生物炭和园林废弃物堆肥对滨海盐碱土淋溶的影响
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摘要
针对滨海盐碱土盐碱化程度高、盐分毒害突出的问题,采取室内淋溶脱盐试验,探究生物炭和园林废弃物堆肥对滨海盐碱土淋溶脱盐的影响。将生物炭、园林废弃物堆肥按照不同的质量比进行4组处理(0%-CK处理、2%生物炭-B处理、5%园林废弃物堆肥-G处理、2%生物炭和5%园林绿化废弃物堆-BG处理),通过6次淋溶后监测EC值、p H值及水溶性离子(Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)和HCO_3~-)的质量分数,确定生物炭和园林废弃物堆肥对滨海盐渍化土壤淋溶脱盐的影响。结果表明:1)淋溶脱盐过程中各组淋溶液的EC值呈下降并逐渐趋于稳定的趋势,但盐碱土中添加生物炭和园林废弃物堆肥后盐分淋溶的速率会显著提高。2)淋溶液的p H值以及HCO_3~-分量分数呈先上升后保持平稳的趋势,G处理和CK处理的变化趋势类似,但是升高幅度较小,添加生物炭的处理(B和BG)的变化幅度较小。3)不同处理下淋溶后土壤的p H值存在显著的差异,p H值大小顺序为B> CK> BG> G。4)与对照组相比,淋溶后土壤的EC值从0. 41 m S/cm降低到0. 20～0. 27 m S/cm,SAR值从3. 28降低到1. 19～2. 03,Cl~-的分量分数从0. 30 g/kg降低到0. 13～0. 19 g/kg。向滨海盐碱土中添加生物炭和园林废弃物堆肥,可以提高洗盐效率(加入5%园林废弃物堆肥淋溶速率最大),明显降低EC值、SAR值以及Cl~-的分量分数,显著降低土壤中盐分的质量分数,并且减轻滨海盐碱土在淋溶脱盐过程中的碱化现象。
[Background]Zhongjie Farm is located in Huanghua city,Hebei province. The soil in this area is mostly salinized soil. The soil structure is poor,the nutrient is poor,and the soluble salt content is high,which is not conducive to the development of local agroforestry. In order to solve the problem of high salinity and salinity of coastal saline-alkali soil,the surface soil( 0-20 cm) of Zhongjie Farm was selected,and the indoor leaching and desalination test method was adopted to investigate the effects of biochar and garden waste compost on leaching and desalting of coastal saline-alkali soil. [Methods]Biochar and garden waste compost were treated according to different mass ratios( 0% as CK treatment,2% biochar as B treatment,5% garden waste compost as G treatment,2% biocharplus 5% garden waste compost as BG treatment). Using deionized water as a water source,intermittent irrigation was used to simulate natural rainfall. The Electrical condunctivity( EC) value,pH value and concentration of watersoluble ions( Na+,Cl-,SO24-and HCO3-) of the leaching solution after 6 times of leaching were detected. In addition,after the leaching,the EC value of the soil,the pH values of Na+,Ca2 +,Mg2 +,Cl-and SO24-were detected Dual-indicator neutralization titration method for CO23-and HCO3-,silver nitrate titration method-Moore method for Cl-,EDTA titration method for Ca2 +and Mg2 +,indirect EDTA complexometric titration for SO24-,and flame photometry for K+and Na+. Sodium adsorption ratio( SAR) value was calculated. [Results]1) During the leaching and desalting process,the pH of the solution from B treatment decreased from 8. 28 to 8. 37,and the p H of the G treatment increased from7. 67 to 8. 24. The pH change trend of CK and BG treatments was close to a gradual upward trend. The EC values of each group showed a downward trend and gradually became stable. 2) The concentrations of Na+,Cl-and SO24-in the leaching solution showed a decreasing trend,and the decreasing rates of B,G and BG treatments were significantly greater than those in CK treatment. The content of HCO3-increased and then remained stable. The trend of G treatment and CK treatment was similar,but the increment was small,and the change of biochar treatment( B and BG) was small. 3) There was a significant difference in the p H value of the soil after leaching under different treatments. The order of pH value was B > CK >BG > G,and the pH of G treatment was the most obvious in 8. 45. 4) Compared with CK,the EC value of the soil after leaching decreased from 0. 41 m S/cm to 0. 20-0. 27 m S/cm,the SAR( sodium absorption ration) value decreased from 3. 28 to 1. 19-2. 03,and the Cl-content decreased from 0. 30 g/kg to 0. 13-0. 19 g/kg; The EC value,SAR value and Cl-content of BG treatment were the most obvious,which were 0. 20 m S/cm,1. 19 and 0. 13 g/kg,respectively. The decrease of SO24-content in B treatment was 0. 06 g/kg. [Conclusions] Adding biochar and garden waste compost to the coastal saline-alkali soil can not only significantly improve salt washing efficiency,but also reduce soil EC value and SAR. And it can reduce the content of Na+,the content of Cl-,and the total salt content in the soil.The mixed application effect of the two materials is better than that of sole application,and the addition of garden waste compost reduces the alkalization phenomenon of the coastal saline-alkali soil during leaching and desalination.
