不同有机基质对大白菜产量、品质和重金属含量的影响
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摘要
试验研究了4种配比的有机基质对大白菜产量、品质和重金属含量的影响。结果表明:与ck处理相比,不同配比的有机基质都能显著增加大白菜的产量,产量高低的顺序为T4>T3>T2>T1>ck,增产幅度为34.85%~76.92%,其中T4处理下大白菜产量最大(113.53 t/hm~2),T1处理条件下最低(86.53 t/hm~2);粗蛋白、可溶性糖、维生素C含量的高低顺序均为T4>T3>T2>T1>ck,增加幅度分别为25%~71%、10.15%~25.19%、31.66%~39.97%,硝酸盐含量的高低顺序为ck>T1>T2>T3>T4,硝酸盐含量显著降低,降低幅度为8.83%~20.37%;大白菜植株重金属Cr、Pb、Cd、As和Hg含量的高低顺序分别为T4>T2>T3>T1>ck,ck>T2>T1>T3>T4,ck>T1>T2>T3>T4,T4>T3>T2>T1>ck,T4>T3>T2>T1>ck,其中Cr、As和Hg的增加幅度分别为30%~80%、34.84%~55.20%和18.18%~72.73%,只有Pb和Cd随着有机基质的施用量增加而降低,降低幅度分别为2.29%~5.36%、16.78%~33.22%;大白菜产量与粗蛋白、可溶性糖和维生素C含量呈显著正相关(r=0.942 3*,0.995 9**,0.929 7*),与硝酸盐含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.978 0**);与铬、砷和汞的含量呈显著正相关(r=0.901 6*,0.975 5**,0.958 6*),与铅和镉含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.959 7**,-0.939 3*)。综合产量、品质和重金属含量指标来看,与其他处理相比,T4处理[V(腐熟鸡粪)∶V(草木灰)∶V(微生物菌肥)=2∶2∶2]效果最佳,能够显著提高大白菜的产量和品质,且产量与品质及重金属含量显著相关。
In this study,the effects of different proportions of four organic substrates on yield,quality and heavy metal content of Chinese cabbage were studied. The results showed that: compared with the ck,the organic substrate in different proportions could significantly increase yield of Chinese cabbage,the order of yield was T4 > T3 > T2 > T1 > ck,the yield increase ranged between 34. 85% and 76. 92%,the maximum yield of Chinese Cabbage was under T4 treatment(113. 53 t/hm~2) and the yield of T1 treatment was the lowest(86. 53 t/hm~2); The order of crude protein,soluble sugar and Vc content was T4 >T3 >T2 >T1 >ck,and the increase rates were respectively 25%-71%,10. 15%-25. 19% and 31. 66%-39. 97%; The corder of nitrate content was ck>T1>T2>T3>T4,nitrate content decreased significantly and the decrease rate ranged between 8. 83%-20. 37%;The order of Cr,Pb,Cd,As and Hg content of Chinese cabbage were respectively T4 > T2 > T3 >T1 > ck,ck > T2 > T1 > T3 > T4,ck > T1 > T2 > T3 > T4,T4 > T3 > T2 > T1 > ck and T4 >T3 > T2 > T1 > ck. The increase rates of Cr,As and Hg content were respectively 30%-80%,34. 84%-55. 20% and 18. 18%-72. 73%,only Pb and Cd content decreased with the increase of organic substrate application and the reduced amplitudes were 2. 29%-5. 36% and 16. 78%-33. 22%,respectively. Yield of Chinese cabbage was significantly positively correlated with content of crude protein,soluble sugar and vitamin C( r = 0. 942 3*,0. 995 9**,0. 929 7*),and it was significantly negatively correlated with nitrate content( r =-0. 978 0**); Yield of Chinese cabbage was significantly positively correlated with content of chromium, arsenic and mercury( r =0. 901 6*,0. 975 5**,0. 958 6*),and it was significantly negatively correlated with content of Pb and Cd( r =-0. 959 7**,-0. 939 3*). Judging by the indicators of yield,quality and heavy metal content comprehensively,T4[V( chicken manure) ∶ V( Cao Muhui) ∶ V( microbial fertilizer) =2 ∶ 2 ∶ 2] treatment has the best effect compared with other treatments designed,and the treatment can significantly increase yield and quality of Chinese cabbage,and consequently,yield,quality and heavy metal content were significantly correlated.
