能量水平对舍饲育肥牦牛生长性能、屠宰性能、瘤胃发酵参数和瘤胃微生物数量的影响
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摘要
试验旨在探讨能量水平对舍饲育肥牦牛生长性能、屠宰性能、瘤胃发酵参数和瘤胃微生物数量的影响。选取体况良好、平均体重为(192.66±3.64)kg、3周龄左右的舍饲育肥麦洼公牦牛60头,采用单因素随机区组设计,分为3组,每组20个重复,每个重复1头牦牛。饲喂粗蛋白质(CP)水平为14.81%,增重净能(NEg)分别为4.17(低能量组,LE)、4.48(中能量组,ME)、4.79(高能量组,HE)MJ/kg的3种日粮。预试期7d,正试期90d。结果显示,ME和HE组的平均日增重(ADG)分别为1 099.89和1 019.02g/d,相对于LE组分别极显著提高了27.26%和17.90%(P<0.01),且两组的料重比(F/G)值有显著低于LE组的趋势(P=0.073),而屠宰率有显著提高的趋势(P=0.092),但各组的干物质采食量(DMI)和净肉率无显著差异(P>0.05);随着日粮能量水平的提高,牦牛瘤胃pH有显著降低的趋势(P=0.064),且以ME组最低;日粮能量水平的提高,有显著影响瘤胃异丁酸浓度(P=0.063)和乙酸/丙酸(P=0.074)的趋势;ME组的总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)和乙酸浓度均显著高于其余两组(P<0.05),而戊酸浓度则随日粮能量水平的提高极显著升高(P<0.01)。提高日粮能量水平有降低瘤胃黄色瘤胃球菌的相对含量的趋势(P=0.068),但对白色瘤胃球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌没有显著影响(P>0.05)。在本试验条件下,舍饲育肥牦牛日粮中适宜的NEg水平为4.48 MJ/kg(日粮DM)。
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of energy level on growth performance,slaughter performance,ruminal fermentation parameters and the number of several rumen microorganisms in house-fed yaks.Single factor randomized block design was adopted in this study,and sixty healthy 3-year-old Maiwa yaks with an average body weight of(192.66±3.64)kg were randomly divided into 3groups with 20 replicates per group and 1yak per replicate.Diets for all groups had the same crude protein content(14.81%)and different net energy levels for gain(NEg)with4.17(LE),4.48(ME)and 4.79(HE)MJ/kg,respectively.The experiment was lasted for 97days(7-day pretrial period and 90-day feeding trial).The results showed that compared with LE group,average daily gain(ADG)of ME(1 099.89g/d)and HE(1 019.02g/d)were increased by 27.26%(P<0.01)and 17.90%(P<0.01),respectively,the F/G trended to be significantly decreased(P=0.073)and slaughter rate trended to be significantly increased(P=0.092)than that of LE group.However,no significant difference was found on the dry matter intake(DMI)and net meat percentage among all treatment groups(P>0.05).With the increase of diet energy level,pH in yak rumen tended to decrease significantly(P=0.064),and that of ME group was the lowest.The increase of diet energy level tended to significantly affect the isobutyric acid concentration(P=0.063)and the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid(P=0.074).Total volatile fatty acids(TVFA)and acetic acid concentration of ME group were significantly higher than the other two groups(P<0.05),of which the valeric acid concentration was extremely significantly increased with the increase of the diet energy level(P<0.01).Increasing dietary energy level had a trend to decrease the relative content of R.flavefaciens,but there was no significant effects on the relative content of R.albus and F.succinogenes(P>0.05).In conclusion,we recommend4.48 MJ/kg(DM basis)as a diet appropriate NEglevel for the barn feeding of fattening yak under this experimental condition.
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of energy level on growth performance,slaughter performance,ruminal fermentation parameters and the number of several rumen microorganisms in house-fed yaks.Single factor randomized block design was adopted in this study,and sixty healthy 3-year-old Maiwa yaks with an average body weight of(192.66±3.64)kg were randomly divided into 3groups with 20 replicates per group and 1yak per replicate.Diets for all groups had the same crude protein content(14.81%)and different net energy levels for gain(NEg)with4.17(LE),4.48(ME)and 4.79(HE)MJ/kg,respectively.The experiment was lasted for 97days(7-day pretrial period and 90-day feeding trial).The results showed that compared with LE group,average daily gain(ADG)of ME(1 099.89g/d)and HE(1 019.02g/d)were increased by 27.26%(P<0.01)and 17.90%(P<0.01),respectively,the F/G trended to be significantly decreased(P=0.073)and slaughter rate trended to be significantly increased(P=0.092)than that of LE group.However,no significant difference was found on the dry matter intake(DMI)and net meat percentage among all treatment groups(P>0.05).With the increase of diet energy level,pH in yak rumen tended to decrease significantly(P=0.064),and that of ME group was the lowest.The increase of diet energy level tended to significantly affect the isobutyric acid concentration(P=0.063)and the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid(P=0.074).Total volatile fatty acids(TVFA)and acetic acid concentration of ME group were significantly higher than the other two groups(P<0.05),of which the valeric acid concentration was extremely significantly increased with the increase of the diet energy level(P<0.01).Increasing dietary energy level had a trend to decrease the relative content of R.flavefaciens,but there was no significant effects on the relative content of R.albus and F.succinogenes(P>0.05).In conclusion,we recommend4.48 MJ/kg(DM basis)as a diet appropriate NEglevel for the barn feeding of fattening yak under this experimental condition.
