黑水虻幼虫的耐饥力及饥饿幼虫复食后的生物学特性
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摘要
【目的】旨在明确黑水虻Hermetia illucens幼虫的耐饥力及饥饿幼虫复食后的发育、生殖力等生物学特性,为评估饥饿对黑水虻后续发育的影响并指导生产实践提供依据。【方法】将不同日龄或不同体重黑水虻幼虫进行不同时长的饥饿处理,测定和分析其耐饥力与日龄、百头重的关系;对7日龄幼虫进行不同时长的饥饿处理后再复喂,测定不同饥饿时长对其预蛹出现时间、总预蛹率、预蛹重、成虫繁殖等的影响。【结果】黑水虻幼虫饥饿后的半数致死时间(LT_(50))与日龄成指数关系,与体重呈线性相关。7日龄幼虫的耐饥力较强,LT_(50)超过了50 d,饥饿30 d时存活率仍然达到了95%。百头重小于0.5 g的个体,其LT_(50)小于30 d;百头重在2～2.5 g的个体,其LT_(50)在45～70 d。幼虫超过8日龄时或百头重超过4.5 g时,多数个体在饥饿5 d时就提前进入了后续发育阶段。7日龄幼虫饥饿40 d内复食,其预蛹率未受到影响,但预蛹重显著增加;短期饥饿(0～10 d)对其成虫产卵量无显著影响,长期饥饿(30～40 d)使其成虫产卵量显著下降;饥饿长达30 d以上时,卵孵化率也显著降低。【结论】本研究明确了不同体重或不同日龄的黑水虻幼虫都具有一定的耐饥力;饥饿幼虫复食后预蛹重显著增加。
【Aim】 The aim of this study is to clarify the starvation tolerance of Hermetia illucens larvae and to examine the biological characteristics of development and fertility of starved larvae after refeeding, so as to provide a theoretical basis for assessing the effects of starvation on the subsequent development of H. illucens larvae and a guidance on production practices. 【Methods】 H. illucens larvae of different day-old or with different body weights were subjected to starvation for different periods of time. The relationships of starvation tolerance of the larvae with their day-old and body weight were established. Biological characteristics of 7 day-old larvae after being starved for different time and refeeding, including the time of prepupal appearance, cumulative prepupal rate, prepupal weight, and adult reproduction, were assayed. 【Results】 The median lethal time(LT_(50)) of H. illucens larvae after starvation was exponentially related to their age in days and linearly related to their body weight. The 7-day-old larvae had relatively stronger starvation tolerance, with the LT_(50) value exceeding 50 d and the survival rate of 95% after 30 d starvation. As for the individuals with the body weight less than 0.5 g per hundred larvae, their LT_(50) value was less than 30 d. As for the individuals with body weights 2-2.5 g per hundred larvae, their LT_(50) value was 45-70 d. When the larvae over 8-day-old or heavier than 4.5 g per hundred individuals were subjected to starvation for 5 d, most of them entered the subsequent developmental stage ahead of time. During 0-40 d starvation, the prepupal rate had no obvious change, but the prepupal weight increased significantly. Short-term starvation(0-10 d) of larvae had no significant effect on the egg-laying amount of adults, but long-term starvation(30-40 d) of larvae had a significant effect on the egg-laying amount of adults. Moreover, the egg hatching rate decreased significantly when the larvae were subjected to starvation for more than 30 d. 【Conclusion】 The results suggest that H. illucens larvae of different day-old or with different body weights all show certain starvation tolerance, and the prepupal weight of starved larvae increases significantly after refeeding.
