轨道角动量模式识别方法综述
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摘要
光子轨道角动量具有涡旋和高维特性,在经典和量子领域有巨大应用潜力,目前在光学系统中有多种轨道角动量识别方法,常见的方法有以下8种:干涉仪法、镜像干涉法、平面波干涉法、角双缝干涉法、三角孔衍射法、计算全息光栅法、光学几何变换法和旋转多普勒效应法.本文详细介绍了8种方法的实验原理、实验装置、实验结果及现阶段的研究成果.
The orbital angular momentum of photons characterizes both high dimensions and optical vortices and shows a great of potential applications in quantum and classical fields.At present,the mostly used eight methods for identifying orbital angular momentum in optical systems are:interferometer method,mirror interferometry,plane wave interferometry,angular double-slit interferometry,triangular aperture diffraction,computational holographic grating method,optical geometric transformation method and rotational Doppler effect.This paper introduced in detail the experimental principle,experimental setup,experimental results and current research status of the eight methods.
The orbital angular momentum of photons characterizes both high dimensions and optical vortices and shows a great of potential applications in quantum and classical fields.At present,the mostly used eight methods for identifying orbital angular momentum in optical systems are:interferometer method,mirror interferometry,plane wave interferometry,angular double-slit interferometry,triangular aperture diffraction,computational holographic grating method,optical geometric transformation method and rotational Doppler effect.This paper introduced in detail the experimental principle,experimental setup,experimental results and current research status of the eight methods.
引文
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[2]Poynting J H.The wave motion of a revolving shaft,and a suggestion as to the angular momentum in a beam of circularly polarised light[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A,1909,82(557):560-567.
[3]Allen L,Beijersbergen M W,Spreeuw R,et al.Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-gaussian laser modes[J].Physical Review A,1992,45(11):8185.
[4]Collins D,Gisin N,Linden N,et al.Bell inequalities for arbitrarily high-dimensional systems[J].Physical Review Letters,2002,88(4):040404.
[5]Vaziri A,Weihs G,Zeilinger A.Experimental twophoton,three-dimensional entanglement for quantum communication[J].Physical Review Letters,2002,89(24):240401.
[6]Franke-Arnold S,Allen L,Padgett M.Advances in optical angular momentum[J].Laser&Photonics Reviews,2008,2(4):299-313.
[7]Yao A M,Padgett M J.Orbital angular momentum:origins,behavior and applications[J].Advances in Optics and Photonics,2011,3(2):161-204.
[8]Friese M,Nieminen T,Heckenberg N,et al.Optical alignment and spinning of laser-trapped microscopic particles[J].Nature,1998,394(6691):348-350.
[9]Padgett M,Bowman R.Tweezers with a twist[J].Nature Photonics,2011,5(6):343-348.
[10]Grier D G.A revolution in optical manipulation[J].Nature,2003,424(6950):810.
[11]Curtis J E,Grier D G.Structure of optical vortices[J].Physical Review Letters,2003,90(13):133901.
[12]Lavery M P,Speirits F C,Barnett S M,et al.Detection of a spinning object using light’s orbital angular momentum[J].Science,2013,341(6145):537-540.
[13]Lavery M P,Barnett S M,Speirits F C,et al.Observation of the rotational Doppler shift of a white-light,orbital-angular-momentum-carrying beam backscattered from a rotating body[J].Optica,2014,1(1):1-4.
[14]Mair A,Vaziri A,Weihs G,et al.Entanglement of the orbital angular momentum states of photons[J].Nature,2001,412(6844):313.
[15]Molina-Terriza G,Torres J P,Torner L.Twisted photons[J].Nature Physics,2007,3(5):305.
[16]Langford N K,Dalton R B,Harvey M D,et al.Measuring entangled qutrits and their use for quantum bit commitment[J].Physical Review Letters,2004,93(5):053601.
[17]Zhang P,Ren X F,Zou X B,et al.Demonstration of one-dimensional quantum random walks using orbital angular momentum of photons[J].Physical Review A,2007,75(5):052310.
[18]Nagali E,Sciarrino F,de Martini F,et al.Quantum information transfer from spin to orbital angular momentum of photons[J].Physical Review Letters,2009,103(1):013601.
[19]Zhang P,Jiang Y,Liu R F,et al.Implementing the deutsch’s algorithm with spin-orbital angular momentum of photon without interferometer[J].Optics Communications,2012,285(5):838-841.
[20]Bozinovic N,Yue Y,Ren Y,et al.Terabit-scale orbital angular momentum mode division multiplexing in fibers[J].Science,2013,340(6140):1545-1548.
