当代西方文学批评的跨文化范式——《全球流动时代的跨文化作家与跨文化小说》述评
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摘要
进入21世纪以来,经济全球化浪潮方兴未艾,世界各国的联系交往日益密切,跨国迁徙与人口流动的规模不断扩大,这些都冲击了文化归属与民族身份等传统观念,而与之共生的当代文学创作也越来越关注个体的跨语言、跨文化与跨种族体验。意大利澳籍学者达格尼诺的近作《全球流动时代的跨文化作家与跨文化小说》审视了全球流动时代语境下跨文学作家这一新兴文学群体的小说创作特色,在汲取并拓展旧有跨文化理论的基础上提倡一种"跨文化比较学"的研究路径,并激情洋溢地展望了跨文化文学理论的未来。达格尼诺的初衷是推崇一种超越文化差异与种族偏见的世界主义理想,但这种过于乐观的基调背后仍然激荡着霸权政治、分裂主义和文化冲突等刻不容缓的现实危机。与此同时,达格尼诺在阐述过程中所隐含的精英主义立场、对后殖民研究的偏见以及对跨文化文学范式的见解仍有值得商榷之处。
The surging tide of economic globalization in the 21st century, which brings growing inter-connectedness and transnational migration in its wake, is challenging conventional notions of cultural belonging and national identity. The resultant crop of contemporary literature has also evinced increased engagement with the representation of translingual, transcultural, and trans-ethnic life experiences. The Italian-Australian critic Arianna Dagnino's Transcultural Writers and Novels in the Age of Global Mobility, frowning upon the previous theoretical frameworks, explores the transcultural writings of a cohort of writers with an emergent transcultural sensibility amid a new globalized zeitgeist through the lens of "transcultural comparativism," and envisions with impassioned advocacy a transcultural paradigm shift in literary criticism in the foreseeable future. It is contended that Dagnino's overtly euphoric celebration of a cosmopolitan ideal which transcends cultural differences and ethnic boundaries, however, throws into sharper relief such burning issues as hegemonic politics, secessionism, and religious strife; moreover, her elitist stance, unfriendliness with postcolonial studies and understanding of the transcultural literary genres still merit further investigation.
The surging tide of economic globalization in the 21st century, which brings growing inter-connectedness and transnational migration in its wake, is challenging conventional notions of cultural belonging and national identity. The resultant crop of contemporary literature has also evinced increased engagement with the representation of translingual, transcultural, and trans-ethnic life experiences. The Italian-Australian critic Arianna Dagnino's Transcultural Writers and Novels in the Age of Global Mobility, frowning upon the previous theoretical frameworks, explores the transcultural writings of a cohort of writers with an emergent transcultural sensibility amid a new globalized zeitgeist through the lens of "transcultural comparativism," and envisions with impassioned advocacy a transcultural paradigm shift in literary criticism in the foreseeable future. It is contended that Dagnino's overtly euphoric celebration of a cosmopolitan ideal which transcends cultural differences and ethnic boundaries, however, throws into sharper relief such burning issues as hegemonic politics, secessionism, and religious strife; moreover, her elitist stance, unfriendliness with postcolonial studies and understanding of the transcultural literary genres still merit further investigation.
引文
Argáiz,Pilar Villar.“‘A Global Regionalist’:Paula Meehan’s Transnational Poetics of Globalisation.”Glocal Ireland:Current Perspectives on Literature and the Visual Arts.Ed.Marisol Morales Ladrón and Juan F.Elices Agudo.Newcastle upon Tyne:Cambridge Scholars,2011.100-17.
Arnedo-Gomez,Miguel.“Notes on the Evaluation of Angel Rama’s Concept of Narrative Transculturation and Fernando Ortiz’s Definition of the Term‘Transculturation.’”Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies17.2(2008):185-202.
Coetzee,J.M.Doubling the Point:Essays and Interviews.Ed.David Attwell.Cambridge:Harvard UP,1992.
Dagnino.Arianna.“Re-discovering Alessandro Spina’s Transculture/ality in The Young Maronite.”Humanities5.2(2016):1-11.
—.Transcultural Writers and Novels in the Age of Global Mobility.West Lafayette:Perdue UP,2015.
Eagleton,Terry.After Theory.New York:Basic,2003.
Epstein,Mikhail.“Transculture:A Broad Way between Globalism and Multiculturalism.”American Journal of Economics and Sociology 68.1(2009):327-51.
Gikandi,Simon.“Between Roots and Routes:Cosmopolitanism and the Claims of Locality.”Rerouting the Postcolonial:New Directions for the New Millennium.Ed.Janet Wilson et al.London:Routledge,2010.22-35.
Helff,Sissy.“Shifting Perspectives:The Transcultural Novel.”Transcultural English Studies:Theories,Fictions,Realities.Ed.Frank Schulze-Engler and Sissy Helff.Amsterdam:Rodopi,2009.75-89.
Leitch,Vincent B.Literary Criticism in the 21st Century:Theory Renaissance.London:Bloomsbury,2014.
Mishra,Vijay,and Bob Hodge.“What Was Postcolonialism?”New Literary History 36.3(2005):375-402.
