肌肉力量的神经生物力学基础及诊断
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摘要
归纳肌力训练、肌力诊断及与之有关的神经肌肉控制方面的研究成果,从神经生物力学层面分析最大力量、快速力量和肌耐力3种肌力形式的主要特征,并根据神经肌肉系统对训练的适应性原理,解释肌力发展的一般规律。认为:3种肌力形式的训练均遵循神经肌肉适应性原理,在增加肌肉维度的同时,运动员应注重训练自身肌肉间的协调和神经支配能力;教练员和运动员应将肌力诊断始终贯穿于肌力训练之中,完善训练计划,提高训练效率。
This study summarized the previous researches on strength training and diagnosis relating to neuromuscular control,and aimed to explore the features of maximal strength,speed strength and muscular endurance based on the neuromechanics.It holds that the development of strength and strength training should follow the principles of neuromuscular adaptation.At the same time of muscle increase,athletes should attach importance to the coordination innate muscles and neuromuscular control capability.Muscle strength diagnosis should go through the whole muscle training practice by coaches and athletes.In addition,training plan should be completed to improve the muscle strength training effect.
This study summarized the previous researches on strength training and diagnosis relating to neuromuscular control,and aimed to explore the features of maximal strength,speed strength and muscular endurance based on the neuromechanics.It holds that the development of strength and strength training should follow the principles of neuromuscular adaptation.At the same time of muscle increase,athletes should attach importance to the coordination innate muscles and neuromuscular control capability.Muscle strength diagnosis should go through the whole muscle training practice by coaches and athletes.In addition,training plan should be completed to improve the muscle strength training effect.
引文
[1] KOMI P V.Strength and power in sport[M].Oxford:Blackwell Science,1992:381-395
[2] ENOKA R M.Neuromechanics of human movement[M].Champaign,IL:Human kinetics,2008:41-52
[3] MAUGHAN R,WATSON J S,WEIR J.Strength and cross‐sectional area of human skeletal muscle[J].The Journal of Physiology,1983,338(1):37-49
[4] H?KKINEN K,KESKINEN K L.Muscle cross-sectional area and voluntary force production characteristics in elite strength- and endurance-trained athletes and sprinters[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology & Occupational Physiology,1989,59(3):215-220
[5] TAVARES L D,DE SOUZA E O,UGRINOWITSCH C,et al.Effects of different strength training frequencies during reduced training period on strength and muscle cross-sectional area[J].European Journal of Sport Science,2017,17(6):665-672
[6] WANG E,NYBERG S K,HOFF J,et al.Impact of maximal strength training on work efficiency and muscle fiber type in the elderly:Implications for physical function and fall prevention[J].Experimental Gerontology,2017,91:64-71
[7] METHENITIS S,KARANDREAS N,SPENGOS K,et al.Muscle fiber conduction velocity,muscle fiber composition,and power performance[J].Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,2016,48(9):1761-1771
[8] KLASS M,BAUDRY S,DUCHATEAU J.Voluntary activation during maximal contraction with advancing age:A brief review[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2007,100(5):543-551
[9] HAFF G G,TRIPLETT N T.Essentials of strength training and conditioning 4th edition[M].Champaign,IL:Human kinetics,2015:19-40
[10] H?KKINEN K,PAKARINEN A,ALEN M,et al.Neuromuscular and hormonal adaptations in athletes to strength training in two years[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,1988,65(6):2406-12
[11] DUCHATEAU J,ENOKA R M.Neural control of lengthening contractions[J].Journal of Experimental Biology,2016,219(2):197-204
[12] DUCHATEAU J,BAUDRY S.Insights into the neural control of eccentric contractions[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2013,116(11):1418-1425
[13] KOMI P V,LINNAMO V,SILVENTOINEN P,et al.Force and EMG power spectrum during eccentric and concentric actions[J].Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,2000,32(10):1757-1762
[14] AAGAARD P,SIMONSEN E,ANDERSEN J,et al.Neural inhibition during maximal eccentric and concentric quadriceps contraction:Effects of resistance training[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2000,89(6):2249-2257
