9种豆科饲草越冬性能对晚播期的响应
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摘要
以中国北方9种豆科饲草为试验材料,在7月15日至8月25日间5个播期下,检测了9种豆科饲草越冬前形态和生理特征及越冬率。结果表明,播期延后显著降低越冬前各豆科饲草株高、叶片数量、根颈直径、主根长度、地上和根生物量、根系可溶性糖和总氮含量,增加地上生物量/根系生物量比值。与播期7月15日相比,7月25日、8月5日、8月15日、8月25日播期下,豆科饲草平均越冬率分别降低了35%、56%、91%和96%。由于越冬前根系生物量分配及根系可溶性糖和氮素含量更高,龙牧801苜蓿(Melilotoides ruthenicus×Medicago sativa‘Longmu No.801’)、扁蓿豆(Medicago ruthenica)、沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)和兴安胡枝子(Lespedeza daurica)的越冬性能明显优于其他豆科饲草。基于本研究结果和草地管理实践,建议松嫩平原天然割草地在8月5日前后进行豆科补播;从越冬性能考虑,龙牧801苜蓿、扁蓿豆、沙打旺和兴安胡枝子是补播优选植物;为促进补播豆科植物建植,建议将补播当年草地割草时间从传统的8月中旬适当提前。
Nine native and bred legume forages from northern China were selected as experimental materials.Under five sowing dates between 15 July and 25 August,the plant morphological and physiological features before overwintering,and overwintering rate of nine legumes were examined.The results showed that the delayed sowing date significantly decreased the plant height,leaf number,root collar diameter,main root length,above-ground and root biomass,and soluble sugar and nitrogen concentrations of the root,but increased the above-ground biomass/root biomass for the nine legumes.A sowing date of 25 July,5 August,15 August,and25 August led to a mean overwintering rate of the nine legumes that was lower by 35%,56%,91%,and 96%,respectively,than that for a sowing date of 15 July.Melilotoides ruthenicus × Medicago sativa Longmu No.801,Medicago ruthenica,Astragalus adsurgens,and Lespedeza daurica had better overwintering performance than did the other legume forages,which was attributed to their higher root biomass allocation,soluble sugar,and nitrogen concentrations in their roots before overwintering.Based on our study results and grassland management practices,it is suggested that legume reseeding should be carried out on 5 August in the native mowing pastures of Songnen Plain;M.ruthenicus × M.sativa Longmu No.801,M.ruthenica,A.adsurgens,and L.daurica should be recommend for use as reseeded legumes based on their overwintering performance.To promote establishment of reseeded legumes,the mowing of grasslands should be carried out earlier than its usual time of mid-August.
Nine native and bred legume forages from northern China were selected as experimental materials.Under five sowing dates between 15 July and 25 August,the plant morphological and physiological features before overwintering,and overwintering rate of nine legumes were examined.The results showed that the delayed sowing date significantly decreased the plant height,leaf number,root collar diameter,main root length,above-ground and root biomass,and soluble sugar and nitrogen concentrations of the root,but increased the above-ground biomass/root biomass for the nine legumes.A sowing date of 25 July,5 August,15 August,and25 August led to a mean overwintering rate of the nine legumes that was lower by 35%,56%,91%,and 96%,respectively,than that for a sowing date of 15 July.Melilotoides ruthenicus × Medicago sativa Longmu No.801,Medicago ruthenica,Astragalus adsurgens,and Lespedeza daurica had better overwintering performance than did the other legume forages,which was attributed to their higher root biomass allocation,soluble sugar,and nitrogen concentrations in their roots before overwintering.Based on our study results and grassland management practices,it is suggested that legume reseeding should be carried out on 5 August in the native mowing pastures of Songnen Plain;M.ruthenicus × M.sativa Longmu No.801,M.ruthenica,A.adsurgens,and L.daurica should be recommend for use as reseeded legumes based on their overwintering performance.To promote establishment of reseeded legumes,the mowing of grasslands should be carried out earlier than its usual time of mid-August.
引文
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[4]李飞,禹朴家,神祥金,宋彦涛,李强,张海艳,周道玮.退化草地补播草木樨、黄花苜蓿的生产力和土壤碳截获潜力.草业科学,2014,31(3):361-366.LI F,YU P J,SHEN X J,SONG Y T,LI Q,ZHANG H Y,ZHOU D W.Community productivity and soil carbon sequestration after Melilotus officinalis and Medicago falcate reseeding on degraded grassland.Pratacultural Science,2014,31(3):361-366.
