沥青路面压电输出的数值模拟与试验
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摘要
基于ABAQUS建立了沥青路面压电输出(电压)的数值模拟方法,系统地研究了压电换能器属性及铺设参数、路面结构与温度、轴载等对沥青路面压电输出的影响,为优化设计沥青路面压电能收集系统提供参考。通过车辙试验测试了压电式沥青混合料的电压,并与数值模拟结果进行对比,验证数值模拟方法的可靠性。结果表明:路面模型平面尺寸大于5.0 m×5.0 m可保证模拟精度;压电材料PZT-5X具有相对较低的弹性模量和最高的压电参数,因此电压最高,其分别是PZT-4与PZT-5H的1.77倍与1.97倍;长方体与圆筒形状压电换能器的压电基本一致,均为柱形的1.40倍;优先推荐使用内径0.8 cm、外径1.6 cm、高0.2 cm的圆筒PZT-5X压电换能器;电压随轴载与路面温度的增加而增大、随埋置深度的增加而降低,柔性路面结构比半刚性结构的电压大。室内车辙板试件表面和距路表1 cm处的压电换能器的实测电压与数值模拟结果的误差在3.9%之内。
A numerical simulation method to model the harvest of piezoelectric voltage from asphalt pavement using ABAQUS was established. The effects of the properties and parameters of embedded piezoelectric transducers, pavement structure and temperature, and traffic loads on the piezoelectric voltage from asphalt pavement were investigated, given the significance of their influence on the optimization of the piezoelectric energy collection system. The numerical simulation results were compared against the piezoelectric voltage output of the asphalt mixture tested using the rutting test to verify its reliability. The simulation results indicate that the PZT-5 X transducer achieves the maximum piezoelectric voltage, which is 1.77 and 1.97 times those achieved by PZT-4 and PZT-5 H, respectively, because PZT-5 X has the relatively low elastic modulus and the highest piezoelectric parameters among the three materials tested. The piezoelectric voltage obtained from the cuboidal and cylindrical piezoelectric transducers is 1.40 times that of the voltage obtained from columnar piezoelectric transducers. Moreover, PZT-5 X cylindrical piezoelectric transducers with dimensions of 0.8 cm(inner diameter), 1.6 cm(outer diameter), and 0.2 cm(height) are recommended. The piezoelectric voltage is positively correlated with load and pavement temperature, but is negatively correlated with embedding depth. The flexible pavement structure has a higher piezoelectric voltage output than the semi-rigid pavement structure. The measured voltages from the piezoelectric transducers embedded in the sample surface, and from points 1 cm below the surface, had errors within 3.9% compared to the numerical simulation results.
A numerical simulation method to model the harvest of piezoelectric voltage from asphalt pavement using ABAQUS was established. The effects of the properties and parameters of embedded piezoelectric transducers, pavement structure and temperature, and traffic loads on the piezoelectric voltage from asphalt pavement were investigated, given the significance of their influence on the optimization of the piezoelectric energy collection system. The numerical simulation results were compared against the piezoelectric voltage output of the asphalt mixture tested using the rutting test to verify its reliability. The simulation results indicate that the PZT-5 X transducer achieves the maximum piezoelectric voltage, which is 1.77 and 1.97 times those achieved by PZT-4 and PZT-5 H, respectively, because PZT-5 X has the relatively low elastic modulus and the highest piezoelectric parameters among the three materials tested. The piezoelectric voltage obtained from the cuboidal and cylindrical piezoelectric transducers is 1.40 times that of the voltage obtained from columnar piezoelectric transducers. Moreover, PZT-5 X cylindrical piezoelectric transducers with dimensions of 0.8 cm(inner diameter), 1.6 cm(outer diameter), and 0.2 cm(height) are recommended. The piezoelectric voltage is positively correlated with load and pavement temperature, but is negatively correlated with embedding depth. The flexible pavement structure has a higher piezoelectric voltage output than the semi-rigid pavement structure. The measured voltages from the piezoelectric transducers embedded in the sample surface, and from points 1 cm below the surface, had errors within 3.9% compared to the numerical simulation results.
引文
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[13] ZHAO H D,TAO Y J,NIU Y L,et al.Harvesting Energy from Asphalt Pavement by Piezoelectric Generator [J].Journal of Wuhan University of Technology:Materials Science Edition,2014,29 (5):933-937.
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[15] 钟勇.用于路面机械能量回收的压电换能器研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2013.ZHONG Yong.Research on Piezoelectric Transducer for Harvesting Mechanical Energy from Asphalt Pavement [D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2013.
[16] 谭忆秋,钟勇,吕建福,等.路面用PZT/沥青压电复合材料的制备及性能[J].建筑材料学报,2013,16(6):975-980.TAN Yi-qiu,ZHONG Yong,LU Jian-fu,et al.Preparation and Properties of PZT/Asphalt-based Piezoelectric Composites Used on Pavement [J].Journal of Building Materials,2013,16 (6):975-980.
