2018年国外载人航天发展综述
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摘要
2018年,全球围绕近地轨道开发与深空探索继续开展载人航天活动,月球已经成为人类探索火星之前唯一的目的地。通过梳理战略与政策、载人航天系统、国际空间站、商业航天、深空探测等领域的进展,全景展示了世界载人航天在2018年取得的主要成绩;同时展望了2019年载人航天领域将要发生的一些重要事件,以期为我国载人航天未来的发展提供借鉴和参考。
In 2018,human spaceflight activities have been continuously carried out focusing on the development of low earth orbit and the deep space exploration. The moon has become the sole exploration destination before the human Mar mission. By reviewing the development in strategies and policies,manned spaceflight systems,the International Space Station,commercial spaceflight,and deep space exploration,the major achievements of human spaceflight in the world in 2018 were briefly exhibited. Meanwhile,the major events of human spaceflight in 2019 were also prospected so as to provide references for the future development of human spaceflight in China.
In 2018,human spaceflight activities have been continuously carried out focusing on the development of low earth orbit and the deep space exploration. The moon has become the sole exploration destination before the human Mar mission. By reviewing the development in strategies and policies,manned spaceflight systems,the International Space Station,commercial spaceflight,and deep space exploration,the major achievements of human spaceflight in the world in 2018 were briefly exhibited. Meanwhile,the major events of human spaceflight in 2019 were also prospected so as to provide references for the future development of human spaceflight in China.
引文
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[25] Russia launches 2ndstage of Vostochny spaceport construction[N/OL].(2018-08-21)[2019-01]. http://tass. com/sci-ence/1017978.
[26] Space station experiment reaches ultracold milestone[R/OL].(2018-07-27)[2019-01]. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php? feature=7202.
[27]20 years ago,space station construction begins[N/OL].(2018-11-21)[2019-01]. https://www. nasa. gov/feature/20-years-ago-iss-construction-begins.
[28] Bartels M. Soyuz rocket launch failure forces emergency land-ing for us-russian space station crew[N/OL].(2018-10-11)[2019-01]. https://www. space. com/42097-soyuz-rocket-launch-failure-expedition-57-crew.html.
[29] Lewin S. Russians ID cause of soyuz launch abort,releasedramatic rocket video[N/OL].(2018-11-01)[2019-01]. ht-tps://www.space. com/42319-soyuz-launch-abort-russia-iden-tifies-cause.html.
[30] Soyuz-FG performs first blastoff after failed October launch[N/OL].(2018-11-16)[2019-01]. http://tass. com/sci-ence/1031266.
[31] Russian spacecraft with new crew blasts off to orbital outpost[N/OL].(2018-12-03)[2019-01]. http://tass. com/sci-ence/1034015.
[32] Air leak registered on orbital outpost,problem resolved—Roscosmos chief[N/OL].(2018-08-30)[2019-01]. http://tass.com/science/1019283.
[33] Foust J. Potential end of the ISS raises concerns,presents op-portunities[N/OL].(2018-01-26)[2019-01]. https://spacenews. com/potential-end-of-the-iss-raises-concerns-pres-ents-opportunities/.
[34] NASA wants to prolong ISS operation till 2028-2030[N/OL].(2018-09-20)[2019-01]. http://tass. com/science/1022444.
[35] Foust J. Commercial space bill clears Senate committee[N/OL].(2018-08-01)[2019-01]. https://spacenews. com/commercial-space-bill-clears-senate-committee/.
[36] Ralph E. SpaceX stuns with two simultaneous rocket landings,Musk’s Tesla heads to Mars[N/OL].(2018-02-06)[2019-01]. https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-falcon-heavy-simulta-neous-rocket-landing/.
[37] The world’s most powerful rocket[N/OL].(2018-02-06)[2019-01]. https://www.spacex.com/falcon-heavy.
[38] Ralph E. SpaceX’s successful debut of Falcon 9 Block 5 her-alds the future of reusable rocketry[N/OL].(2018-05-11)[2019-01]. https://www. teslarati. com/spacex-successful-block-5-bangabandhu-launch-landing/.
[39] Ralph E. SpaceX’s recovery boat Mr Steven has a new net tocatch Falcon 9 fairings[N/OL].(2018-05-08)[2019-01].https://www. teslarati. com/spacex-recovery-boat-mr-steven-new-net-falcon-9-fairings/.