[5]LI Q,YU P J,LI G D,ZHOU D W.Grass-legume ratio can change soil carbon and nitrogen storage in a temperate steppe grassland.Soil and Tillage Research,2016,157:23-31.
[6]JIN D,MA J,MA W,LIANG C,SHI Y,HE J S.Legumes in Chinese natural grasslands:Species,biomass,and distribution.Rangeland Ecology and Management,2013,66(6):648-656.
[7]李凌浩,路鹏,顾雪莹,毛小涛,高树琴,张英俊.人工草地建设与案例与生产范式.科学通报,2016,61:193-200.LI L H,LU P,GU X Y,MAO X T,GAO S Q,ZHANG Y J.Principles and paradigms for developing artificial pastures.Chinese Science Bulletin,2016,61:193-200.
[8]阎子盟,张玉娟,潘利,唐士明,王堃,黄顶.天然草地补播豆科牧草的研究进展.中国农学通报,2014,30(29):1-7.YAN Z M,ZHANG Y J,PAN L,TANG S M,WANG K,HUANG D.Research progress of reseeding forage legumes into natural grassland.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(29):1-7.
[9]原崇德,王树兵,王进萍.晋东南地区苜蓿适宜播种期的选择.草原与草坪,2003(4):53-54.YUAN C D,WANG S B,WANG J P.Selection of proper sowing time for alfalfa in Southeastern Shanxi.Grassland and Turf,2003(4):53-54.
[10]云岚,米福贵,云锦凤,白玉娥,张春明.六个苜蓿品种幼苗对水分胁迫的响应及其抗旱性.中国草地,2004,26(2):15-20.YUN L,MI F G,YUN J F,BAI Y E,ZHANG C M.Drought resistance of six alfalfa varieties seedlings under water stress.Grassland of China,2004,26(2):15-20.
[11]刘军萍,王德利,巴雷.不同刈割条件下的人工草地羊草叶片的再生动态研究.东北师大学报(自然科学版),2003,35(1):117-124.LIU J P,WANG D L,BA L.Studies on the leaf regrowth dynamics in Leymus chinensis under different cutting conditions.Journal of Northeast Normal University(Natural Science),2003,35(1):117-124.
[12]曹宏,韩雍,方刚.陇东地区紫花苜蓿播种技术试验.草业科学,2013,30(2):238-244.CAO H,HAN Y,FANG G.A study on sowing techniques of Medicago sativa in Longdong dry land.Pratacultural Science,2013,30(2):238-244.
[13]韩文斌,任胜茂,罗阳春,马雪清,谢树果,曹卫东.播期和播量对橘园间作下山黧豆产量及农艺性状的影响.草业科学,2015,32(12):2089-2093.HAN W B,REN S M,LUO Y C,MA X Q,XIE S G,CAO W D.Effects of sowing date and sowing rate on yields and agronomic traits of grass pea intercropped with citrus.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(12):2089-2093.
[14]王英哲,徐博,徐安凯,孙启忠.播期对紫花苜蓿草产量、生长发育及越冬率的影响.中国农学通报,2015,31(8):16-20.WANG Y Z,XU B,XU A K,SUN Q Z.Effect of sowing date on forage yield,growth and overwintering rate of alfalfa.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2015,31(8):16-20.
[15]李合生.植物生理生化实验原理和技术.北京:高等教育出版社,2000.LI H S.Experimental Principle and Technology of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2000.
[16]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.BAO S D.Soil Agrochemical Analysis.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000.
[17]韩清芳,吴新卫,贾志宽,刘玉华.不同秋眠级数苜蓿品种根颈变化特征分析.草业学报,2008,17(4):85-91.HAN Q F,WU X W,JIA Z K,LIU Y H.Analysis on dynamic variety of crown characteristics of different fall dormancy Medicago sativa cultivars.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2008,17(4):85-91.
[18]SCHWAB P M,BARNES D K,SHEAFFER C C.The relationship between field wilen injury and fall growth score for 251alfalfa cultivates.Crop Science,1996,36:418-426.
[19]曾庆飞,孙兆敏,贾志宽,韩清芳,刘世新,易华.不同播期对紫花苜蓿生长性状及越冬性的影响研究.西北植物学报,2005,25(5):1007-1011.ZENG Q F,SUN Z M,JIA Z K,HAN Q F,LIU S X,YI H.Effects of sowing dates on alfalfa productivity and winter ability.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2005,25(5):1007-1011.