Ortiz,Fernando.Cuban Counterpoint:Tobacco and Sugar.Trans.Harriet de Onís.Durham:Duke UP,1995.
Pavis,Patrice,ed.The Intercultural Performance Reader.London:Routledge,1996.
Pratt,Mary Louise.Imperial Eyes:Travel Writing and Transculturation.London:Routledge,2008.
Quah,Sy Ren.Gao Xingjian and Transcultural Chinese Theater.Honolulu:U of Hawaii P,2004.
Rama,Angel.“Processes of Transculturation in Latin American Narrative.”Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies 6.2(1997):155-71.
Rollins,J.B.“Hsia Yü’s Translingual Transculturalism from Memoranda to Pink Noise.”Transcultural Identities in Contemporary Literature.Ed.Irene Gilsenan Nordin et al.Amsterdam:Rodopi,2013.245-66.
Spencer,Robert.“Cosmopolitanism Criticism.”Rerouting the Postcolonial:New Directions for the New Millennium.Ed.Janet Wilson et al.London:Routledge,2010.36-47.
Waegner,Cathy Covell.“Ethnic Transformations at School in North Rhine-Westphalia,Virginia,Pécs,and Autobiographical Novels—or Can Transcultural Impulses Serve/Save our Schoolchildren?”Transculturality and Perceptions of the Immigrant Other:“From-Heres”and“Come-Heres”in Virginia and North Rhine-Westphalia.Ed.Cathy Covell Waegner et al.Newcastle upon Tyne:Cambridge Scholars,2011.106-33.
Wang,Labao.“The Treatment of Other Cultures in Transcultural Writing—A Cognitive Semiotic Research Reflection.”The 2016 International Symposium on Language and Semiotic Studies.Suzhou:Soochow U,2016.284-316.
Welsch,Wolfgang.“Transculturality:The Puzzling Form of Cultures Today.”Spaces of Culture:City-NationWorld.Ed.Mike Featherstone and Scott Lash.London:Sage,1999.194-213.
方维规:《关于“跨文化”的思考》,载《读书》2015年第7期,第67-73页。[Fang,Weigui.“A Thought on‘Transculture.’”Du Shu 7(2015):67-73.]
王宁:《“后理论时代”西方理论思潮的走向》,载《外国文学》2005年第3期,第30-39页。[Wang,Ning.“The Orientations of Western Critical Theories in a“Post-theoretic Era.”Foreign Literature 3(2005):30-39.]
(1)早在奥尔蒂斯提出“跨文化”概念前,他就已将其理论构想运用于文学样式的考察。1936年,奥尔蒂斯撰文认为古巴诗人创作的“非洲古巴风诗歌”(afrocubanista poetry)模仿了黑人语言的音韵特性,并将这类诗歌定义为“穆拉托诗”(mulatto poetry),类似于后殖民理论的“杂糅”(hybridity)概念(Arnedo-Gomez 185-202)。
(1)相关专著包括克鲁斯(Wolfgang Klooss)主编的《越线:英语新文学的互文性和跨文化交流》(Across the Lines:Intertextuality and Transcultural Communication in the New Literatures in English)、林伯格-瓦达(Gunilla Lindberg-Weda)主编的《跨文化文学史研究》(Studying Transcultural Literary History)、潘尼考克(Alastair Pennycock)的《全球英语与跨文化流动》(Global Englishes and Transcultural Flows)、海尔福(Sissy Helff)等人主编的《跨文化英语研究:理论、小说、现实》(Transcultural English Studies:Theories,Fictions,Realities)、诺丁(Irene Gilsenan Nordin)等人主编的《当代文学的跨文化身份》(Transcultural Identities in Contemporary Literature)等。
(1)而除了“传记三部曲”外,库切移居澳洲后出版的《伊丽莎白·科斯特洛:八堂课》(Elizabeth Costello:Eight Lessons,2003)和《凶年纪事》(Diary of a Bad Year,2007)也可归为非虚构小说。
(1)2016年,达格尼诺基于先前提出的“跨文化小说五要素”,又撰文考察了意大利作家斯皮纳(Alessandro Spina)作品中语言、文化、身份和创作形式的混合碰撞,在一定程度上弥补了《全球流动》缺乏案例分析的不足(Dagnino,“Rediscovering”)。
Arnedo-Gomez,Miguel.“Notes on the Evaluation of Angel Rama’s Concept of Narrative Transculturation and Fernando Ortiz’s Definition of the Term‘Transculturation.’”Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies17.2(2008):185-202.
Coetzee,J.M.Doubling the Point:Essays and Interviews.Ed.David Attwell.Cambridge:Harvard UP,1992.
Dagnino.Arianna.“Re-discovering Alessandro Spina’s Transculture/ality in The Young Maronite.”Humanities5.2(2016):1-11.
—.Transcultural Writers and Novels in the Age of Global Mobility.West Lafayette:Perdue UP,2015.
Eagleton,Terry.After Theory.New York:Basic,2003.