[17] WANG C H,WANG S,LI Q J,et al.Fabrication and Performance of a Power Generation Device Based on Stacked Piezoelectric Energy-harvesting Units for Pavements [J].Energy Conversion and Management,2018,163 (5):196-207.
[18] DING H J,LIANG J.The Fundamental Solutions for Transversely Isotropic Piezoelectricity and Boundary Element Method [J].Computers and Structures,1999,71 (4):447-455.
[19] XIE X D,WANG Q.A Mathematical Model for Piezoelectric Ring Energy Harvesting Technology from Vehicle Tires [J].International Journal of Engineering Science,2015,94 (9):113-127.
[20] BUTT Z,RAHMAN S U,PASHA R A,et al.Characterizing Barium Titanate Piezoelectric Material Using the Finite Element Method [J].Transactions on Electrical & Electronic Materials,2017,18 (3):163-168.
[21] 任俊达,张怀志,谭忆秋.基于三维黏弹有限元法的沥青路面结构力学响应分析[J].公路交通科技,2017,34(1):15-23.REN Jun-da,ZHANG Huai-zhi,TAN Yi-qiu.Analysis on Mechanical Response of Asphalt Pavement Structure Based on 3D Viscoelastic Finite Element Method [J].Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development,2017,34 (1):15-23.
[22] 汪红兵,孙春华,李志荣.沥青路面内矩钹形压电俘能器性能仿真分析[J].压电与声光,2015,37(4):667-671.WANG Hong-bing,SUN Chun-hua,LI Zhi-rong.Performance Simulation Analysis on a Rectangle Cymbal Shaped Piezoelectric Energy Harvester in Asphalt Pavement [J].Piezoelectrics and Acoustooptics,2015,37 (4):667-671.
[23] JTG D50—2006,公路沥青路面设计规范[S].JTG D50—2006,Specifications for Design of Highway Asphalt Pavement [S].
[24] 姚学东.重载道路结构层受力分析及层间结合状况评价研究[D].郑州:郑州大学,2012.YAO Xue-dong.Stress Analysis of Heavy-load Road Structural Layer and Evaluation of the Bonding Condition Between Interlayer [D].Zhengzhou:Zhengzhou University,2012.
[25] 甄逸康.基于压电智能骨料的沥青路面损伤诊断研究[D].西安:长安大学,2018.ZHEN Yi-kang.Damage Diagnosis of Asphalt Pavement Based on Piezoelectric Intelligent Aggregate [D].Xi’an:Chang’an University,2018.
[26] JI X P,ZHENG N X,NIU S S,et al.Development of a Rutting Prediction Model for Asphalt Pavements with the Use of an Accelerated Loading Facility [J].Road Materials and Pavement Design,2015,17 (1):15-31.
[2] 黄如宝,牛衍亮,赵鸿铎,等.道路压电能量收集技术途径与研究展望[J].中国公路学报,2012,25(6):1-8.HUANG Ru-bao,NIU Yan-liang,ZHAO Hong-duo,et al.Technical Approach and Research Prospect of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from Highway [J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2012,25 (6):1-8.
[3] INNOWATTECH.Innowattech’s Solution - The Innowat-techpiezo Electric Generator (IPEGTM) [EB/OL].(2010-09-10) [2018-01-06].http://www.innowattech.co.il/index.aspx.
[4] MOURE A,RODRIGUEZ M A I,RUEDA S H,et al.Feasible Integration in Asphalt of Piezoelectric Cymbals for Vibration Energy Harvesting [J].Energy Conversion & Management,2016,112 (3):246-253.
[5] ROSHANI H,DESSOUKY S,MONTOYA A,et al.Energy Harvesting from Asphalt Pavement Roadways Vehicle-induced Stresses:A Feasibility Study [J].Applied Energy,2016,182 (11):210-218.
[6] CHEN Y,ZHANG H,ZHANG Y,et al.Mechanical Energy Harvesting from Road Pavements Under Vehicular Load Using Embedded Piezoelectric Elements [J].Journal of Applied Mechanics,2016,83 (8):081001-1-081001-7.
[7] SONG Y,YANG C H,HONG S K,et al.Road Energy Harvester Designed as a Macro-power Source Using the Piezoelectric Effect [J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2016,41 (29):12563-12568.
[8] LEE J J,RYU S K,MOON H Y,et al.A Fundamental Study for Design of Electric Energy Harvesting Device Using PZT on the Road [J].Journal of the Korean Society of Road Engineers,2011,13 (4):159-166.
[9] XIONG H,WANG L.Piezoelectric Energy Harvester for Public Roadway:On-site Installation and Evaluation [J].Applied Energy,2016,174 (7):101-107.