引文
[1]邓由飞,孟庆翔,王淮,等.牦牛生长性能的研究进展[A].第七届中国牛业发展大会[C].2012.
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[3]董全民,赵新全,徐世晓,等.高寒牧区牦牛冬季暖棚育肥试验研究[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志,2003,33(2):5-7.
[4]李万栋,郝力壮,刘书杰,等.不同营养水平对生长期舍饲牦牛生长性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响[J].饲料工业,2015,36(17):42-46.
[5]乔治.精补料不同能量水平对1周岁舍饲牦牛生产性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响[D].雅安:四川农业大学,2013.
[6]张莹,郭旭生,龙瑞军,等.饲粮氮水平对牦牛瘤胃发酵及营养物质消化代谢特征的影响[J].动物营养学报,2011,23(6):956-964.
[7]付石军,郭时金,阚德英,等.牛肉质性状相关基因的研究进展[J].中国畜牧兽医,2013,40(9):158-165.
[8]Zhang R,Diao Q,Zhang N,et al.Effects of different energy levels on nutrient utilization and serum biochemical parameters of early-weaned calves[J].Agricultural Sciences in China,2010,9(5):729-735.
[9]Agnew R E,Yan T.Impact of recent research on energy feeding systems for dairy cattle[J].Livestock Production Science,2000,66(3):197-215.
[10]闫方权,薛白,达勒措,等.饲粮能量水平对热应激奶牛营养物质表观消化率及血液生化指标的影响[J].动物营养学报,2015,27(1):103-111.
[11]杨俊,王之盛,保善科,等.精料补充料能量水平对早期断奶犊牦牛生产性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响[J].动物营养学报,2013,25(9):2021-2027.
[12]中国国家标准化管理委员会.NY/T 815-2004肉牛饲养标准[S].2004.
[13]Chen X L,Wang J K,Wu Y M,et al.Effects of chemical treatments of rice straw on rumen fermentation characteristics,fibrolytic enzyme activities and populations of liquid-and solid-associated ruminal microbes in vitro[J].Anim Feed Sci Technol,2008,141:1-14.
[14]周晓丽,朱国坡,李雪华,等.实时荧光定量PCR技术原理与应用[J].中国畜牧兽医,2010,37(2):87-89.
[15]Denman S E,McSweeney C S.Development of a Realtime PCR assay for monitoring anaerobic fungal and cellulolytic bacterial populations within the rumen[J].FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2006,58(3):572-582.
[16]Koike S,Kobayashi Y.Development and use of competitive PCR assays for the rumen cellulolytic bacteria:Fibrobacter succinogenes,Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens[J].FEMS Microbiology Letters,2001,204(2):361-366.
[17]曾书秦,刁其玉,王建芬,等.不同能量水平饲粮对7~10月龄荷斯坦育成牛生长性能和血清指标的影响[J].动物营养学报,2015,27(2):606-615.
[18]崔祥,刁其玉,张乃锋,等.日粮能量水平对断奶犊牛生长性能及营养物质消化代谢的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2014,45(11):1815-1823.
[19]Li L,Zhu Y,Wang X.Effects of different dietary energy and protein levels and sex on growth performance,carcass characteristics and meat quality of F1Angus×Chinese Xiangxi Yellow cattle[J].J Anim Sci Biotechnol,2014,5(1):21.
[20]Nagaraja T G,Titgemeyer E C.Ruminal acidosis in beef cattle:The current microbiological and nutritional outlook[J].J Dairy Sci,2007,90(S1):E17-E38.
[21]Rabelo E,Rezende R L,Bertics S J,et al.Effects of transition diets varying in dietary energy density on lactation performance and ruminal parameters of dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2003,86(3):916-925.
[22]张蓉.能量水平及来源对早期断奶犊牛消化代谢的影响研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2008.
[23]李亮,吴克选,刘书杰.高原犊牦牛培育的研究现状与进展[J].中国畜牧兽医,2009,36(6):196-198.
[24]张国庆.全哺乳和限制哺乳对牦牛犊牛生长发育的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2008,35(10):126-127.