[15] BOBBERT M F,HUIJING P A.Drop jumping.II.The influence of dropping height on the biomechanics of drop jumping[J].Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,1987,19(4):339-346
[16] SCHMIDTBLEICHER D.Maximalkraft und bewegungss chnelligkeit[M].Bad Homburg:Limpert,1980:131-150
[17] HECKMAN C,ENOKA R M.Motor unit[J].Comprehensive Physiology,2012,2(4):2629-2682
[18] MASSALGIN N,USCHAKOW I.Anwendbarkeit der elektromyographie zur beurteilung des entwicklungsniveaus zentralnervaler faktoren,die die effektivit?t der schnellkraftbewegungen beeinflussen[J].Medizin und Sport,1979,19(12):364-366
[19] BUHRLE M,SCHMIDTBLEICHER D.Komponenten der maximal und schnellkraft-versuch einer neustrukturierung auf basis empirischer ergebnisse[J].Sportwissenschaft,1981,11:11-27
[20] MAFFIULETTI N A,AAGAARD P,BLAZEVICH A J,et al.Rate of force development:physiological and methodological considerations[J].European journal of applied physiology,2016,116(6):1091-1116
[21] GUIZELINI P C,DE AGUIAR R A,DENADAI B S,et al.Effect of resistance training on muscle strength and rate of force development in healthy older adults:A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Experimental Gerontology,2018,102:51-58
[22] GRUBER M,GOLLHOFER A.Impact of sensorimotor training on the rate of force development and neural activation[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2004,92(1-2):98-105
[23] OLIVEIRA F B,OLIVEIRA A S,RIZATTO G F,et al.Resistance training for explosive and maximal strength:Effects on early and late rate of force development[J].Journal of Sports Science & Medicine,2013,12(3):402
[24] NACZK M,NACZK A,BRZENCZEK-OWCZARZAK W,et al.Relationship between maximal rate of force development and maximal voluntary contraction[J].Studies in Physical Culture & Tourism,2010,17(4):301-306
[25] KOMI P V.Stretch-shortening cycle:A powerful model to study normal and fatigued muscle[J].Journal of Biomechanics,2000,33(10):1197-1206
[26] NORMAN R W,KOMI P V.Electromechanical delay in skeletal muscle under normal movement conditions[J].Acta Physiologica,1979,106(3):241-248
[27] 田石榴.负重超等长力量训练的神经肌肉适应机制研究[D].上海:上海体育学院,2009:75-95
[28] KOMI P V.Physiological and biomechanical correlates of muscle function:Effects of muscle structure and stretch-shortening cycle on force and speed[J].Exercise & Sport Sciences Reviews,1984,12(1):81-121
[29] KOMI P V.Stretch-shortening cycle[M].Oxford:Blackwell Science,1992:169-179
[30] VIITASALO J,BOSCO C.Electromechanical behaviour of human muscles in vertical jumps[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology,1982,48(2):253-261
[31] GOLLHOFER A,SCHMIDTBLEICHER D,DIETZ V.Regulation of muscle stiffness in human locomotion[J].Int J Sports Med,1984,5(1):19-22
[32] HOUK J C,RYMER W Z.Neural control of muscle length and tension[M].Bethesda,MD:Am.Physiol.Soc,1981:257-323
[33] WALSH M,ARAMPATZIS A,SCHADE F,et al.The effect of drop jump starting height and contact time on power,work performed,and moment of force[J].The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2004,18(3):561-566
[34] AURA O,KOMI P V.Effects of prestretch intensity on mechanical efficiency of positive work and on elastic behavior of skeletal muscle in stretch-shortening cycle exercise[J].International Journal of Sports Medicine,1986,7(3):137-143
[35] FLANAGAN E P,COMYNS T M.The use of contact time and the reactive strength index tooptimize fast stretch-shortening cycle training[J].Strength & Conditioning Journal,2008,30(5):32-38
[36] AURA O,KOMI P V.Mechanical efficiency of pure positive and pure negative work with special reference to the work intensity[J].International Journal of Sports Medicine,1986,7(1):44-49
[37] KYR?L?NEN H,KOMI P,KIM D.Effects of power training on neuromuscular performance and mechanical efficiency[J].Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports,1991,1(2):78-87
[38] KANEKO M,KOMI P V,AURA O.Mechanical efficiency of concentric and eccentric exercises with medium to fast contractionrates[J].Scandinavian Journal of Sports Sciences,1984,6(1):15-20
[39] American College of Sports Medicine.ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription[M].Riverwoods:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,2013:99-103