[10] KOKKINOPOULOS A,VOKAS G,PAPAGEORGAS P.Energy Harvesting Implementing Embedded Piezoelectric Generators - The Potential for the Attiki Odos Traffic Grid [J].Energy Procedia,2013,50 (1):1070-1085.
[11] 赵鸿铎,梁颖慧,凌建明.基于压电效应的路面能量收集技术[J].上海交通大学学报,2011,45 (增1):62-66.ZHAO Hong-duo,LIANG Ying-hui,LING Jian-ming.Study on Harvesting Energy from Pavement Based on Piezoelectric Effects [J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University,2011,45 (S1):62-66.
[12] ZHAO H D,LING J,YU J.A Comparative Analysis of Piezoelectric Transducers for Harvesting Energy from Asphalt Pavement [J].Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan,2012,120 (8):317-323.
[13] ZHAO H D,TAO Y J,NIU Y L,et al.Harvesting Energy from Asphalt Pavement by Piezoelectric Generator [J].Journal of Wuhan University of Technology:Materials Science Edition,2014,29 (5):933-937.
[14] 唐宁.埋入式压电沥青混凝土的制备及其电学输出研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2012.TANG Ning.Research on the Preparation and Electrical Output of Piezoelectric-embedded Asphalt Concrete [D].Wuhan:Wuhan University of Technology,2012.
[15] 钟勇.用于路面机械能量回收的压电换能器研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2013.ZHONG Yong.Research on Piezoelectric Transducer for Harvesting Mechanical Energy from Asphalt Pavement [D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2013.
[16] 谭忆秋,钟勇,吕建福,等.路面用PZT/沥青压电复合材料的制备及性能[J].建筑材料学报,2013,16(6):975-980.TAN Yi-qiu,ZHONG Yong,LU Jian-fu,et al.Preparation and Properties of PZT/Asphalt-based Piezoelectric Composites Used on Pavement [J].Journal of Building Materials,2013,16 (6):975-980.
[17] WANG C H,WANG S,LI Q J,et al.Fabrication and Performance of a Power Generation Device Based on Stacked Piezoelectric Energy-harvesting Units for Pavements [J].Energy Conversion and Management,2018,163 (5):196-207.
[18] DING H J,LIANG J.The Fundamental Solutions for Transversely Isotropic Piezoelectricity and Boundary Element Method [J].Computers and Structures,1999,71 (4):447-455.
[19] XIE X D,WANG Q.A Mathematical Model for Piezoelectric Ring Energy Harvesting Technology from Vehicle Tires [J].International Journal of Engineering Science,2015,94 (9):113-127.
[20] BUTT Z,RAHMAN S U,PASHA R A,et al.Characterizing Barium Titanate Piezoelectric Material Using the Finite Element Method [J].Transactions on Electrical & Electronic Materials,2017,18 (3):163-168.
[21] 任俊达,张怀志,谭忆秋.基于三维黏弹有限元法的沥青路面结构力学响应分析[J].公路交通科技,2017,34(1):15-23.REN Jun-da,ZHANG Huai-zhi,TAN Yi-qiu.Analysis on Mechanical Response of Asphalt Pavement Structure Based on 3D Viscoelastic Finite Element Method [J].Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development,2017,34 (1):15-23.
[22] 汪红兵,孙春华,李志荣.沥青路面内矩钹形压电俘能器性能仿真分析[J].压电与声光,2015,37(4):667-671.WANG Hong-bing,SUN Chun-hua,LI Zhi-rong.Performance Simulation Analysis on a Rectangle Cymbal Shaped Piezoelectric Energy Harvester in Asphalt Pavement [J].Piezoelectrics and Acoustooptics,2015,37 (4):667-671.
[23] JTG D50—2006,公路沥青路面设计规范[S].JTG D50—2006,Specifications for Design of Highway Asphalt Pavement [S].
[24] 姚学东.重载道路结构层受力分析及层间结合状况评价研究[D].郑州:郑州大学,2012.YAO Xue-dong.Stress Analysis of Heavy-load Road Structural Layer and Evaluation of the Bonding Condition Between Interlayer [D].Zhengzhou:Zhengzhou University,2012.
[25] 甄逸康.基于压电智能骨料的沥青路面损伤诊断研究[D].西安:长安大学,2018.ZHEN Yi-kang.Damage Diagnosis of Asphalt Pavement Based on Piezoelectric Intelligent Aggregate [D].Xi’an:Chang’an University,2018.
[26] JI X P,ZHENG N X,NIU S S,et al.Development of a Rutting Prediction Model for Asphalt Pavements with the Use of an Accelerated Loading Facility [J].Road Materials and Pavement Design,2015,17 (1):15-31.