[21]Wang J,Yang J Y,Fazal I M,et al.Terabit freespace data transmission employing orbital angular momentum multiple-xing[J].Nature Photonics,2012,6(7):488-496.
[22]Molina-Terriza G,Torres J P,Torner L.Management of the angular momentum of light:preparation of photons in multi-dimensional vector states of angular momentum[J].Physical Review Letters,2001,88(1):013601.
[23]Courtial J,Dholakia K,Robertson D,et al.Measurement of the rotational frequency shift imparted to a rotating light beam possessing orbital angular momentum[J].Physical Review Letters,1998,80(15):3217.
[24]Leach J,Padgett M J,Barnett S M,et al.Measuring the orbital angular momentum of a single photon[J].Physical Review Letters,2002,88(25):257901.
[25]Leach J,Courtial J,Skeldon K,et al.Interferometric methods to measure orbital and spin,or the total angular momentum of a single photon[J].Physical Review Letters,2004,92(1):013601.
[26]Lavery M P,Dudley A,Forbes A,et al.Robust interferometer for the routing of light beams carrying orbital angular momentum[J].New Journal of Physics,2011,13(9):093014.
[27]Slussarenko S,D’Ambrosio V,Piccirillo B,et al.The polarizing sagnac interferometer:a tool for light orbital angular momentum sorting and spin-orbit photon processing[J].Optics Express,2010,18(26):27205-27216.
[28]Zhang W,Qi Q,Zhou J,et al.Mimicking faraday rotation to sort the orbital angular momentum of light[J].Physical Review Letters,2014,112(15):153601.
[29]付栋之,贾俊亮,周英男,等.利用sagnac干涉仪实现光子轨道角动量分束器[J].物理学报,2015,64(13):130704-130704.
[30]Harris M,Hill C,Tapster P,et al.Laser modes with helical wave fronts[J].Physical Review A,1994,49(4):3119.
[31]Chen L,Zhang W,Lu Q,et al.Making and identifying optical superpositions of high orbital angular momenta[J].Physical Review A,2013,88(5):053831.
[32]Vickers J,Burch M,Vyas R,et al.Phase and interference properties of optical vortex beams[J].Journal of the Optical Society of America A,2008,25(3):823-827.
[33]Padgett M,Arlt J,Simpson N,et al.An experiment to observe the intensity and phase structure of laguerre-gaussian laser modes[J].American Journal of Physics,1996,64(1):77-82.
[34]Huang H,Ren Y,Yan Y,et al.Phase-shift interference-based wavefront characterization for orbital angular momentum modes[J].Optics Letters,2013,38(13):2348-2350.
[35]Liu R,Long J,Wang F,et al.Characterizing the phase profile of a vortex beam with angular-double-slit interference[J].Journal of Optics,2013,15(12):125712.
[36]Zhou H,Shi L,Zhang X,et al.Dynamic interferometry measurement of orbital angular momentum of light[J].Optics Letters,2014,39(20):6058-6061.
[37]Fu D,Chen D,Liu R,et al.Probing the topological charge of a vortex beam with dynamic angular double slits[J].Optics Letters,2015,40(5):788-791.
[38]Malik M,Murugkar S,Leach J,et al.Measurement of the orbital-angular-momentum spectrum of fields with partial angular coherence using double-angular-slit interference[J].Physical Review A,2012,86(6):063806.
[39]Hickmann J,Fonseca E,Soares W,et al.Unveiling a truncated optical lattice associated with a triangular aperture using light’s orbital angular momentum[J].Physical Review Letters,2010,105(5):053904.
[40]de Araujo L E,Anderson M E.Measuring vortex charge with a triangular aperture[J].Optics Letters,2011,36(6):787-789.
[41]Yongxin L,Hua T,Jixiong P,et al.Detecting the topological charge of vortex beams using an annular triangle aperture[J].Optics&Laser Technology,2011,43(7):1233-1236.
[42]Heckenberg N,McDuff R,Smith C,et al.Laser beams with phase singularities[J].Optical and Quantum Electronics,1992,24(9):S951-S962.
[43]Bazhenov V Y,Soskin M,Vasnetsov M.Screw dislocations in light wavefronts[J].Journal of Modern Optics,1992,39(5):985-990.
[44]Heckenberg N,McDuff R,Smith C,et al.Generation of optical phase singularities by computergenerated holograms[J].Optics Letters,1992,17(3):221-223.
[45]Karimi E,Piccirillo B,Nagali E,et al.Efficient generation and sorting of orbital angular momentum eigenmodes of light by thermally tuned qplates[J].Applied Physics Letters,2009,94(23):231124.