[25]Andrews J,Vazquez-Anon M,Bowman G.Fat stability and preservation of fatty acids with AGRADO antioxidant in feed ingredients used in runminant rations[J].J Dairy Sci,2006,89:60.
[26]杨舒黎.日粮添加豆油和胡麻油对奶牛瘤胃细菌及发酵参数的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2007.
[2]薛白,赵新全,张耀生.青藏高原天然草场放牧牦牛体重和体成分变化动态[J].动物营养学报,2005,17(2):54-57.
[3]董全民,赵新全,徐世晓,等.高寒牧区牦牛冬季暖棚育肥试验研究[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志,2003,33(2):5-7.
[4]李万栋,郝力壮,刘书杰,等.不同营养水平对生长期舍饲牦牛生长性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响[J].饲料工业,2015,36(17):42-46.
[5]乔治.精补料不同能量水平对1周岁舍饲牦牛生产性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响[D].雅安:四川农业大学,2013.
[6]张莹,郭旭生,龙瑞军,等.饲粮氮水平对牦牛瘤胃发酵及营养物质消化代谢特征的影响[J].动物营养学报,2011,23(6):956-964.
[7]付石军,郭时金,阚德英,等.牛肉质性状相关基因的研究进展[J].中国畜牧兽医,2013,40(9):158-165.
[8]Zhang R,Diao Q,Zhang N,et al.Effects of different energy levels on nutrient utilization and serum biochemical parameters of early-weaned calves[J].Agricultural Sciences in China,2010,9(5):729-735.
[9]Agnew R E,Yan T.Impact of recent research on energy feeding systems for dairy cattle[J].Livestock Production Science,2000,66(3):197-215.
[10]闫方权,薛白,达勒措,等.饲粮能量水平对热应激奶牛营养物质表观消化率及血液生化指标的影响[J].动物营养学报,2015,27(1):103-111.
[11]杨俊,王之盛,保善科,等.精料补充料能量水平对早期断奶犊牦牛生产性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响[J].动物营养学报,2013,25(9):2021-2027.
[12]中国国家标准化管理委员会.NY/T 815-2004肉牛饲养标准[S].2004.
[13]Chen X L,Wang J K,Wu Y M,et al.Effects of chemical treatments of rice straw on rumen fermentation characteristics,fibrolytic enzyme activities and populations of liquid-and solid-associated ruminal microbes in vitro[J].Anim Feed Sci Technol,2008,141:1-14.
[14]周晓丽,朱国坡,李雪华,等.实时荧光定量PCR技术原理与应用[J].中国畜牧兽医,2010,37(2):87-89.
[15]Denman S E,McSweeney C S.Development of a Realtime PCR assay for monitoring anaerobic fungal and cellulolytic bacterial populations within the rumen[J].FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2006,58(3):572-582.
[16]Koike S,Kobayashi Y.Development and use of competitive PCR assays for the rumen cellulolytic bacteria:Fibrobacter succinogenes,Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens[J].FEMS Microbiology Letters,2001,204(2):361-366.
[17]曾书秦,刁其玉,王建芬,等.不同能量水平饲粮对7~10月龄荷斯坦育成牛生长性能和血清指标的影响[J].动物营养学报,2015,27(2):606-615.
[18]崔祥,刁其玉,张乃锋,等.日粮能量水平对断奶犊牛生长性能及营养物质消化代谢的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2014,45(11):1815-1823.
[19]Li L,Zhu Y,Wang X.Effects of different dietary energy and protein levels and sex on growth performance,carcass characteristics and meat quality of F1Angus×Chinese Xiangxi Yellow cattle[J].J Anim Sci Biotechnol,2014,5(1):21.
[20]Nagaraja T G,Titgemeyer E C.Ruminal acidosis in beef cattle:The current microbiological and nutritional outlook[J].J Dairy Sci,2007,90(S1):E17-E38.
[21]Rabelo E,Rezende R L,Bertics S J,et al.Effects of transition diets varying in dietary energy density on lactation performance and ruminal parameters of dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2003,86(3):916-925.
[22]张蓉.能量水平及来源对早期断奶犊牛消化代谢的影响研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2008.
[23]李亮,吴克选,刘书杰.高原犊牦牛培育的研究现状与进展[J].中国畜牧兽医,2009,36(6):196-198.
[24]张国庆.全哺乳和限制哺乳对牦牛犊牛生长发育的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2008,35(10):126-127.
[25]Andrews J,Vazquez-Anon M,Bowman G.Fat stability and preservation of fatty acids with AGRADO antioxidant in feed ingredients used in runminant rations[J].J Dairy Sci,2006,89:60.
[26]杨舒黎.日粮添加豆油和胡麻油对奶牛瘤胃细菌及发酵参数的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2007.