[40] Russia to develop super-heavy rocket as reusable spacecraft[N/OL].(2018-08-16)[2019-01]. http://tass. com/sci-ence/1017451.
[41] NASA astronauts flying aboard crew Dragon[N/OL].(2018-08-04)[2019-01]. https://www. spacex. com/news/2018/08/04/nasa-astronauts-flying-aboard-crew-dragon.
[42] Foust J. NASA approves load-and-go fueling for SpaceX com-mercial crew launches[N/OL].(2018-08-18)[2019-01].https://spacenews. com/nasa-approves-load-and-go-fueling-for-spacex-commercial-crew-launches/.
[43] Ralph E. SpaceX hot-fires crew Dragon’s Falcon 9 as separaterocket spied in Arizona[N/OL].(2018-10-28)[2019-01].https://www. teslarati. com/spacex-crew-dragon-falcon-9-hot-fire-rocket-shipment-arizona/.
[44] NASA seeks information for gateway cargo delivery services[N/OL].(2018-10-23)[2019-01]. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-seeks-information-for-gateway-cargo-delivery-services.
[45] NASA seeks partnership with US industry to develop first gate-way element[N/OL].(2018-09-06)[2019-01]. https://www. nasa. gov/feature/nasa-seeks-partnership-with-us-indus-try-to-develop-first-gateway-element.
[46] First passenger on lunar bfr mission[N/OL].(2018-09-18)[2019-01]. https://www. spacex. com/news/2018/10/09/first-passenger-lunar-bfr-mission.
[47] Wall M. NASA plans to build a Moon-orbiting space station:here’s what you should know[N/OL].(2017-12-14)[2019-01]. https://www. space. com/41763-nasa-lunar-orbiting-platform-gateway-basics.html.
[48] Fous J. Lockheed Martin unveils lunar lander concept[N/OL].(2017-12-14)[2019-01]. https://spacenews. com/lockheed-martin-unveils-lunar-lander-concept/.
[49] NASA insight lander arrives on Martian surface to learn whatlies beneath[N/OL].(2018-11-27)[2019-01]. https://www. nasa. gov/press-release/nasa-insight-lander-arrives-on-martian-surface-to-learn-what-lies-beneath.
[50] Foust J. NASA launches parker solar probe mission to studythe sun up close[N/OL].(2017-08-12)[2019-01]. ht-tps://spacenews. com/nasa-launches-parker-solar-probe-mis-sion-to-study-the-sun-up-close/.
[51] Henry C. Ariane 5 launches BepiColombo to Mercury[N/OL].(2018-10-20)[2019-01]. https://spacenews.com/ari-ane-5-launches-bepicolombo-to-mercury/.
[2] NASA 2018 strategic plan[R/OL].(2018-02-12)[2019-01]. https://www. nasa. gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_2018_strategic_plan.pdf.
[3] NASA FY2019 budget estimates[R/OL].(2018-02-12)[2019. 01]. https://www. nasa. gov/sites/default/files/at-oms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf.
[4] National space exploration campaign report[R/OL].(2018-09)[2019-01]. https://www. nasa. gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nationalspaceexplorationcampaign.pdf.
[5] Matthew Bodner. Putin taps rogozin to head roscosmos[N/OL].(2018-05-24)[2019-01]. https://spacenews.com/pu-tin-taps-rogozin-to-head-roscosmos/.
[6] Melnikov V. Roscosmos ordered the development of scenariosof manned space programs to 2035[R/OL].(2017-12-14)[2019-01]. https://ria.ru/20180928/1529538841.html.
[7] Putin promises to push ahead with Russia’s lunar program[N/OL].(2018-04-12)[2019-01]. http://tass. com/sci-ence/999370.
[8]国立宇宙航空研究开发机构的中期和长期发展目标[R/OL].(2018-03-01)[2019-01].Mid-term and long-term development goals of Japan AerospaceExploration Agency[R/OL].(2018-03-01)[2019-01].(inJapaness)http://www.jaxa.jp/about/plan/pdf/goal04.pdf.