[46]Marrucci L,Karimi E,Slussarenko S,et al.Spinto-orbital conversion of the angular momentum of light and its classical and quantum applications[J].Journal of Optics,2011,13(6):064001.
[47]Gibson G,Courtial J,Padgett M,et al.Freespace information transfer using light beams carrying orbital angular momentum[J].Optics Express,2004,12(22):5448-5456.
[48]Gibson G,Courtial J,Vasnetsov M,et al.Increasing the data density of free-space optical communications using orbital angular momentum[J].Proceedings of SPIE:The International Society for Optical Engineering,2004,5550:367-373.
[49]Khonina S,Kotlyar V,Skidanov R,et al.Gausslaguerre modes with different indices in prescribed diffraction orders of a diffractive phase element[J].Optics Communications,2000,175(4-6):301-308.
[50]Moreno I,Davis J A,Pascoguin B M L,et al.Vortex sensing diffraction gratings[J].Optics Letters,2009,34(19):2927-2929.
[51]Nicolas A,Veissier L,Giacobino E,et al.Quantum state tomography of orbital angular momentum photonic qubits via a projection-based technique[J].New Journal of Physics,2015,17(3):033037.
[52]Bent N,Qassim H,Tahir A,et al.Experimental realization of quantum tomography of photonic qudits via symmetric informationally complete positive operator-valued measures[J].Physical Review X,2015,5(4):041006.
[53]Berkhout G C,Lavery M P,Courtial J,et al.Efficient sorting of orbital angular momentum states of light[J].Physical Review Letters,2010,105(15):153601.
[54]Lavery M P,Berkhout G C,Courtial J,et al.Measurement of the light orbital angular momentum spectrum using an optical geometric transformation[J].Journal of Optics,2011,13(6):064006.
[55]Berkhout G C,Lavery M P,Padgett M J,et al.Measuring orbital angular momentum superpositions of light by mode transformation[J].Optics Letters,2011,36(10):1863-1865.
[56]O’Sullivan M N,Mirhosseini M,Malik M,et al.Near-perfect sorting of orbital angular momentum and angular position states of light[J].Optics Express,2012,20(22):24444-24449.
[57]Malik M,Mirhosseini M,Lavery M P,et al.Direct measurement of a 27-dimensional orbital-angular-momentum state vector[J].Nature Communications,2014,5:3115.
[58]Mirhosseini M,Malik M,Shi Z,et al.Efficient separation of the orbital angular momentum eigenstates of light[J].Nature Communications,2013,4:2781.
[59]Lavery M P J,Robertson D J,Berkhout G C G,et al.Refractive elements for the measurement of the orbital angular momentum of a single photon[J].Optics Express,2012,20(3):2110-2115.
[60]Zhou H L,Fu D Z,Dong J J,et al.Orbital angular momentum complex spectrum analyzer for vortex light based on the rotational doppler effect[J].Light:Science&Applications,2017,6(4):e16251.
[61]Zhou H,Fu D,Dong J,et al.Theoretical analysis and experimental verification on optical rotational doppler effect[J].Optics Express,2016,24(9):10050-10056.
[2]Poynting J H.The wave motion of a revolving shaft,and a suggestion as to the angular momentum in a beam of circularly polarised light[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A,1909,82(557):560-567.
[3]Allen L,Beijersbergen M W,Spreeuw R,et al.Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-gaussian laser modes[J].Physical Review A,1992,45(11):8185.
[4]Collins D,Gisin N,Linden N,et al.Bell inequalities for arbitrarily high-dimensional systems[J].Physical Review Letters,2002,88(4):040404.
[5]Vaziri A,Weihs G,Zeilinger A.Experimental twophoton,three-dimensional entanglement for quantum communication[J].Physical Review Letters,2002,89(24):240401.
[6]Franke-Arnold S,Allen L,Padgett M.Advances in optical angular momentum[J].Laser&Photonics Reviews,2008,2(4):299-313.
[7]Yao A M,Padgett M J.Orbital angular momentum:origins,behavior and applications[J].Advances in Optics and Photonics,2011,3(2):161-204.
[8]Friese M,Nieminen T,Heckenberg N,et al.Optical alignment and spinning of laser-trapped microscopic particles[J].Nature,1998,394(6691):348-350.
[9]Padgett M,Bowman R.Tweezers with a twist[J].Nature Photonics,2011,5(6):343-348.
[10]Grier D G.A revolution in optical manipulation[J].Nature,2003,424(6950):810.
[11]Curtis J E,Grier D G.Structure of optical vortices[J].Physical Review Letters,2003,90(13):133901.