In this study,the effects of different proportions of four organic substrates on yield,quality and heavy metal content of Chinese cabbage were studied. The results showed that: compared with the ck,the organic substrate in different proportions could significantly increase yield of Chinese cabbage,the order of yield was T4 > T3 > T2 > T1 > ck,the yield increase ranged between 34. 85% and 76. 92%,the maximum yield of Chinese Cabbage was under T4 treatment(113. 53 t/hm~2) and the yield of T1 treatment was the lowest(86. 53 t/hm~2); The order of crude protein,soluble sugar and Vc content was T4 >T3 >T2 >T1 >ck,and the increase rates were respectively 25%-71%,10. 15%-25. 19% and 31. 66%-39. 97%; The corder of nitrate content was ck>T1>T2>T3>T4,nitrate content decreased significantly and the decrease rate ranged between 8. 83%-20. 37%;The order of Cr,Pb,Cd,As and Hg content of Chinese cabbage were respectively T4 > T2 > T3 >T1 > ck,ck > T2 > T1 > T3 > T4,ck > T1 > T2 > T3 > T4,T4 > T3 > T2 > T1 > ck and T4 >T3 > T2 > T1 > ck. The increase rates of Cr,As and Hg content were respectively 30%-80%,34. 84%-55. 20% and 18. 18%-72. 73%,only Pb and Cd content decreased with the increase of organic substrate application and the reduced amplitudes were 2. 29%-5. 36% and 16. 78%-33. 22%,respectively. Yield of Chinese cabbage was significantly positively correlated with content of crude protein,soluble sugar and vitamin C( r = 0. 942 3*,0. 995 9**,0. 929 7*),and it was significantly negatively correlated with nitrate content( r =-0. 978 0**); Yield of Chinese cabbage was significantly positively correlated with content of chromium, arsenic and mercury( r =0. 901 6*,0. 975 5**,0. 958 6*),and it was significantly negatively correlated with content of Pb and Cd( r =-0. 959 7**,-0. 939 3*). Judging by the indicators of yield,quality and heavy metal content comprehensively,T4[V( chicken manure) ∶ V( Cao Muhui) ∶ V( microbial fertilizer) =2 ∶ 2 ∶ 2] treatment has the best effect compared with other treatments designed,and the treatment can significantly increase yield and quality of Chinese cabbage,and consequently,yield,quality and heavy metal content were significantly correlated.
引文
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[4]Cordovil C M D S,Cabral F,Coutinho J.Potential mineralization of nitrogen from organic wastes to ryegrass and wheat crops[J].Bioresource Technology,2007(98):3265-3268.
[5]Tsakaldimi M.Kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus L.)core and rice hulls as components of container media for growing Pinus halepensis M.seedlings[J].Bioresource Technology,2006,97(14):1631-1639.
[6]葛均青,于贤昌,王竹红.微生物肥料效应及其应用展望[J].中国生态农业学报,2003,11(3):87-88.
[7]刘元东,朱玉成,董旭永,等.BM有机物料腐熟剂高温好氧发酵鸡粪对大白菜产量和品质的影响[J].河南农业科学,2012,41(2):115-117.
[8]谢锦灵,陈惠清,韦建武,等.不同用量蚕沙有机肥对大白菜产量和软腐病发生的影响[J].南方农业,2016,10(19):14-16.
[9]张占军.不同有机肥对大棚白皮黄瓜产量和品质效应的影响[J].热带农业科学,2014,34(4):22-24.
[10]王鸿磊,王红艳,崔丛光,等.黄瓜专用生物有机肥对设施黄瓜生长及品质的影响[J].北方园艺,2013(1):29-31.
[11]徐学忠,胡靖锋,杨红丽,等.菌渣有机肥在大白菜生产中的应用研究[J].福建农业学报,2015,30(7):675-678.
[12]司东霞,吕福堂,戴保国,等.生态有机肥对日光温室西葫芦产量、品质及经济效益的影响[J].北方园艺,2016(1):147-152.
[13]丁哲利,韩丽娜,曾会才,等.香蕉茎秆有机肥对大白菜生长的影响[J].中国农学通报,2016,32(10):73-78.
[14]陆宏,翁颖,张维玲,等.有机肥对农产品产量和品质及土壤环境质量的影响[J].浙江农业科学,2016,57(2):278-279,283.
[15]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[16]卫生部食品卫生监督检验所,河北省唐山市卫生防疫站.食品安全国家标准:食品中蛋白质的测定:GB/T50095-2010[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2010.
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[18]李合生.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003.
[19]高俊凤.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005:144-148.
[20]王学奎.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006:122-123.
[21]中华人民共和国卫生部.GB18406.1-2001,农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜安全要求[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2001.
[22]中华人民共和国卫生部.GB15199-94,食品中铜限量卫生标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1994.
[23]中华人民共和国卫生部.GB13106-1991,食品中锌限量卫生标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1992.
[24]陈双臣,刘爱荣,贺超兴,等.有机土栽培和土壤栽培番茄根际基质微生物和酶活性的比较[J].土壤通报,2012,41(4):815-818.
