添加磷对水稻-油菜轮作土壤N_2O排放影响
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摘要
我国南方红壤区域普遍属于缺磷土壤,种植作物需要施用较多的磷肥,但添加磷对水稻-油菜轮作土壤中N_2O的排放影响并不明确.以潜江、咸宁两处水稻-油菜轮作模式下的土壤为研究对象,添加不同浓度的磷(0、15和30 mg·kg-1)和不同浓度的氮(0和100 mg·kg-1)进行室内培养实验,探究添加磷对水稻-油菜轮作土壤N_2O排放的影响.结果表明,添加磷对土壤中N_2O的排放有较为显著的影响,但影响的方式有所不同:在土壤本身氮比较少的情况下,添加磷会促进土壤中微生物对氮的固定,降低N_2O的排放;在土壤中有充足的氮情况下,添加较少的磷会促进土壤中硝化微生物的活动,促进N2O的排放,但添加较多的磷同样会促进土壤中微生物对氮的固定,相比于添加较少的磷处理会抑制N_2O的排放;在土壤本身磷的含量较为充足的情况下,无论土壤中的氮源是否充足,添加磷仅对土壤中N_2O的排放起抑制作用.
The red soils in southern China are generally classified as phosphorus-deficient,and therefore planting crops in these regions usually requires high applications of phosphate fertilizer. However,the effect of phosphorus addition on N_2O emissions in rice-rapeseed rotation soils is not clear. We carried out an incubation experiment with the rice-rapeseed rotation soil from Qianjiang and Xianning to explore the effect of different concentrations of phosphorus( 0,15,and 30 mg·kg-1) and different concentrations of nitrogen( 0 and100 mg·kg-1) on N_2O emission. Studies have shown that the addition of phosphorus has a significant effect on soil N_2O emissions,but the pathways of impact are varied: in the case of low nitrogen soil,the addition of phosphorus promotes the fixation of nitrogen in the soil by microorganisms and thus reduces N_2O emissions; in case of sufficient nitrogen content in soil,adding less phosphorus promotes the activity of nitrifies and thereby promotes the emission of N_2O, while adding more phosphorus also promotes fixation by microorganisms in the soil; when there is a high content of available phosphorus in the soil,whether the nitrogen is sufficient or not,the addition of phosphorus will inhibit the emission of N_2O.
The red soils in southern China are generally classified as phosphorus-deficient,and therefore planting crops in these regions usually requires high applications of phosphate fertilizer. However,the effect of phosphorus addition on N_2O emissions in rice-rapeseed rotation soils is not clear. We carried out an incubation experiment with the rice-rapeseed rotation soil from Qianjiang and Xianning to explore the effect of different concentrations of phosphorus( 0,15,and 30 mg·kg-1) and different concentrations of nitrogen( 0 and100 mg·kg-1) on N_2O emission. Studies have shown that the addition of phosphorus has a significant effect on soil N_2O emissions,but the pathways of impact are varied: in the case of low nitrogen soil,the addition of phosphorus promotes the fixation of nitrogen in the soil by microorganisms and thus reduces N_2O emissions; in case of sufficient nitrogen content in soil,adding less phosphorus promotes the activity of nitrifies and thereby promotes the emission of N_2O, while adding more phosphorus also promotes fixation by microorganisms in the soil; when there is a high content of available phosphorus in the soil,whether the nitrogen is sufficient or not,the addition of phosphorus will inhibit the emission of N_2O.
引文
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[19] Wang M L,Hu R G,Zhao J S,et al. Iron oxidation affects nitrous oxide emissions via donating electrons to denitrification in paddy soils[J]. Geoderma,2016,271:173-180.
[20] Moorcroft M J, Davis J, Compton R G. Detection and determination of nitrate and nitrite:a review[J]. Talanta,2001,54(5):785-803.
[21] Scheiner D. Determination of ammonia and kjeldahl nitrogen by indophenol method[J]. Water Research,1976,10(1):31-36.
[22] Bray R H,Kurtz L T. Determination of total,organic,and available forms of phosphorus in soils[J]. Soil Science,1945,59(1):39-45.
[23]刘若萱,贺纪正,张丽梅.稻田土壤不同水分条件下硝化/反硝化作用及其功能微生物的变化特征[J].环境科学,2014,35(11):4275-4283.Liu R X, He J Z, Zhang L M. Response of nitrification/denitrification and their associated microbes to soil moisture change in paddy soil[J]. Environmental Science,2014,35(11):4275-4283.