Epstein,Mikhail.“Transculture:A Broad Way between Globalism and Multiculturalism.”American Journal of Economics and Sociology 68.1(2009):327-51.
Gikandi,Simon.“Between Roots and Routes:Cosmopolitanism and the Claims of Locality.”Rerouting the Postcolonial:New Directions for the New Millennium.Ed.Janet Wilson et al.London:Routledge,2010.22-35.
Helff,Sissy.“Shifting Perspectives:The Transcultural Novel.”Transcultural English Studies:Theories,Fictions,Realities.Ed.Frank Schulze-Engler and Sissy Helff.Amsterdam:Rodopi,2009.75-89.
Leitch,Vincent B.Literary Criticism in the 21st Century:Theory Renaissance.London:Bloomsbury,2014.
Mishra,Vijay,and Bob Hodge.“What Was Postcolonialism?”New Literary History 36.3(2005):375-402.
Ortiz,Fernando.Cuban Counterpoint:Tobacco and Sugar.Trans.Harriet de Onís.Durham:Duke UP,1995.
Pavis,Patrice,ed.The Intercultural Performance Reader.London:Routledge,1996.
Pratt,Mary Louise.Imperial Eyes:Travel Writing and Transculturation.London:Routledge,2008.
Quah,Sy Ren.Gao Xingjian and Transcultural Chinese Theater.Honolulu:U of Hawaii P,2004.
Rama,Angel.“Processes of Transculturation in Latin American Narrative.”Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies 6.2(1997):155-71.
Rollins,J.B.“Hsia Yü’s Translingual Transculturalism from Memoranda to Pink Noise.”Transcultural Identities in Contemporary Literature.Ed.Irene Gilsenan Nordin et al.Amsterdam:Rodopi,2013.245-66.
Spencer,Robert.“Cosmopolitanism Criticism.”Rerouting the Postcolonial:New Directions for the New Millennium.Ed.Janet Wilson et al.London:Routledge,2010.36-47.
Waegner,Cathy Covell.“Ethnic Transformations at School in North Rhine-Westphalia,Virginia,Pécs,and Autobiographical Novels—or Can Transcultural Impulses Serve/Save our Schoolchildren?”Transculturality and Perceptions of the Immigrant Other:“From-Heres”and“Come-Heres”in Virginia and North Rhine-Westphalia.Ed.Cathy Covell Waegner et al.Newcastle upon Tyne:Cambridge Scholars,2011.106-33.
Wang,Labao.“The Treatment of Other Cultures in Transcultural Writing—A Cognitive Semiotic Research Reflection.”The 2016 International Symposium on Language and Semiotic Studies.Suzhou:Soochow U,2016.284-316.
Welsch,Wolfgang.“Transculturality:The Puzzling Form of Cultures Today.”Spaces of Culture:City-NationWorld.Ed.Mike Featherstone and Scott Lash.London:Sage,1999.194-213.
方维规:《关于“跨文化”的思考》,载《读书》2015年第7期,第67-73页。[Fang,Weigui.“A Thought on‘Transculture.’”Du Shu 7(2015):67-73.]
王宁:《“后理论时代”西方理论思潮的走向》,载《外国文学》2005年第3期,第30-39页。[Wang,Ning.“The Orientations of Western Critical Theories in a“Post-theoretic Era.”Foreign Literature 3(2005):30-39.]
(1)早在奥尔蒂斯提出“跨文化”概念前,他就已将其理论构想运用于文学样式的考察。1936年,奥尔蒂斯撰文认为古巴诗人创作的“非洲古巴风诗歌”(afrocubanista poetry)模仿了黑人语言的音韵特性,并将这类诗歌定义为“穆拉托诗”(mulatto poetry),类似于后殖民理论的“杂糅”(hybridity)概念(Arnedo-Gomez 185-202)。
(1)相关专著包括克鲁斯(Wolfgang Klooss)主编的《越线:英语新文学的互文性和跨文化交流》(Across the Lines:Intertextuality and Transcultural Communication in the New Literatures in English)、林伯格-瓦达(Gunilla Lindberg-Weda)主编的《跨文化文学史研究》(Studying Transcultural Literary History)、潘尼考克(Alastair Pennycock)的《全球英语与跨文化流动》(Global Englishes and Transcultural Flows)、海尔福(Sissy Helff)等人主编的《跨文化英语研究:理论、小说、现实》(Transcultural English Studies:Theories,Fictions,Realities)、诺丁(Irene Gilsenan Nordin)等人主编的《当代文学的跨文化身份》(Transcultural Identities in Contemporary Literature)等。
(1)而除了“传记三部曲”外,库切移居澳洲后出版的《伊丽莎白·科斯特洛:八堂课》(Elizabeth Costello:Eight Lessons,2003)和《凶年纪事》(Diary of a Bad Year,2007)也可归为非虚构小说。
(1)2016年,达格尼诺基于先前提出的“跨文化小说五要素”,又撰文考察了意大利作家斯皮纳(Alessandro Spina)作品中语言、文化、身份和创作形式的混合碰撞,在一定程度上弥补了《全球流动》缺乏案例分析的不足(Dagnino,“Rediscovering”)。