[Background]Zhongjie Farm is located in Huanghua city,Hebei province. The soil in this area is mostly salinized soil. The soil structure is poor,the nutrient is poor,and the soluble salt content is high,which is not conducive to the development of local agroforestry. In order to solve the problem of high salinity and salinity of coastal saline-alkali soil,the surface soil( 0-20 cm) of Zhongjie Farm was selected,and the indoor leaching and desalination test method was adopted to investigate the effects of biochar and garden waste compost on leaching and desalting of coastal saline-alkali soil. [Methods]Biochar and garden waste compost were treated according to different mass ratios( 0% as CK treatment,2% biochar as B treatment,5% garden waste compost as G treatment,2% biocharplus 5% garden waste compost as BG treatment). Using deionized water as a water source,intermittent irrigation was used to simulate natural rainfall. The Electrical condunctivity( EC) value,pH value and concentration of watersoluble ions( Na+,Cl-,SO24-and HCO3-) of the leaching solution after 6 times of leaching were detected. In addition,after the leaching,the EC value of the soil,the pH values of Na+,Ca2 +,Mg2 +,Cl-and SO24-were detected Dual-indicator neutralization titration method for CO23-and HCO3-,silver nitrate titration method-Moore method for Cl-,EDTA titration method for Ca2 +and Mg2 +,indirect EDTA complexometric titration for SO24-,and flame photometry for K+and Na+. Sodium adsorption ratio( SAR) value was calculated. [Results]1) During the leaching and desalting process,the pH of the solution from B treatment decreased from 8. 28 to 8. 37,and the p H of the G treatment increased from7. 67 to 8. 24. The pH change trend of CK and BG treatments was close to a gradual upward trend. The EC values of each group showed a downward trend and gradually became stable. 2) The concentrations of Na+,Cl-and SO24-in the leaching solution showed a decreasing trend,and the decreasing rates of B,G and BG treatments were significantly greater than those in CK treatment. The content of HCO3-increased and then remained stable. The trend of G treatment and CK treatment was similar,but the increment was small,and the change of biochar treatment( B and BG) was small. 3) There was a significant difference in the p H value of the soil after leaching under different treatments. The order of pH value was B > CK >BG > G,and the pH of G treatment was the most obvious in 8. 45. 4) Compared with CK,the EC value of the soil after leaching decreased from 0. 41 m S/cm to 0. 20-0. 27 m S/cm,the SAR( sodium absorption ration) value decreased from 3. 28 to 1. 19-2. 03,and the Cl-content decreased from 0. 30 g/kg to 0. 13-0. 19 g/kg; The EC value,SAR value and Cl-content of BG treatment were the most obvious,which were 0. 20 m S/cm,1. 19 and 0. 13 g/kg,respectively. The decrease of SO24-content in B treatment was 0. 06 g/kg. [Conclusions] Adding biochar and garden waste compost to the coastal saline-alkali soil can not only significantly improve salt washing efficiency,but also reduce soil EC value and SAR. And it can reduce the content of Na+,the content of Cl-,and the total salt content in the soil.The mixed application effect of the two materials is better than that of sole application,and the addition of garden waste compost reduces the alkalization phenomenon of the coastal saline-alkali soil during leaching and desalination.
