从《白宫老龄会议报告》管窥美国老年体育政策的演进特点
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摘要
美国20世纪40年代步入老龄化社会,白宫老龄会议作为总统直接参与讨论美国老龄化问题的重要平台,对体育促进老年健康有建设性指导价值。本文通过梳理1950-2015年间美国七次《白宫老龄会议报告》中老年体育文本,深入探讨美国老年体育政策的演进过程;揭示美国老年体育政策经历萌芽期、定位期、专门化时期以及联合推进期;提出美国老年体育政策的发展呈现出目标渐进明晰化、循证科研先导化、跨界跨层协作化的特点。
America enters into aging society in 1940 sand the White House Conference of Aging(WHCOA)serves as the most important platform and the valuable access for the president in accelerating the physical activity policy for older adults in promotion of health.The paper combs the content of PA policies for older adults in WHCOA from 1950 to 2015and reveals that the process of PA policies for older adults undergoes preshaping,enlightening,developing and reinforcing periods.In the end of the paper,we put forwards that the PA policy for older adults in U.S.is characterized with the clarifying aim at tailored healthy promotion,guided transforming scientific research,the multi-sector and multi-layers collaboration.
America enters into aging society in 1940 sand the White House Conference of Aging(WHCOA)serves as the most important platform and the valuable access for the president in accelerating the physical activity policy for older adults in promotion of health.The paper combs the content of PA policies for older adults in WHCOA from 1950 to 2015and reveals that the process of PA policies for older adults undergoes preshaping,enlightening,developing and reinforcing periods.In the end of the paper,we put forwards that the PA policy for older adults in U.S.is characterized with the clarifying aim at tailored healthy promotion,guided transforming scientific research,the multi-sector and multi-layers collaboration.
引文
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[5]Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Physical activity and older Americans:benefits and strategies;Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality[EB/OL].[2016-05-10].http://www.ahrq.gov/ppip/activity.htm.
[6]Arthur J Altmerer.The Formative Years of Social Security[M].The University of Wisconsin Press,1968:170
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[8]Leslie K,McLure,JW.Exercise for the Elderly[M].Des Moines:The University of Iowa Press,1975:58.
[9]Paul D.,White,M.D.Boston.The Role of exercise in the aging[R].The Journal of the American Medical Association,1957(9):165.
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[13]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Physical Activity Trends-United States,1990-1998[R].Morbid Mort Weekly Rep,2001(9):166,169.
[14]Healthy People 2010,2nd edition,with"Understanding and improving health"and"Objectives for improving health,"2vols.[R].Washington D.C.:Government Printing Office,2000(11):12,16.
[15]US Dept of Health and Human Services.Healthy People2010:Conference edition[R].Washington:U.S.Dept of Health and Human Services,2000:23.
[16]Exercise Attitudes and Behaviors:A Survey of Adults 50-79[R].Washington D.C.,2002(5):12.
[17]President's council on Physical Fitness and Sports Newsletter[J].Nasnewletter,1977(5):8.
[18]Kahn EB,Ramsey LT,Brownson RC,Heath GW,Howze EH,Powell KE,Stone EJ,Rajab MW,CorsoP.The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity.A systematic review[J].Am J Prev Med.2002(2):73-107.
[19]US Dept of Health and Human Services.Healthy People2010:Conference edition[R].Washington:U.S.Dept of Health and Human Services.2000:11.
[20]张发强.在2015全国老年人体育协会工作会议上的讲话[EB/OL].http://chinalntx.sport.org.cn/.
[2]Wan H,Sengupta M,Velkoff VA,DeBarrow KA.65+in the United States:2005 Current Population Reports.Washington,DC:US Census Bureau[EB/OL].[2015-12-20].http://www.census/gov/prod/2006pubs/p23-209.pdf.
[3]Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division:"World Population Prospect:The 2008 Revision"United Nations[R].New York:Working Paper,2009:210.
[4]陈茗.人口老龄化的区域差异和形成要因的中日比较分析[J].人口与经济,2001(10):21
[5]Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Physical activity and older Americans:benefits and strategies;Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality[EB/OL].[2016-05-10].http://www.ahrq.gov/ppip/activity.htm.
[6]Arthur J Altmerer.The Formative Years of Social Security[M].The University of Wisconsin Press,1968:170
[7]Dale Vinyard.White House Conferences and the Aged[J].Social Service Review,1979:65.
[8]Leslie K,McLure,JW.Exercise for the Elderly[M].Des Moines:The University of Iowa Press,1975:58.
[9]Paul D.,White,M.D.Boston.The Role of exercise in the aging[R].The Journal of the American Medical Association,1957(9):165.
[10]President's council on Physical Fitness and Sports Newsletter[J].Nasnewsletter,1968(8).Vol.5:2.
[11]President's council on Physical Fitness and Sports Newsletter[J].Special Edition.1973(5):2.
[12]Bureau of the Census.U.S.Senate Special Committee on Aging 1988[R].Hoffman,Rice,and Sung,1996:15.
[13]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Physical Activity Trends-United States,1990-1998[R].Morbid Mort Weekly Rep,2001(9):166,169.
[14]Healthy People 2010,2nd edition,with"Understanding and improving health"and"Objectives for improving health,"2vols.[R].Washington D.C.:Government Printing Office,2000(11):12,16.
[15]US Dept of Health and Human Services.Healthy People2010:Conference edition[R].Washington:U.S.Dept of Health and Human Services,2000:23.
[16]Exercise Attitudes and Behaviors:A Survey of Adults 50-79[R].Washington D.C.,2002(5):12.
[17]President's council on Physical Fitness and Sports Newsletter[J].Nasnewletter,1977(5):8.
[18]Kahn EB,Ramsey LT,Brownson RC,Heath GW,Howze EH,Powell KE,Stone EJ,Rajab MW,CorsoP.The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity.A systematic review[J].Am J Prev Med.2002(2):73-107.
[19]US Dept of Health and Human Services.Healthy People2010:Conference edition[R].Washington:U.S.Dept of Health and Human Services.2000:11.
[20]张发强.在2015全国老年人体育协会工作会议上的讲话[EB/OL].http://chinalntx.sport.org.cn/.