[20]崔国文.紫花苜蓿田间越冬期抗寒生理研究.草地学报,2009,17(2):145-150.CUI G W.The physiological responses of cold resistance in alfalfa during overwintering period in the field.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2009,17(2):145-150.
[21]NYFELER D,HUGUENIN-ELIE O,SUTER M,FROSSARD E,LSCHER A.Grass-legume mixtures can yield more nitrogen than legume pure stands due to mutual stimulation of nitrogen uptake from symbiotic and non-symbiotic sources.Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment,2011,140(1):155-163.
[22]郑伟,加娜尔古丽,唐高溶,朱进忠.混播种类与混播比例对豆禾混播草地浅层土壤养分的影响.草业科学,2015,32(3):329-339.ZHENG W,JIANAERGULI,TANG G R,ZHU J Z.Effects of mixed species,mixed ratios of legume to grass on soil nutrients in surface soils of legume-grass mixture pasture.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(3):329-339.
[23]胡宜刚,张鹏,赵洋,黄磊,虎瑞.植被配置对黑岱沟露天煤矿区土壤养分恢复的影响.草业科学,2015,32(10):1561-1568.HU Y G,ZHANG P,ZHAO Y,HUANG L,HU R.Effects of various vegetation patterns on soil nutrients recovery in Heidaigou coal mine.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(10):1561-1568.
[24]LI Q,SONG Y T,LI G D,YU P J,WANG P,ZHOU D W.Grass-legume mixtures impact soil N,species recruitment,and productivity in temperate steppe grassland.Plant and Soil,2015,394(1-2):271-285.
[25]李强,周道玮,宋彦涛.松嫩草地两种广布豆科植物分布特征及其与土壤因子关系.草业学报,2014,23(1):31-40.LI Q,ZHOU D W,SONG Y T.The distribution feature of two widespread legumes and its relationships with soil factors in Songnen grassland.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2014,23(1):31-40.
[2]HERRIDGE D F,PEOPLES M B,BODDEY R M.Global inputs of biological nitrogen fixation in agricultural systems.Plant and Soil,2008,311:1-18.
[3]CONANT R T,PAUSTIAN K,ELLIOTT E T.Grassland management and conversion into grassland:Effects on soil carbon.Ecological Applications,2001,11(2):343-355.
[4]李飞,禹朴家,神祥金,宋彦涛,李强,张海艳,周道玮.退化草地补播草木樨、黄花苜蓿的生产力和土壤碳截获潜力.草业科学,2014,31(3):361-366.LI F,YU P J,SHEN X J,SONG Y T,LI Q,ZHANG H Y,ZHOU D W.Community productivity and soil carbon sequestration after Melilotus officinalis and Medicago falcate reseeding on degraded grassland.Pratacultural Science,2014,31(3):361-366.
[5]LI Q,YU P J,LI G D,ZHOU D W.Grass-legume ratio can change soil carbon and nitrogen storage in a temperate steppe grassland.Soil and Tillage Research,2016,157:23-31.
[6]JIN D,MA J,MA W,LIANG C,SHI Y,HE J S.Legumes in Chinese natural grasslands:Species,biomass,and distribution.Rangeland Ecology and Management,2013,66(6):648-656.
[7]李凌浩,路鹏,顾雪莹,毛小涛,高树琴,张英俊.人工草地建设与案例与生产范式.科学通报,2016,61:193-200.LI L H,LU P,GU X Y,MAO X T,GAO S Q,ZHANG Y J.Principles and paradigms for developing artificial pastures.Chinese Science Bulletin,2016,61:193-200.
[8]阎子盟,张玉娟,潘利,唐士明,王堃,黄顶.天然草地补播豆科牧草的研究进展.中国农学通报,2014,30(29):1-7.YAN Z M,ZHANG Y J,PAN L,TANG S M,WANG K,HUANG D.Research progress of reseeding forage legumes into natural grassland.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(29):1-7.
[9]原崇德,王树兵,王进萍.晋东南地区苜蓿适宜播种期的选择.草原与草坪,2003(4):53-54.YUAN C D,WANG S B,WANG J P.Selection of proper sowing time for alfalfa in Southeastern Shanxi.Grassland and Turf,2003(4):53-54.
[10]云岚,米福贵,云锦凤,白玉娥,张春明.六个苜蓿品种幼苗对水分胁迫的响应及其抗旱性.中国草地,2004,26(2):15-20.YUN L,MI F G,YUN J F,BAI Y E,ZHANG C M.Drought resistance of six alfalfa varieties seedlings under water stress.Grassland of China,2004,26(2):15-20.