[40] STONE M H,STONE M E,SANDS W A.Maximum strength and strength training:A relationship to endurance?[J].Strength & Conditioning Journal,2006,28(3):44-53
[41] ZACIORSKIJ V,KULIK N,SMIRNOW J.Die wechselbeziehungen zwischen den k?rperlichen eigenschaften[J].TPKK,1970,19:141-157
[42] GILLEN Z,SMITH D,GHETIA V,et al.Neuromuscular recruitment in endurance runners should be improved with explosive-strength training[C]//International Journal of Exercise Science:Conference Proceedings.[s.l.].[s.n.],2015:53
[43] NACLERIO F J,COLADO J C,RHEA M R,et al.The influence of strength and power on muscle endurance test performance[J].Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2009,23(5):1482
[44] COSTILL D L,DANIELS J,EVANS W,et al.Skeletal muscle enzymes and fiber composition in male and female track athletes[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,1976,40(2):149-154
[45] LEWIS M I,FOURNIER M,WANG H,et al.Effect of endurance and/or strength training on muscle fiber size,oxidative capacity,and capillarity in hemodialysis patients[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2015,119(8):865-871
[46] AMENT W,BONGA G J,HOF A L,et al.EMG median power frequency in an exhausting exercise[J].Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology,1993,3(4):214-220
[47] TAYLOR J L,GANDEVIA S C.A comparison of central aspects of fatigue in submaximal and maximal voluntary contractions[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2008,104(2):542-550
[48] TILLIN N A,FOLLAND J P.Maximal and explosive strength training elicit distinct neuromuscular adaptations,specific to the training stimulus[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2014,114(2):365-374
[49] KOMI P V,GOLLHOFER A.Stretch reflexes can have an important role in force enhancement during SSC exercise[J].Journal of Applied Biomechanics,1997,13(4):451-460
[50] BüHRLE M,WERNER E.Das Muskelquerschnittstraining der Bodybuilder[J].Leistungssport,1984,14(3):5-9
[51] NEWTON R U,DUGAN E.Application of strength diagnosis[J].Strength & Conditioning Journal,2002,24(5):50-59
[52] 陈小平,褚云芳.田径运动训练经典理论与方法的演变与发展[J].体育科学,2013,33(4):91-97
[53] MURPHY A,WILSON G.The assessment of human dynamic muscular function:A comparison of isoinertial and isokinetic tests[J].The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness,1996,36(3):169-177
[54] 陈小平.反应力量和反应力量的训练[J].体育科学,2001,21(5):36-39
[55] FLANAGAN E P,EBBEN W P,JENSEN R L.Reliability of the reactive strength index and time to stabilization during depth jumps[J].The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2008,22(5):1677-1682
[56] LIU Y,PENG C H,WEI S H,et al.Active leg stiffness and energy stored in the muscles during maximal counter movement jump in the aged[J].J Electromyogr Kinesiol,2006,16(4):342-351
[57] PRUYN E C,WATSFORD M L,MURPHY A J,et al.Relationship between leg stiffness and lower body injuries in professional Australian football[J].J Sports Sci,2012,30(1):71-78
[58] 李钊,李庆.论力量训练安排的模式及其实践应用[J].体育科学,2016,36 (12):30-39
[2] ENOKA R M.Neuromechanics of human movement[M].Champaign,IL:Human kinetics,2008:41-52
[3] MAUGHAN R,WATSON J S,WEIR J.Strength and cross‐sectional area of human skeletal muscle[J].The Journal of Physiology,1983,338(1):37-49
[4] H?KKINEN K,KESKINEN K L.Muscle cross-sectional area and voluntary force production characteristics in elite strength- and endurance-trained athletes and sprinters[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology & Occupational Physiology,1989,59(3):215-220
[5] TAVARES L D,DE SOUZA E O,UGRINOWITSCH C,et al.Effects of different strength training frequencies during reduced training period on strength and muscle cross-sectional area[J].European Journal of Sport Science,2017,17(6):665-672
[6] WANG E,NYBERG S K,HOFF J,et al.Impact of maximal strength training on work efficiency and muscle fiber type in the elderly:Implications for physical function and fall prevention[J].Experimental Gerontology,2017,91:64-71
[7] METHENITIS S,KARANDREAS N,SPENGOS K,et al.Muscle fiber conduction velocity,muscle fiber composition,and power performance[J].Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,2016,48(9):1761-1771