【Aim】 The aim of this study is to clarify the starvation tolerance of Hermetia illucens larvae and to examine the biological characteristics of development and fertility of starved larvae after refeeding, so as to provide a theoretical basis for assessing the effects of starvation on the subsequent development of H. illucens larvae and a guidance on production practices. 【Methods】 H. illucens larvae of different day-old or with different body weights were subjected to starvation for different periods of time. The relationships of starvation tolerance of the larvae with their day-old and body weight were established. Biological characteristics of 7 day-old larvae after being starved for different time and refeeding, including the time of prepupal appearance, cumulative prepupal rate, prepupal weight, and adult reproduction, were assayed. 【Results】 The median lethal time(LT_(50)) of H. illucens larvae after starvation was exponentially related to their age in days and linearly related to their body weight. The 7-day-old larvae had relatively stronger starvation tolerance, with the LT_(50) value exceeding 50 d and the survival rate of 95% after 30 d starvation. As for the individuals with the body weight less than 0.5 g per hundred larvae, their LT_(50) value was less than 30 d. As for the individuals with body weights 2-2.5 g per hundred larvae, their LT_(50) value was 45-70 d. When the larvae over 8-day-old or heavier than 4.5 g per hundred individuals were subjected to starvation for 5 d, most of them entered the subsequent developmental stage ahead of time. During 0-40 d starvation, the prepupal rate had no obvious change, but the prepupal weight increased significantly. Short-term starvation(0-10 d) of larvae had no significant effect on the egg-laying amount of adults, but long-term starvation(30-40 d) of larvae had a significant effect on the egg-laying amount of adults. Moreover, the egg hatching rate decreased significantly when the larvae were subjected to starvation for more than 30 d. 【Conclusion】 The results suggest that H. illucens larvae of different day-old or with different body weights all show certain starvation tolerance, and the prepupal weight of starved larvae increases significantly after refeeding.
引文
Bosch G,Zhang S,Oonincx DGAB,Hendriks WH,2014.Protein quality of insects as potential ingredients for dog and cat foods.J.Nutr.Sci.,3(e29):1-4.
Chang JH,2015.Calculation and comparison of evaluation index of insect starvation endurance-Based on an example to calculate starvation endurance ability of Nilaparvata lugens nymphs at different instars.Jiangsu Agric.Sci.,43(4):129-131.[常菊花,2015.昆虫耐饥饿能力评估指标的计算与比较——以计算褐飞虱各龄若虫耐饥力为例.江苏农业科学,43(4):129-131]
Chen JJ,Li X,Xue ZG,2013.Starvation endurance ability of Eriosoma lanigerum.J.Northwest A&F Univ.(Nat.Sci.Ed.),41(11):80-92.[陈建建,李鑫,薛振国,2013.苹果绵蚜耐饥饿能力研究.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),41(11):80-92]
Cummins VC,Rawles SD,Thompson KR,Velasquez A,Kobayashi Y,Hager J,Webster CD,2017.Evaluation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal as partial or total replacement of marine fish meal in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).Aquaculture,473:337-344.
Li TH,Li MS,Zhang CR,Che PF,Zang LS,2017.Bibliometric analysis on research and application of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.).J.Anhui Agric.Sci.,45(33):230-234.[李天昊,李茂盛,张超然,车鹏飞,臧连生,2017.黑水虻研究与应用的文献计量分析.安徽农业科学,45(33):230-234]
Marono S,Loponte R,Lombardi P,Vassalotti G,Pero ME,Russo F,Gasco L,Parisi G,Piccolo G,Nizza S,Di Meo C,Attia YA,Bovera F,2017.Productive performance and blood profiles of laying hens fed Hermetia illucens larvae meal as total replacement of soybean meal from 24 to 45 weeks of age.Poult.Sci.,96(6):1783-1790.
Renna M,Schiavone A,Gai F,Dabbou S,Lussiana C,Malfatto V,Prearo M,Capucchio MT,Biasato I,Biasibetti E,De Marco M,Brugiapaglia A,Zoccarato I,Gasco L,2017.Evaluation of the suitability of a partially defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal as ingredient for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) diets.J.Anim.Sci.Biotech.,8(4):957-969.
Rion S,Kawecki TJ,2007.Evolutionary biology of starvation resistance:what we have learned from Drosophila.J.Evol.Biol.,20(5):1655-1664.