[24]鲁顺保,周小奇,芮亦超,等.森林类型对土壤有机质、微生物生物量及酶活性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(10):2567-2573.Lu S B,Zhou X Q,Rui Y C,et,al. Effects of forest type on soil organic matter,microbial biomass,and enzyme activities[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(10):2567-2573.
[25] Baggs E M,Smales C L,Bateman E J. Changing pH shifts the microbial sourceas well as the magnitude of N2O emission from soil[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils,2010,46(8):793-805.
[26] Rangaswamy V, Venkateswarlu K. Ammonification and nitrification in soils,and nitrogen fixation by Azospirillum sp. as influenced by cypermethrin and fenvalerate[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,1993,45(3-4):311-317.
[27]蔡祖聪,赵维.土地利用方式对湿润亚热带土壤硝化作用的影响[J].土壤学报,2009,46(5):795-801.Cai Z C,Zhao W. Effects of land use types on nitrification in humid subtropical soils of China[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2009,46(5):795-801.
[28] Suzuki I,Dular U,Kwok S C. Ammonia or ammonium ion as substrate for oxidation by Nitrosomonas europaea cells and extracts[J]. Journal of Bacteriology,1974,120(1):556-558.
[29] Nelissen V,Rütting T,Huygens D, et al. Maize biochars accelerate short-term soil nitrogen dynamics in a loamy sand soil[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,55:20-27.
[30] De Luca T H,Mac Kenzie M D,Gundale M J,et al. Wildfireproduced charcoal directly influences nitrogen cycling in ponderosa pine forests[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70(2):448-453.
[31]张亚丽,张娟,沈其荣,等.秸秆生物有机肥的施用对土壤供氮能力的影响[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(12):1575-1578.Zhang Y L,Zhang J,Shen Q R,et al. Effect of combined application of bioorganic manure and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer on soil nitrogen supplying characteristics[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(12):1575-1578.
[2] Opdyke M R,Ostrom N E,Ostrom P H. Evidence for the predominance of denitrification as a source of N2O in temperate agricultural soils based on isotopologue measurements[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2009,23(4):GB4018.
[3] Hu H W,Chen D L,He J Z. Microbial regulation of terrestrial nitrous oxide formation:understanding the biological pathways for prediction of emission rates[J]. FEMS Microbiology Review,2015,39(5):729-749.
[4] Zhang W,Zhu X,Luo Y,et al. Responses of nitrous oxide emissions to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in two tropical plantations with N-fixing vs. non-N-fixing tree species[J].Biogeosciences,2014,11(18):4941-4951.
[5] Song Y Y,Song C C,Yang G S,et al. Changes in labile organic carbon fractions and soil enzyme activities after marshland reclamation and restoration in the Sanjiang Plain in Northeast China[J]. Environmental Management,2012,50(3):418-426.
[6] He M Z,Dijkstra F A. Phosphorus addition enhances loss of nitrogen in a phosphorus-poor soil[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2015,82:99-106.
[7] Mori T,Ohta S,Ishizuka S,et al. Soil greenhouse gas fluxes and C stocks as affected by phosphorus addition in a newly established Acacia mangium plantation in Indonesia[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2013,310:643-651.
[8]施瑶,王忠强,张心昱,等.氮磷添加对内蒙古温带典型草原土壤微生物群落结构的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(17):4943-4949.Shi Y,Wang Z Q,Zhang X Y,et al. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus addition on soil microbial community composition in temperate typical grassland in Inner Mongolia[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(17):4943-4949.
[9] Chen H,Gurmesa G A,Zhang W,et al. Nitrogen saturation in humid tropical forests after 6 years of nitrogen and phosphorus addition:hypothesis testing[J]. Functional Ecology,2016,30(2):305-313.
[10]李霞,田光明,朱军,等.不同磷肥用量对水稻土有机碳矿化和细菌群落多样性的影响[J].土壤学报,2014,51(2):360-372.Li X,Tian G M,Zhu J,et al. Effects of rate of phosphorus fertilizer on organic carbon mineralization and bacterial community diversity in paddy soil[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(2):360-372.
[11] Hall S J,Matson P A. Nitrogen oxide emissions after nitrogen additions in tropical forests[J]. Nature,1999,400(6740):152-155.
[12] Martinson G O,Corre M D,Veldkamp E. Responses of nitrous oxide fluxes and soil nitrogen cycling to nutrient additions in montane forests along an elevation gradient in southern Ecuador[J]. Biogeochemistry,2013,112(1-3):625-636.