[8] KLASS M,BAUDRY S,DUCHATEAU J.Voluntary activation during maximal contraction with advancing age:A brief review[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2007,100(5):543-551
[9] HAFF G G,TRIPLETT N T.Essentials of strength training and conditioning 4th edition[M].Champaign,IL:Human kinetics,2015:19-40
[10] H?KKINEN K,PAKARINEN A,ALEN M,et al.Neuromuscular and hormonal adaptations in athletes to strength training in two years[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,1988,65(6):2406-12
[11] DUCHATEAU J,ENOKA R M.Neural control of lengthening contractions[J].Journal of Experimental Biology,2016,219(2):197-204
[12] DUCHATEAU J,BAUDRY S.Insights into the neural control of eccentric contractions[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2013,116(11):1418-1425
[13] KOMI P V,LINNAMO V,SILVENTOINEN P,et al.Force and EMG power spectrum during eccentric and concentric actions[J].Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,2000,32(10):1757-1762
[14] AAGAARD P,SIMONSEN E,ANDERSEN J,et al.Neural inhibition during maximal eccentric and concentric quadriceps contraction:Effects of resistance training[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2000,89(6):2249-2257
[15] BOBBERT M F,HUIJING P A.Drop jumping.II.The influence of dropping height on the biomechanics of drop jumping[J].Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,1987,19(4):339-346
[16] SCHMIDTBLEICHER D.Maximalkraft und bewegungss chnelligkeit[M].Bad Homburg:Limpert,1980:131-150
[17] HECKMAN C,ENOKA R M.Motor unit[J].Comprehensive Physiology,2012,2(4):2629-2682
[18] MASSALGIN N,USCHAKOW I.Anwendbarkeit der elektromyographie zur beurteilung des entwicklungsniveaus zentralnervaler faktoren,die die effektivit?t der schnellkraftbewegungen beeinflussen[J].Medizin und Sport,1979,19(12):364-366
[19] BUHRLE M,SCHMIDTBLEICHER D.Komponenten der maximal und schnellkraft-versuch einer neustrukturierung auf basis empirischer ergebnisse[J].Sportwissenschaft,1981,11:11-27
[20] MAFFIULETTI N A,AAGAARD P,BLAZEVICH A J,et al.Rate of force development:physiological and methodological considerations[J].European journal of applied physiology,2016,116(6):1091-1116
[21] GUIZELINI P C,DE AGUIAR R A,DENADAI B S,et al.Effect of resistance training on muscle strength and rate of force development in healthy older adults:A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Experimental Gerontology,2018,102:51-58
[22] GRUBER M,GOLLHOFER A.Impact of sensorimotor training on the rate of force development and neural activation[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2004,92(1-2):98-105
[23] OLIVEIRA F B,OLIVEIRA A S,RIZATTO G F,et al.Resistance training for explosive and maximal strength:Effects on early and late rate of force development[J].Journal of Sports Science & Medicine,2013,12(3):402
[24] NACZK M,NACZK A,BRZENCZEK-OWCZARZAK W,et al.Relationship between maximal rate of force development and maximal voluntary contraction[J].Studies in Physical Culture & Tourism,2010,17(4):301-306
[25] KOMI P V.Stretch-shortening cycle:A powerful model to study normal and fatigued muscle[J].Journal of Biomechanics,2000,33(10):1197-1206
[26] NORMAN R W,KOMI P V.Electromechanical delay in skeletal muscle under normal movement conditions[J].Acta Physiologica,1979,106(3):241-248
[27] 田石榴.负重超等长力量训练的神经肌肉适应机制研究[D].上海:上海体育学院,2009:75-95
[28] KOMI P V.Physiological and biomechanical correlates of muscle function:Effects of muscle structure and stretch-shortening cycle on force and speed[J].Exercise & Sport Sciences Reviews,1984,12(1):81-121
[29] KOMI P V.Stretch-shortening cycle[M].Oxford:Blackwell Science,1992:169-179
[30] VIITASALO J,BOSCO C.Electromechanical behaviour of human muscles in vertical jumps[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology,1982,48(2):253-261
[31] GOLLHOFER A,SCHMIDTBLEICHER D,DIETZ V.Regulation of muscle stiffness in human locomotion[J].Int J Sports Med,1984,5(1):19-22
[32] HOUK J C,RYMER W Z.Neural control of muscle length and tension[M].Bethesda,MD:Am.Physiol.Soc,1981:257-323
[33] WALSH M,ARAMPATZIS A,SCHADE F,et al.The effect of drop jump starting height and contact time on power,work performed,and moment of force[J].The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2004,18(3):561-566