Schiavone A,Cullere M,De Marco M,Meneguz M,Biasato I,Bergagna S,Dezzutto D,Gai F,Dabbou S,Gasco L,Zotte AD,2017.Partial or total replacement of soybean oil by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) fat in broiler diets:effect on growth performances,feed-choice,blood traits,carcass characteristics and meat quality.Ital.J.Anim.Sci.,16(1):93-100.
Shi Y,Lv JH,Bai XG,2013.Effects of temperature on starvation tolerance of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).J.Henan Univ.Technol.(Nat.Sci.Ed.),34(6):37-42.[史雅,吕建华,白旭光,2013.温度对赤拟谷盗耐饥性的影响.河南工业大学学报(自然科学版),34(6):37-42]
Song XH,Wang PP,Yang DY,He W,Zhang HY,2012.Effect of phosphine on three protective enzymes in the lesser grain borer in different geographical populations.J.Chin.Cereals Oils Assoc.,27(8):73-78.[宋旭红,王平坪,杨道玉,何威,张宏宇,2012.磷化氢对不同地理种群谷蠹成虫体内3种保护酶的影响.中国粮油学报,27(8):73-78]
Tinder AC,Puckett R,Turner N,Cammack J,Tomberlin J,2017.Bioconversion of sorghum and cowpea by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (L.)) larvae for alternative protein production.J.Insects Food Feed,3(2):121-130.
Van Huis A,Van Itterbeeck J,Klunder H,Mertens E,Halloran A,Muir G,Vantomme P,2013.Edible Insects:Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),Rome,Italy.171-201.
Veldkamp T,van Duinkerken G,van Huis A,Lakemond CMM,Ottevanger E,Boekel MAJS,2012.Insects as A Sustainable Feed Ingredient in Pig and Poultry Diets-A Feasibility Study.Report 638.Wageningen UR Livestock Research.Wageningen,The Netherlands.1-48.
Wang YY,2013.The Tolerance of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley to the Stress of High Temperature and Starvation.MSc Thesis,China Jiliang University,Hangzhou.[王艳艳,2013.扶桑绵粉蚧对高温和饥饿的耐受性研究.杭州:中国计量学院硕士学位论文]
Xu CA,Peng ZQ,Tang C,Jin QA,Wan FH,2007.Study on the survival time of Brontispa longissima.Plant Quar.,21(4):205-207.[许春霭,彭正强,唐超,金启安,万方浩,2007.椰心叶甲饥饿耐受性研究.植物检疫,21(4):205-207]
Zheng XS,He JJ,Xu HX,Yang YJ,Tian JC,Lv ZX,2014.Hunger tolerance of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis.Chin.J.Appl.Entomol.,51(1):67-72.[郑许松,何晶晶,徐红星,杨亚军,田俊策,吕仲贤,2014.黑肩绿盲蝽耐饥饿能力的研究.应用昆虫学报,51(1):67-72]
Chang JH,2015.Calculation and comparison of evaluation index of insect starvation endurance-Based on an example to calculate starvation endurance ability of Nilaparvata lugens nymphs at different instars.Jiangsu Agric.Sci.,43(4):129-131.[常菊花,2015.昆虫耐饥饿能力评估指标的计算与比较——以计算褐飞虱各龄若虫耐饥力为例.江苏农业科学,43(4):129-131]
Chen JJ,Li X,Xue ZG,2013.Starvation endurance ability of Eriosoma lanigerum.J.Northwest A&F Univ.(Nat.Sci.Ed.),41(11):80-92.[陈建建,李鑫,薛振国,2013.苹果绵蚜耐饥饿能力研究.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),41(11):80-92]
Cummins VC,Rawles SD,Thompson KR,Velasquez A,Kobayashi Y,Hager J,Webster CD,2017.Evaluation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal as partial or total replacement of marine fish meal in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).Aquaculture,473:337-344.