引文
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[11]李素艳,翟鹏辉,孙向阳,等.滨海土壤盐渍化特征及土壤改良研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2014,22(6):1069.LI Suyan,ZHAI Penghui,SUN Xiangyang,et al.Saline-alkali soil characteristics and improvement in coastal area[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2014,22(6):1069.
[12]王琳琳,李素艳,孙向阳,等.不同隔盐措施对滨海盐碱地土壤水盐运移及刺槐光合特性的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(5):1388.WANG Linlin,LI Suyan,SUN Xiangyang,et al.Application of salt-isolation materials to a coastal region:Effects on soil water and salt movement and photosynthetic characteristics of Robinia pseudoacacia[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(5):1388.
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[14]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:188.BAO Shidan.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000:188.
[15]宋新山,邓伟,章光新,等.钠吸附比及其在水体碱化特征评价中的应用[J].水利学报,2000,31(7):70.SONG Xinshan,DENG Wei,ZHANG Guangxin,et al.Sodium adsorption ratio and its application to appraisement of alkali characteristics of water[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2000,31(7):70.
[16]刘春卿,杨劲松,陈德明.管理调控措施对土壤盐分分布和作物体内盐分离子吸收的作用[J].土壤学报,2004,41(2):230.LIU Chunqing,YANG Jinsong,CHEN Deming.Effect of regulatory measures on distribution of soil salt and ionic uptake by crop[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(2):230.
[17]王金辉,柳勇,徐润生,等.不同施肥水平对耕层土壤盐分迁移和分布的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2009(4):25.WANG Jinhui,LIU Yong,XU Runsheng,et al.The effect of different fertilizer levels on tilth soil salt movement and distribution[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2009(4):25.
[18]UCHIMIYA M,WARTELLE L H,KLASSON K T,et al.Influence of pyrolysis temperature on biochar property and function as a heavy metal sorbent in soil[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2011,59(6):2501.
[19]WHALLEY W R,CLARK L J,GOWING D J G,et al.Does soil strength play a role in wheat yield losses caused by soil drying?[J].Plant&Soil,2006,280(1/2):279.
[20]岳燕,郭维娜,林启美,等.加入不同量生物质炭盐渍化土壤盐分淋洗的差异与特征[J].土壤学报,2014,51(4):914.YUE Yan,GUO Weina,LIN Qimei,et al.Salt leaching in the saline soil relative to rate of biochar applied[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(4):914.
[2]吴华山,陈效民,叶民标,等.太湖地区主要水稻土的饱和导水率及其影响因素研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2006,25(2):46.WU Huashan,CHEN Xiaomin,YE Minbiao,et al.Study on the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and the infection factors of the main paddy soil sin tai-lake region[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2006,25(2):46.
[3]LAIRD D A,FLEMING P,DAVIS D D,et al.Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical midwestern agricultural soil[J].Geoderma,2010,158(3/4):443.
[4]STEINER C,TEIXEIRA W G,LEHMANN J.Long term effects of manure,charcoal and mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly weathered central Amazonian upland soil[J].Plant and Soil,2007,291:275.
[5]罗煜,赵小蓉,李贵桐,等.酸性和碱性土壤中芒草生物质炭激发效应的特征和差异[J].土壤学报,2014,51(1):90.LUO Yu,ZHAO Xiaorong,LI Guitong,et al.Characteristics of difference in priming effect of miscanthus-derived biochar acid and alkaline soils[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(1):90.