[13] Wang F M,Li J,Wang X L,et al. Nitrogen and phosphorus addition impact soil N2O emission in a secondary tropical forest of South China[J]. Scientific Reports,2014,4:8.
[14] Camenzind T,Httenschwiler S,Treseder K K,et al. Nutrient limitation of soil microbial processes in tropical forests[J].Ecological Monographs,2018,88(1):4-21.
[15] Mori T,Ohta S,Ishizuka S,et al. Effects of phosphorus addition with and without ammonium,nitrate,or glucose on N2O and NO emissions from soil sampled under Acacia mangium plantation and incubated at 100%of the water-filled pore space[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils,2013,49(1):13-21.
[16] Mori T, Yokoyama D, Kitayama K. Contrasting effects of exogenous phosphorus application on N2O emissions from two tropical forest soils with contrasting phosphorus availability[J].Springerplus,2016,5(1):1237.
[17] Mori T,Ohta S,Ishizuka S,et al. Phosphorus application reduces N2O emissions from tropical leguminous plantation soil when phosphorus uptake is occurring[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils,2014,50(1):45-51.
[18]卜容燕,任涛,鲁剑巍,等.水稻-油菜轮作条件下磷肥效应研究[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(6):1227-1234.Bu R Y,Ren T,Lu J W,et al. Analysis of P fertilizer efficiency under rice-rapeseed rotation system[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(6):1227-1234.
[19] Wang M L,Hu R G,Zhao J S,et al. Iron oxidation affects nitrous oxide emissions via donating electrons to denitrification in paddy soils[J]. Geoderma,2016,271:173-180.
[20] Moorcroft M J, Davis J, Compton R G. Detection and determination of nitrate and nitrite:a review[J]. Talanta,2001,54(5):785-803.
[21] Scheiner D. Determination of ammonia and kjeldahl nitrogen by indophenol method[J]. Water Research,1976,10(1):31-36.
[22] Bray R H,Kurtz L T. Determination of total,organic,and available forms of phosphorus in soils[J]. Soil Science,1945,59(1):39-45.
[23]刘若萱,贺纪正,张丽梅.稻田土壤不同水分条件下硝化/反硝化作用及其功能微生物的变化特征[J].环境科学,2014,35(11):4275-4283.Liu R X, He J Z, Zhang L M. Response of nitrification/denitrification and their associated microbes to soil moisture change in paddy soil[J]. Environmental Science,2014,35(11):4275-4283.
[24]鲁顺保,周小奇,芮亦超,等.森林类型对土壤有机质、微生物生物量及酶活性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(10):2567-2573.Lu S B,Zhou X Q,Rui Y C,et,al. Effects of forest type on soil organic matter,microbial biomass,and enzyme activities[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(10):2567-2573.
[25] Baggs E M,Smales C L,Bateman E J. Changing pH shifts the microbial sourceas well as the magnitude of N2O emission from soil[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils,2010,46(8):793-805.
[26] Rangaswamy V, Venkateswarlu K. Ammonification and nitrification in soils,and nitrogen fixation by Azospirillum sp. as influenced by cypermethrin and fenvalerate[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,1993,45(3-4):311-317.
[27]蔡祖聪,赵维.土地利用方式对湿润亚热带土壤硝化作用的影响[J].土壤学报,2009,46(5):795-801.Cai Z C,Zhao W. Effects of land use types on nitrification in humid subtropical soils of China[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2009,46(5):795-801.
[28] Suzuki I,Dular U,Kwok S C. Ammonia or ammonium ion as substrate for oxidation by Nitrosomonas europaea cells and extracts[J]. Journal of Bacteriology,1974,120(1):556-558.
[29] Nelissen V,Rütting T,Huygens D, et al. Maize biochars accelerate short-term soil nitrogen dynamics in a loamy sand soil[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,55:20-27.
[30] De Luca T H,Mac Kenzie M D,Gundale M J,et al. Wildfireproduced charcoal directly influences nitrogen cycling in ponderosa pine forests[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70(2):448-453.
[31]张亚丽,张娟,沈其荣,等.秸秆生物有机肥的施用对土壤供氮能力的影响[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(12):1575-1578.Zhang Y L,Zhang J,Shen Q R,et al. Effect of combined application of bioorganic manure and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer on soil nitrogen supplying characteristics[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(12):1575-1578.