[12]Lavery M P,Speirits F C,Barnett S M,et al.Detection of a spinning object using light’s orbital angular momentum[J].Science,2013,341(6145):537-540.
[13]Lavery M P,Barnett S M,Speirits F C,et al.Observation of the rotational Doppler shift of a white-light,orbital-angular-momentum-carrying beam backscattered from a rotating body[J].Optica,2014,1(1):1-4.
[14]Mair A,Vaziri A,Weihs G,et al.Entanglement of the orbital angular momentum states of photons[J].Nature,2001,412(6844):313.
[15]Molina-Terriza G,Torres J P,Torner L.Twisted photons[J].Nature Physics,2007,3(5):305.
[16]Langford N K,Dalton R B,Harvey M D,et al.Measuring entangled qutrits and their use for quantum bit commitment[J].Physical Review Letters,2004,93(5):053601.
[17]Zhang P,Ren X F,Zou X B,et al.Demonstration of one-dimensional quantum random walks using orbital angular momentum of photons[J].Physical Review A,2007,75(5):052310.
[18]Nagali E,Sciarrino F,de Martini F,et al.Quantum information transfer from spin to orbital angular momentum of photons[J].Physical Review Letters,2009,103(1):013601.
[19]Zhang P,Jiang Y,Liu R F,et al.Implementing the deutsch’s algorithm with spin-orbital angular momentum of photon without interferometer[J].Optics Communications,2012,285(5):838-841.
[20]Bozinovic N,Yue Y,Ren Y,et al.Terabit-scale orbital angular momentum mode division multiplexing in fibers[J].Science,2013,340(6140):1545-1548.
[21]Wang J,Yang J Y,Fazal I M,et al.Terabit freespace data transmission employing orbital angular momentum multiple-xing[J].Nature Photonics,2012,6(7):488-496.
[22]Molina-Terriza G,Torres J P,Torner L.Management of the angular momentum of light:preparation of photons in multi-dimensional vector states of angular momentum[J].Physical Review Letters,2001,88(1):013601.
[23]Courtial J,Dholakia K,Robertson D,et al.Measurement of the rotational frequency shift imparted to a rotating light beam possessing orbital angular momentum[J].Physical Review Letters,1998,80(15):3217.
[24]Leach J,Padgett M J,Barnett S M,et al.Measuring the orbital angular momentum of a single photon[J].Physical Review Letters,2002,88(25):257901.
[25]Leach J,Courtial J,Skeldon K,et al.Interferometric methods to measure orbital and spin,or the total angular momentum of a single photon[J].Physical Review Letters,2004,92(1):013601.
[26]Lavery M P,Dudley A,Forbes A,et al.Robust interferometer for the routing of light beams carrying orbital angular momentum[J].New Journal of Physics,2011,13(9):093014.
[27]Slussarenko S,D’Ambrosio V,Piccirillo B,et al.The polarizing sagnac interferometer:a tool for light orbital angular momentum sorting and spin-orbit photon processing[J].Optics Express,2010,18(26):27205-27216.
[28]Zhang W,Qi Q,Zhou J,et al.Mimicking faraday rotation to sort the orbital angular momentum of light[J].Physical Review Letters,2014,112(15):153601.
[29]付栋之,贾俊亮,周英男,等.利用sagnac干涉仪实现光子轨道角动量分束器[J].物理学报,2015,64(13):130704-130704.
[30]Harris M,Hill C,Tapster P,et al.Laser modes with helical wave fronts[J].Physical Review A,1994,49(4):3119.
[31]Chen L,Zhang W,Lu Q,et al.Making and identifying optical superpositions of high orbital angular momenta[J].Physical Review A,2013,88(5):053831.
[32]Vickers J,Burch M,Vyas R,et al.Phase and interference properties of optical vortex beams[J].Journal of the Optical Society of America A,2008,25(3):823-827.
[33]Padgett M,Arlt J,Simpson N,et al.An experiment to observe the intensity and phase structure of laguerre-gaussian laser modes[J].American Journal of Physics,1996,64(1):77-82.
[34]Huang H,Ren Y,Yan Y,et al.Phase-shift interference-based wavefront characterization for orbital angular momentum modes[J].Optics Letters,2013,38(13):2348-2350.
[35]Liu R,Long J,Wang F,et al.Characterizing the phase profile of a vortex beam with angular-double-slit interference[J].Journal of Optics,2013,15(12):125712.
[36]Zhou H,Shi L,Zhang X,et al.Dynamic interferometry measurement of orbital angular momentum of light[J].Optics Letters,2014,39(20):6058-6061.
[37]Fu D,Chen D,Liu R,et al.Probing the topological charge of a vortex beam with dynamic angular double slits[J].Optics Letters,2015,40(5):788-791.