Li TH,Li MS,Zhang CR,Che PF,Zang LS,2017.Bibliometric analysis on research and application of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.).J.Anhui Agric.Sci.,45(33):230-234.[李天昊,李茂盛,张超然,车鹏飞,臧连生,2017.黑水虻研究与应用的文献计量分析.安徽农业科学,45(33):230-234]
Marono S,Loponte R,Lombardi P,Vassalotti G,Pero ME,Russo F,Gasco L,Parisi G,Piccolo G,Nizza S,Di Meo C,Attia YA,Bovera F,2017.Productive performance and blood profiles of laying hens fed Hermetia illucens larvae meal as total replacement of soybean meal from 24 to 45 weeks of age.Poult.Sci.,96(6):1783-1790.
Renna M,Schiavone A,Gai F,Dabbou S,Lussiana C,Malfatto V,Prearo M,Capucchio MT,Biasato I,Biasibetti E,De Marco M,Brugiapaglia A,Zoccarato I,Gasco L,2017.Evaluation of the suitability of a partially defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal as ingredient for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) diets.J.Anim.Sci.Biotech.,8(4):957-969.
Rion S,Kawecki TJ,2007.Evolutionary biology of starvation resistance:what we have learned from Drosophila.J.Evol.Biol.,20(5):1655-1664.
Schiavone A,Cullere M,De Marco M,Meneguz M,Biasato I,Bergagna S,Dezzutto D,Gai F,Dabbou S,Gasco L,Zotte AD,2017.Partial or total replacement of soybean oil by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) fat in broiler diets:effect on growth performances,feed-choice,blood traits,carcass characteristics and meat quality.Ital.J.Anim.Sci.,16(1):93-100.
Shi Y,Lv JH,Bai XG,2013.Effects of temperature on starvation tolerance of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).J.Henan Univ.Technol.(Nat.Sci.Ed.),34(6):37-42.[史雅,吕建华,白旭光,2013.温度对赤拟谷盗耐饥性的影响.河南工业大学学报(自然科学版),34(6):37-42]
Song XH,Wang PP,Yang DY,He W,Zhang HY,2012.Effect of phosphine on three protective enzymes in the lesser grain borer in different geographical populations.J.Chin.Cereals Oils Assoc.,27(8):73-78.[宋旭红,王平坪,杨道玉,何威,张宏宇,2012.磷化氢对不同地理种群谷蠹成虫体内3种保护酶的影响.中国粮油学报,27(8):73-78]
Tinder AC,Puckett R,Turner N,Cammack J,Tomberlin J,2017.Bioconversion of sorghum and cowpea by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (L.)) larvae for alternative protein production.J.Insects Food Feed,3(2):121-130.
Van Huis A,Van Itterbeeck J,Klunder H,Mertens E,Halloran A,Muir G,Vantomme P,2013.Edible Insects:Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),Rome,Italy.171-201.
Veldkamp T,van Duinkerken G,van Huis A,Lakemond CMM,Ottevanger E,Boekel MAJS,2012.Insects as A Sustainable Feed Ingredient in Pig and Poultry Diets-A Feasibility Study.Report 638.Wageningen UR Livestock Research.Wageningen,The Netherlands.1-48.
Wang YY,2013.The Tolerance of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley to the Stress of High Temperature and Starvation.MSc Thesis,China Jiliang University,Hangzhou.[王艳艳,2013.扶桑绵粉蚧对高温和饥饿的耐受性研究.杭州:中国计量学院硕士学位论文]
Xu CA,Peng ZQ,Tang C,Jin QA,Wan FH,2007.Study on the survival time of Brontispa longissima.Plant Quar.,21(4):205-207.[许春霭,彭正强,唐超,金启安,万方浩,2007.椰心叶甲饥饿耐受性研究.植物检疫,21(4):205-207]
Zheng XS,He JJ,Xu HX,Yang YJ,Tian JC,Lv ZX,2014.Hunger tolerance of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis.Chin.J.Appl.Entomol.,51(1):67-72.[郑许松,何晶晶,徐红星,杨亚军,田俊策,吕仲贤,2014.黑肩绿盲蝽耐饥饿能力的研究.应用昆虫学报,51(1):67-72]