[11]刘军萍,王德利,巴雷.不同刈割条件下的人工草地羊草叶片的再生动态研究.东北师大学报(自然科学版),2003,35(1):117-124.LIU J P,WANG D L,BA L.Studies on the leaf regrowth dynamics in Leymus chinensis under different cutting conditions.Journal of Northeast Normal University(Natural Science),2003,35(1):117-124.
[12]曹宏,韩雍,方刚.陇东地区紫花苜蓿播种技术试验.草业科学,2013,30(2):238-244.CAO H,HAN Y,FANG G.A study on sowing techniques of Medicago sativa in Longdong dry land.Pratacultural Science,2013,30(2):238-244.
[13]韩文斌,任胜茂,罗阳春,马雪清,谢树果,曹卫东.播期和播量对橘园间作下山黧豆产量及农艺性状的影响.草业科学,2015,32(12):2089-2093.HAN W B,REN S M,LUO Y C,MA X Q,XIE S G,CAO W D.Effects of sowing date and sowing rate on yields and agronomic traits of grass pea intercropped with citrus.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(12):2089-2093.
[14]王英哲,徐博,徐安凯,孙启忠.播期对紫花苜蓿草产量、生长发育及越冬率的影响.中国农学通报,2015,31(8):16-20.WANG Y Z,XU B,XU A K,SUN Q Z.Effect of sowing date on forage yield,growth and overwintering rate of alfalfa.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2015,31(8):16-20.
[15]李合生.植物生理生化实验原理和技术.北京:高等教育出版社,2000.LI H S.Experimental Principle and Technology of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2000.
[16]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.BAO S D.Soil Agrochemical Analysis.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000.
[17]韩清芳,吴新卫,贾志宽,刘玉华.不同秋眠级数苜蓿品种根颈变化特征分析.草业学报,2008,17(4):85-91.HAN Q F,WU X W,JIA Z K,LIU Y H.Analysis on dynamic variety of crown characteristics of different fall dormancy Medicago sativa cultivars.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2008,17(4):85-91.
[18]SCHWAB P M,BARNES D K,SHEAFFER C C.The relationship between field wilen injury and fall growth score for 251alfalfa cultivates.Crop Science,1996,36:418-426.
[19]曾庆飞,孙兆敏,贾志宽,韩清芳,刘世新,易华.不同播期对紫花苜蓿生长性状及越冬性的影响研究.西北植物学报,2005,25(5):1007-1011.ZENG Q F,SUN Z M,JIA Z K,HAN Q F,LIU S X,YI H.Effects of sowing dates on alfalfa productivity and winter ability.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2005,25(5):1007-1011.
[20]崔国文.紫花苜蓿田间越冬期抗寒生理研究.草地学报,2009,17(2):145-150.CUI G W.The physiological responses of cold resistance in alfalfa during overwintering period in the field.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2009,17(2):145-150.
[21]NYFELER D,HUGUENIN-ELIE O,SUTER M,FROSSARD E,LSCHER A.Grass-legume mixtures can yield more nitrogen than legume pure stands due to mutual stimulation of nitrogen uptake from symbiotic and non-symbiotic sources.Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment,2011,140(1):155-163.
[22]郑伟,加娜尔古丽,唐高溶,朱进忠.混播种类与混播比例对豆禾混播草地浅层土壤养分的影响.草业科学,2015,32(3):329-339.ZHENG W,JIANAERGULI,TANG G R,ZHU J Z.Effects of mixed species,mixed ratios of legume to grass on soil nutrients in surface soils of legume-grass mixture pasture.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(3):329-339.
[23]胡宜刚,张鹏,赵洋,黄磊,虎瑞.植被配置对黑岱沟露天煤矿区土壤养分恢复的影响.草业科学,2015,32(10):1561-1568.HU Y G,ZHANG P,ZHAO Y,HUANG L,HU R.Effects of various vegetation patterns on soil nutrients recovery in Heidaigou coal mine.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(10):1561-1568.
[24]LI Q,SONG Y T,LI G D,YU P J,WANG P,ZHOU D W.Grass-legume mixtures impact soil N,species recruitment,and productivity in temperate steppe grassland.Plant and Soil,2015,394(1-2):271-285.
[25]李强,周道玮,宋彦涛.松嫩草地两种广布豆科植物分布特征及其与土壤因子关系.草业学报,2014,23(1):31-40.LI Q,ZHOU D W,SONG Y T.The distribution feature of two widespread legumes and its relationships with soil factors in Songnen grassland.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2014,23(1):31-40.