[9]国立宇宙航空研究开发机构实现中长期发展目标的中长期计划[EB/OL].(2018-03-30)[2019-01].Mid-term and long-term plan for mid-term and long-term de-velopment goals of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency[R/OL].(2018-03-01)[2019-01].(in Japaness)http://www.jaxa.jp/about/plan/pdf/plan04.pdf
[10]国立宇宙航空研究开发机构2018财年工作计划[R/OL].(2017-03-30)[2019-01].Work Plan of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency in 2018[R/OL].(2017-03-30)[2019-01].(in Japaness)http://www.jaxa.jp/about/plan/pdf/30th-year_plan.pdf.
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[13] Turkey’s president eyes manned space mission[N/OL].(2018-06-08)[2019-01]. http://tass. com/science/1008657.
[14] Flight of UAE astronaut to ISS will take place in 2019—Rus-sian space agency[EB/OL].(2018-11-20)[2019-01]. ht-tp://tass.com/science/1031595.
[15] Nasir S. UAE signs agreement with Nasa to cooperate in man-ned space flights[N/OL].(2019-07-19)[2019-01]. ht-tps://ae.zawya.com/mena/en/story/amp/SNG_121345048/.
[16] The global exploration roadmap[R/OL].(2018-02-02)[2019-01]. https://www. globalspaceexploration. org/word-press/wp-content/isecg/GER_2018_small_mobile.pdf.
[17] NASa administrator views SLS progress during first visit tomarshall[R/OL].(2018-04-16)[2019-01]. https://www.nasa. gov/centers/marshall/news/administrator-views-sls-pro-gress-during-first-visit-to-marshall.
[18] Russian space firm to develop new compound for super-heavyrocket at Vostochny spaceport[N/OL].(2018-02-02)[2019-01]. http://tass.com/science/988274.
[19] Russia to develop super-heavy rocket as reusable spacecraft[N/OL].(2017-08-16)[2019-01]. http://tass. com/sci-ence/1017451.
[20] European-built service module arrives in U.S. for first orionMoon mission[EB/OL].(2018-11-07)[2019-01]. https://www. nasa. gov/press-release/european-built-service-module-arrives-in-us-for-first-orion-moon-mission.
[21] RSC Energia would check ease of interface vessel“Federa-tion”[N/OL].(2018-08-07)[2019-01]. https://chelorg.com/2018/08/07/rsc-energia-will-check-the-user-friendli-ness-of-the-ship-federation/.
[22] Sohail D. Russian space vehicle builder striving to launch fed-eration spacecraft by 2022[N/OL].(2018-11-16)[2019-01]. https://www. urdupoint. com/en/technology/russian-space-vehicle-builder-striving-to-lau-482802.html.
[23] Russian space agency to select new members for cosmonauts’team[N/OL].(2018-08-10)[2019-01]. http://tass. com/science/1016836.
[24] Progress toward NASA’s exploration missions,challenges onthe road ahead[N/OL].(2018-10-12)[2019-01]. https://www. nasa. gov/feature/progress-toward-nasa-s-exploration-missions-challenges-on-the-road-ahead.
[25] Russia launches 2ndstage of Vostochny spaceport construction[N/OL].(2018-08-21)[2019-01]. http://tass. com/sci-ence/1017978.
[26] Space station experiment reaches ultracold milestone[R/OL].(2018-07-27)[2019-01]. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php? feature=7202.
[27]20 years ago,space station construction begins[N/OL].(2018-11-21)[2019-01]. https://www. nasa. gov/feature/20-years-ago-iss-construction-begins.
[28] Bartels M. Soyuz rocket launch failure forces emergency land-ing for us-russian space station crew[N/OL].(2018-10-11)[2019-01]. https://www. space. com/42097-soyuz-rocket-launch-failure-expedition-57-crew.html.
[29] Lewin S. Russians ID cause of soyuz launch abort,releasedramatic rocket video[N/OL].(2018-11-01)[2019-01]. ht-tps://www.space. com/42319-soyuz-launch-abort-russia-iden-tifies-cause.html.
[30] Soyuz-FG performs first blastoff after failed October launch[N/OL].(2018-11-16)[2019-01]. http://tass. com/sci-ence/1031266.
[31] Russian spacecraft with new crew blasts off to orbital outpost[N/OL].(2018-12-03)[2019-01]. http://tass. com/sci-ence/1034015.