[38]Malik M,Murugkar S,Leach J,et al.Measurement of the orbital-angular-momentum spectrum of fields with partial angular coherence using double-angular-slit interference[J].Physical Review A,2012,86(6):063806.
[39]Hickmann J,Fonseca E,Soares W,et al.Unveiling a truncated optical lattice associated with a triangular aperture using light’s orbital angular momentum[J].Physical Review Letters,2010,105(5):053904.
[40]de Araujo L E,Anderson M E.Measuring vortex charge with a triangular aperture[J].Optics Letters,2011,36(6):787-789.
[41]Yongxin L,Hua T,Jixiong P,et al.Detecting the topological charge of vortex beams using an annular triangle aperture[J].Optics&Laser Technology,2011,43(7):1233-1236.
[42]Heckenberg N,McDuff R,Smith C,et al.Laser beams with phase singularities[J].Optical and Quantum Electronics,1992,24(9):S951-S962.
[43]Bazhenov V Y,Soskin M,Vasnetsov M.Screw dislocations in light wavefronts[J].Journal of Modern Optics,1992,39(5):985-990.
[44]Heckenberg N,McDuff R,Smith C,et al.Generation of optical phase singularities by computergenerated holograms[J].Optics Letters,1992,17(3):221-223.
[45]Karimi E,Piccirillo B,Nagali E,et al.Efficient generation and sorting of orbital angular momentum eigenmodes of light by thermally tuned qplates[J].Applied Physics Letters,2009,94(23):231124.
[46]Marrucci L,Karimi E,Slussarenko S,et al.Spinto-orbital conversion of the angular momentum of light and its classical and quantum applications[J].Journal of Optics,2011,13(6):064001.
[47]Gibson G,Courtial J,Padgett M,et al.Freespace information transfer using light beams carrying orbital angular momentum[J].Optics Express,2004,12(22):5448-5456.
[48]Gibson G,Courtial J,Vasnetsov M,et al.Increasing the data density of free-space optical communications using orbital angular momentum[J].Proceedings of SPIE:The International Society for Optical Engineering,2004,5550:367-373.
[49]Khonina S,Kotlyar V,Skidanov R,et al.Gausslaguerre modes with different indices in prescribed diffraction orders of a diffractive phase element[J].Optics Communications,2000,175(4-6):301-308.
[50]Moreno I,Davis J A,Pascoguin B M L,et al.Vortex sensing diffraction gratings[J].Optics Letters,2009,34(19):2927-2929.
[51]Nicolas A,Veissier L,Giacobino E,et al.Quantum state tomography of orbital angular momentum photonic qubits via a projection-based technique[J].New Journal of Physics,2015,17(3):033037.
[52]Bent N,Qassim H,Tahir A,et al.Experimental realization of quantum tomography of photonic qudits via symmetric informationally complete positive operator-valued measures[J].Physical Review X,2015,5(4):041006.
[53]Berkhout G C,Lavery M P,Courtial J,et al.Efficient sorting of orbital angular momentum states of light[J].Physical Review Letters,2010,105(15):153601.
[54]Lavery M P,Berkhout G C,Courtial J,et al.Measurement of the light orbital angular momentum spectrum using an optical geometric transformation[J].Journal of Optics,2011,13(6):064006.
[55]Berkhout G C,Lavery M P,Padgett M J,et al.Measuring orbital angular momentum superpositions of light by mode transformation[J].Optics Letters,2011,36(10):1863-1865.
[56]O’Sullivan M N,Mirhosseini M,Malik M,et al.Near-perfect sorting of orbital angular momentum and angular position states of light[J].Optics Express,2012,20(22):24444-24449.
[57]Malik M,Mirhosseini M,Lavery M P,et al.Direct measurement of a 27-dimensional orbital-angular-momentum state vector[J].Nature Communications,2014,5:3115.
[58]Mirhosseini M,Malik M,Shi Z,et al.Efficient separation of the orbital angular momentum eigenstates of light[J].Nature Communications,2013,4:2781.
[59]Lavery M P J,Robertson D J,Berkhout G C G,et al.Refractive elements for the measurement of the orbital angular momentum of a single photon[J].Optics Express,2012,20(3):2110-2115.
[60]Zhou H L,Fu D Z,Dong J J,et al.Orbital angular momentum complex spectrum analyzer for vortex light based on the rotational doppler effect[J].Light:Science&Applications,2017,6(4):e16251.
[61]Zhou H,Fu D,Dong J,et al.Theoretical analysis and experimental verification on optical rotational doppler effect[J].Optics Express,2016,24(9):10050-10056.