standardization through alliances-lessons from bluetooth[J].Telecommunication Policy,2002,26(3):205-213.
[3]周青,毛崇峰.基于协作研发的技术标准联盟形成条件与路径分析[J].科学管理研究,2006(24):47-50.
[4]HAN K,OH W.KUN S I,et al.Value cocreation and wealth spillover in open innovation alliances[J].MIS Quarterly,2012,36(1):1-26.
[5]王硕,杨蕙馨,王军.标准联盟内平台产品技术创新对成员企业的财富效应——来自“开放手机联盟”的实证研究[J].经济与管理研究,2014(8):96-107.
[6]COHEN W M,LEVINTHAL D A.Absorptive capacity:a new perspective on learning and innovation[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1990,35(1):128-152.
[7]ZAHRA S A,HAYTON J C.The effect of international venturing on firm performance:the moderating influence of absorptive capacity[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2008,23(2):195-220.
[8]MANSFIELD E.Rates of return from industrial research and development[J].The American Economic Review,1965,55(1-2):310-322.
[9]LEV B.R&D and capital markets[J].Journal of Applied Corporate Finance,1999,11(4):21-35.
[10]孙耀吾,顾荃,翟翌.高技术服务创新网络利益分配机理与仿真研究——基于Shapley值法修正模型[J].经济与管理研究,2014(6):103-110.
[11]龙勇,罗芳,黄海波.竞争性联盟中关于技术合作效应的实证研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2009(10):31-37.
[12]PORTER M E.Clusters and the new economics of competition[J].Harvard Business Review,1998,76(6):77-90.
[13]KRAATZ M S.Learning by association?Interorganizational networks and adaptation to environmental change[J].Academy of Management Journal,1998,41(6):621-643.
[14]TELLIS G J,YIN E,NIRAJ R.Does quality win?Network effects versus quality in high-tech markets[J].Journal of Marketing Research,2009,46(2):135-149.
[15]MOWERY D C.Firm structure,government policy,and the organization of industrial research:great britain and the united states,1900-1950[J].Business History Review,1984,58(4):504-531.
[16]康志勇.技术选择、投入强度与企业创新绩效研究[J].科研管理,2013(6):42-49.
[17]吴卫华,万迪昉,吴祖光.高新技术企业R&D投入强度与企业业绩——基于会计和市场业绩对比的激励契约设计[J].经济与管理研究,2014(5):93-102.
[18]张瑞,苏方林,李臣.基于PVAR模型的R&D投入与产出关系的实证研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2011(12):18-25.
[19]赵喜仓,任洋.R&D投入、专利产出效率和经济增长实力的动态关系研究——基于江苏省13个地级市面板数据的PVAR分析[J].软科学,2014(10):18-26.
[20]MOWERY D C.OXLEY J E,SILVERMAN B S.Technological overlap and inter-firm cooperation implications for the resource-based view of the firm[J].Research Policy,1998,27(5):507-523.
[21]LANE F P,LUBATKTN M.Relative absorptive capacity and interorganizational learning[J].Strategic Management Joumal,1998,19(5):461-477.
[22]AHUJA G.The duality of collaboration:inducements and opportunities in the formation of inter-firm linkages[J].Strategic Management Journal,2000,21(3):317-343.
[23]BURT R S.Structural holes—the social structure of competition[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1992.
[24]LETTERIE W,HAGEDOORN J,VAN KRANENBURG H,PALM F.Information gathering through alliances[J].Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization,2008,66(2):176-194.
[25]CASSIMAN B,COLOMBO M,GARRONE P,VEUGELERS R.The impact of M&A on the R&D process:an empirical analysis of the role of technological and market relatedness[J].Research Policy,2005,34(2):195-220.
[26]BAUM J A C,CALABRESE T,SILVERMAN B S.Don't go it alone:alliance network composition and start-ups'performance in Canadian biotechnology[J].Strategic Management Journal,2000,21(3):267-294,
[27]PAKES A,GRILICHES Z.Estimating distributed lags in short panels with an application to the specification of depreciation patterns and capital stock constructs[J].Review of Economic Studies,1984,51(2):243-262.
[28]HALL B H,ZIKDONIS R H.The patent paradox revisited:an empirical study of patenting in the US semiconductor industry,1979—1995[J].Rand Journal of Economics,2001,32(1):101-128.
[29]SAMPSON R C.R&D alliances and firm performance:the impact of technological diversity and alliance organization on innovation[J].Academy of Management Journal,2007,50(2):364-386.
[30]NOOTEBOOM B.Innovation and diffusion in small business:theory and empirical evidence[J].Small Business Economics,1994,6(5):327-347.
[31]WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM AND INSEAD.The global information technology report 2012:living in a hyperconnected world[R].April 2012.
[32]Event Studies with Stata[DB/CD].Http://Dss.Princeton.Edu/Online_Help/Stats_Packages/Stata/Eventstudy.html.
①比如,谷歌公司对安卓操作系统的技术升级提升其主营业务互联网搜索、云计算、广告技术在移动网络设备中的市场占有率,微软公司对操作系统的升级使其网络浏览器和办公软件在个人电脑的安装基础占据压倒性优势。
①同时在多个地区上市的企业,首选其本土股票市场数据,考虑到股票市场的有效性和异质性对本研究的影响,中国大陆企业采用香港股票市场数据或美国股票市场数据。
①本文并未使用专利许可数量衡量研发产出,主要原因在于专利申请与专利批准之间有较长时间间隔,并且专利的批准受行业技术发展、政府政策等影响较大。
②“开放手机联盟”官方网站内将其成员企业划分成五种类型:商业化公司6家,手机制造商20家,移动运营商10家,芯片制造商16家,软件生产商7家。尽管这一分类并不标准,但能够更清晰的反应各成员企业在联盟中的作用和网络位置,本文参考这一分类。