[32] Air leak registered on orbital outpost,problem resolved—Roscosmos chief[N/OL].(2018-08-30)[2019-01]. http://tass.com/science/1019283.
[33] Foust J. Potential end of the ISS raises concerns,presents op-portunities[N/OL].(2018-01-26)[2019-01]. https://spacenews. com/potential-end-of-the-iss-raises-concerns-pres-ents-opportunities/.
[34] NASA wants to prolong ISS operation till 2028-2030[N/OL].(2018-09-20)[2019-01]. http://tass. com/science/1022444.
[35] Foust J. Commercial space bill clears Senate committee[N/OL].(2018-08-01)[2019-01]. https://spacenews. com/commercial-space-bill-clears-senate-committee/.
[36] Ralph E. SpaceX stuns with two simultaneous rocket landings,Musk’s Tesla heads to Mars[N/OL].(2018-02-06)[2019-01]. https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-falcon-heavy-simulta-neous-rocket-landing/.
[37] The world’s most powerful rocket[N/OL].(2018-02-06)[2019-01]. https://www.spacex.com/falcon-heavy.
[38] Ralph E. SpaceX’s successful debut of Falcon 9 Block 5 her-alds the future of reusable rocketry[N/OL].(2018-05-11)[2019-01]. https://www. teslarati. com/spacex-successful-block-5-bangabandhu-launch-landing/.
[39] Ralph E. SpaceX’s recovery boat Mr Steven has a new net tocatch Falcon 9 fairings[N/OL].(2018-05-08)[2019-01].https://www. teslarati. com/spacex-recovery-boat-mr-steven-new-net-falcon-9-fairings/.
[40] Russia to develop super-heavy rocket as reusable spacecraft[N/OL].(2018-08-16)[2019-01]. http://tass. com/sci-ence/1017451.
[41] NASA astronauts flying aboard crew Dragon[N/OL].(2018-08-04)[2019-01]. https://www. spacex. com/news/2018/08/04/nasa-astronauts-flying-aboard-crew-dragon.
[42] Foust J. NASA approves load-and-go fueling for SpaceX com-mercial crew launches[N/OL].(2018-08-18)[2019-01].https://spacenews. com/nasa-approves-load-and-go-fueling-for-spacex-commercial-crew-launches/.
[43] Ralph E. SpaceX hot-fires crew Dragon’s Falcon 9 as separaterocket spied in Arizona[N/OL].(2018-10-28)[2019-01].https://www. teslarati. com/spacex-crew-dragon-falcon-9-hot-fire-rocket-shipment-arizona/.
[44] NASA seeks information for gateway cargo delivery services[N/OL].(2018-10-23)[2019-01]. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-seeks-information-for-gateway-cargo-delivery-services.
[45] NASA seeks partnership with US industry to develop first gate-way element[N/OL].(2018-09-06)[2019-01]. https://www. nasa. gov/feature/nasa-seeks-partnership-with-us-indus-try-to-develop-first-gateway-element.
[46] First passenger on lunar bfr mission[N/OL].(2018-09-18)[2019-01]. https://www. spacex. com/news/2018/10/09/first-passenger-lunar-bfr-mission.
[47] Wall M. NASA plans to build a Moon-orbiting space station:here’s what you should know[N/OL].(2017-12-14)[2019-01]. https://www. space. com/41763-nasa-lunar-orbiting-platform-gateway-basics.html.
[48] Fous J. Lockheed Martin unveils lunar lander concept[N/OL].(2017-12-14)[2019-01]. https://spacenews. com/lockheed-martin-unveils-lunar-lander-concept/.
[49] NASA insight lander arrives on Martian surface to learn whatlies beneath[N/OL].(2018-11-27)[2019-01]. https://www. nasa. gov/press-release/nasa-insight-lander-arrives-on-martian-surface-to-learn-what-lies-beneath.
[50] Foust J. NASA launches parker solar probe mission to studythe sun up close[N/OL].(2017-08-12)[2019-01]. ht-tps://spacenews. com/nasa-launches-parker-solar-probe-mis-sion-to-study-the-sun-up-close/.
[51] Henry C. Ariane 5 launches BepiColombo to Mercury[N/OL].(2018-10-20)[2019-01]. https://spacenews.com/ari-ane-5-launches-bepicolombo-to-mercury/.