[6]CHENG C H,LEHMANN J,THIES J E,et al.Oxidation of black carbon by biotic and abiotic processes[J].Organic Geochemistry,2006,37:1477.
[7]李桥.园林废弃物堆肥对绿地土壤的改良研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2009:38.LI Qiao.Effects of garden waste composting on green soil[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2009:38.
[8]司莉青,陈利民,郑景明,等.城市污泥与园林废弃物堆肥混合添加对土壤改良的影响[J].草业科学,2018,35(1):1.SI Liqqing,CHEN Liming,ZHENG Jingming,et al.Effects of mixed sewage sludge and garden waste composts on potting soil amendment[J].Pratacultural Science,2018,35(1):1.
[9]张乐,徐平平,李素艳,等.有机-无机复合改良剂对滨海盐碱地的改良效应研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2017,15(2):92.ZHANG Le,XU Pingping,LI Suyan,et al.Amelioration effects of organic inorganic compound amendment on coastal saline-alkali soil[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,15(2):92.
[10]王琳琳.天津滨海盐土隔盐修复、有机改良及造林效果评估[D].北京:北京林业大学,2014:87.WANG Linlin.Application of salt-isolation measures and organic amendments to a coastal saline soil in Tianjin,China:Effects on physical and chemical properties and afforestation[D].Beijing:Beijing Forest University,2014:87.
[11]李素艳,翟鹏辉,孙向阳,等.滨海土壤盐渍化特征及土壤改良研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2014,22(6):1069.LI Suyan,ZHAI Penghui,SUN Xiangyang,et al.Saline-alkali soil characteristics and improvement in coastal area[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2014,22(6):1069.
[12]王琳琳,李素艳,孙向阳,等.不同隔盐措施对滨海盐碱地土壤水盐运移及刺槐光合特性的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(5):1388.WANG Linlin,LI Suyan,SUN Xiangyang,et al.Application of salt-isolation materials to a coastal region:Effects on soil water and salt movement and photosynthetic characteristics of Robinia pseudoacacia[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(5):1388.
[13]ZHANG Lu,SUN Xiangyang,TIAN Yun,et al.Effects of brown sugar and calcium superphosphate on the secondary fermentation of green waste[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,131(3):68.
[14]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:188.BAO Shidan.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000:188.
[15]宋新山,邓伟,章光新,等.钠吸附比及其在水体碱化特征评价中的应用[J].水利学报,2000,31(7):70.SONG Xinshan,DENG Wei,ZHANG Guangxin,et al.Sodium adsorption ratio and its application to appraisement of alkali characteristics of water[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2000,31(7):70.
[16]刘春卿,杨劲松,陈德明.管理调控措施对土壤盐分分布和作物体内盐分离子吸收的作用[J].土壤学报,2004,41(2):230.LIU Chunqing,YANG Jinsong,CHEN Deming.Effect of regulatory measures on distribution of soil salt and ionic uptake by crop[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(2):230.
[17]王金辉,柳勇,徐润生,等.不同施肥水平对耕层土壤盐分迁移和分布的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2009(4):25.WANG Jinhui,LIU Yong,XU Runsheng,et al.The effect of different fertilizer levels on tilth soil salt movement and distribution[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2009(4):25.
[18]UCHIMIYA M,WARTELLE L H,KLASSON K T,et al.Influence of pyrolysis temperature on biochar property and function as a heavy metal sorbent in soil[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2011,59(6):2501.
[19]WHALLEY W R,CLARK L J,GOWING D J G,et al.Does soil strength play a role in wheat yield losses caused by soil drying?[J].Plant&Soil,2006,280(1/2):279.
[20]岳燕,郭维娜,林启美,等.加入不同量生物质炭盐渍化土壤盐分淋洗的差异与特征[J].土壤学报,2014,51(4):914.YUE Yan,GUO Weina,LIN Qimei,et al.Salt leaching in the saline soil relative to rate of biochar applied[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(4):914.