[34] AURA O,KOMI P V.Effects of prestretch intensity on mechanical efficiency of positive work and on elastic behavior of skeletal muscle in stretch-shortening cycle exercise[J].International Journal of Sports Medicine,1986,7(3):137-143
[35] FLANAGAN E P,COMYNS T M.The use of contact time and the reactive strength index tooptimize fast stretch-shortening cycle training[J].Strength & Conditioning Journal,2008,30(5):32-38
[36] AURA O,KOMI P V.Mechanical efficiency of pure positive and pure negative work with special reference to the work intensity[J].International Journal of Sports Medicine,1986,7(1):44-49
[37] KYR?L?NEN H,KOMI P,KIM D.Effects of power training on neuromuscular performance and mechanical efficiency[J].Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports,1991,1(2):78-87
[38] KANEKO M,KOMI P V,AURA O.Mechanical efficiency of concentric and eccentric exercises with medium to fast contractionrates[J].Scandinavian Journal of Sports Sciences,1984,6(1):15-20
[39] American College of Sports Medicine.ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription[M].Riverwoods:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,2013:99-103
[40] STONE M H,STONE M E,SANDS W A.Maximum strength and strength training:A relationship to endurance?[J].Strength & Conditioning Journal,2006,28(3):44-53
[41] ZACIORSKIJ V,KULIK N,SMIRNOW J.Die wechselbeziehungen zwischen den k?rperlichen eigenschaften[J].TPKK,1970,19:141-157
[42] GILLEN Z,SMITH D,GHETIA V,et al.Neuromuscular recruitment in endurance runners should be improved with explosive-strength training[C]//International Journal of Exercise Science:Conference Proceedings.[s.l.].[s.n.],2015:53
[43] NACLERIO F J,COLADO J C,RHEA M R,et al.The influence of strength and power on muscle endurance test performance[J].Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2009,23(5):1482
[44] COSTILL D L,DANIELS J,EVANS W,et al.Skeletal muscle enzymes and fiber composition in male and female track athletes[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,1976,40(2):149-154
[45] LEWIS M I,FOURNIER M,WANG H,et al.Effect of endurance and/or strength training on muscle fiber size,oxidative capacity,and capillarity in hemodialysis patients[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2015,119(8):865-871
[46] AMENT W,BONGA G J,HOF A L,et al.EMG median power frequency in an exhausting exercise[J].Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology,1993,3(4):214-220
[47] TAYLOR J L,GANDEVIA S C.A comparison of central aspects of fatigue in submaximal and maximal voluntary contractions[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,2008,104(2):542-550
[48] TILLIN N A,FOLLAND J P.Maximal and explosive strength training elicit distinct neuromuscular adaptations,specific to the training stimulus[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2014,114(2):365-374
[49] KOMI P V,GOLLHOFER A.Stretch reflexes can have an important role in force enhancement during SSC exercise[J].Journal of Applied Biomechanics,1997,13(4):451-460
[50] BüHRLE M,WERNER E.Das Muskelquerschnittstraining der Bodybuilder[J].Leistungssport,1984,14(3):5-9
[51] NEWTON R U,DUGAN E.Application of strength diagnosis[J].Strength & Conditioning Journal,2002,24(5):50-59
[52] 陈小平,褚云芳.田径运动训练经典理论与方法的演变与发展[J].体育科学,2013,33(4):91-97
[53] MURPHY A,WILSON G.The assessment of human dynamic muscular function:A comparison of isoinertial and isokinetic tests[J].The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness,1996,36(3):169-177
[54] 陈小平.反应力量和反应力量的训练[J].体育科学,2001,21(5):36-39
[55] FLANAGAN E P,EBBEN W P,JENSEN R L.Reliability of the reactive strength index and time to stabilization during depth jumps[J].The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,2008,22(5):1677-1682
[56] LIU Y,PENG C H,WEI S H,et al.Active leg stiffness and energy stored in the muscles during maximal counter movement jump in the aged[J].J Electromyogr Kinesiol,2006,16(4):342-351
[57] PRUYN E C,WATSFORD M L,MURPHY A J,et al.Relationship between leg stiffness and lower body injuries in professional Australian football[J].J Sports Sci,2012,30(1):71-78
[58] 李钊,李庆.论力量训练安排的模式及其实践应用[J].体育科学,2016,36 (12):30-39