[25]黄立华,刘颖,周米平.氮磷钾肥配施对大白菜产量和品质的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(10):51-56.
[26]沈其荣,余玲,刘兆普,等.有机无机肥料配合施用对滨海盐土土壤生物量态氮及土壤供氮特征的影响[J].土壤学报,1994,31(3):287-294.
[27]Martinini E A,Buyer J S,Bryant D C,et al.Yield increases during the organic transition:Improving soil quality or increasing experience[J].Field Crops Research,2004,86:255-256.
[28]Berner A,Hildermann I,Filessbach A,et al.Crop yield and soil fertility response to reduced tillage under organic management[J].Soil and Research,2008,101:89-96.
[29]倪吾钟,何念祖,林荣新.钾肥对大白菜产量形成和叶球品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1996,2(2):162-168.
[30]周保,杨翠芹,秦耀国.不同类型有机肥在矮生菜豆上的应用效果[J].中国蔬菜,2007(1):25-26.
[31]李淑仪,邓许发,陈发,等.有机无机肥配施对蔬菜产量和品质及土壤重金属含量的影响[J].生态环境,2007,16(4):1125-1134.
[32]王鸿磊,王红艳,崔丛光,等.黄瓜专用生物有机肥对设施黄瓜生长及品质的影响[J].北方园艺,2013(1):29-31.
[33]张占军.不同有机肥对大棚白皮黄瓜产量和品质效应的影响[J].热带农业科学,2014(4):22-24.
[34]张占军.不同有机肥对大棚番茄产量和品质效应的影响[J].甘肃科技,2014,30(7):147-148.
[35]舒海波,贺超兴,张志斌.富有机质土壤栽培方式对大白菜产量及品质的影响[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(20):196-200.
[36]王晶.蔬菜中硝酸盐的危害和标准管理[J].中国蔬菜,2003(2):1-3.
[37]陈杰,杨祥龙,樊琦.不同肥源对空心菜硝酸盐含量的影响[J].农机化研究,2005(6):181-185.
[38]何天秀.作物钾素营养与诊断[M].成都:成都科技大学出版社,1994:45-70.
[39]丁华萍,陈斌,张和兰,等.氮钾肥施用量对秋季大白菜产量和品质的影响[J].土壤通报,2006,37(3):533-536.
[40]王凤婷,艾希珍,刘金亮,等.钾对日光温室黄瓜糖、维生素C、硝酸盐及其相关酶活性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(5):682-687.
[41]李静,赵秀兰,魏世强,等.无公害蔬菜无土栽培基质理化特性研究[J].西南农业大学学报,2000,22(2):112-115.
[42]于占东,何启伟,王翠花,等.大白菜产量与营养品质性状的遗传相关分析[J].山东农业科学,2003(6):12-14.
[2]Lairon D.Nutritional quality and safety of organic food:A review[J].A gronomy for Sustainable Development,2010,30(1):3-41.
[3]Davies A.Who buys organic food?[J].British Food Journal,2013,97(10):17-23.
[4]Cordovil C M D S,Cabral F,Coutinho J.Potential mineralization of nitrogen from organic wastes to ryegrass and wheat crops[J].Bioresource Technology,2007(98):3265-3268.
[5]Tsakaldimi M.Kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus L.)core and rice hulls as components of container media for growing Pinus halepensis M.seedlings[J].Bioresource Technology,2006,97(14):1631-1639.
[6]葛均青,于贤昌,王竹红.微生物肥料效应及其应用展望[J].中国生态农业学报,2003,11(3):87-88.
[7]刘元东,朱玉成,董旭永,等.BM有机物料腐熟剂高温好氧发酵鸡粪对大白菜产量和品质的影响[J].河南农业科学,2012,41(2):115-117.
[8]谢锦灵,陈惠清,韦建武,等.不同用量蚕沙有机肥对大白菜产量和软腐病发生的影响[J].南方农业,2016,10(19):14-16.
[9]张占军.不同有机肥对大棚白皮黄瓜产量和品质效应的影响[J].热带农业科学,2014,34(4):22-24.
[10]王鸿磊,王红艳,崔丛光,等.黄瓜专用生物有机肥对设施黄瓜生长及品质的影响[J].北方园艺,2013(1):29-31.
[11]徐学忠,胡靖锋,杨红丽,等.菌渣有机肥在大白菜生产中的应用研究[J].福建农业学报,2015,30(7):675-678.
[12]司东霞,吕福堂,戴保国,等.生态有机肥对日光温室西葫芦产量、品质及经济效益的影响[J].北方园艺,2016(1):147-152.
[13]丁哲利,韩丽娜,曾会才,等.香蕉茎秆有机肥对大白菜生长的影响[J].中国农学通报,2016,32(10):73-78.
[14]陆宏,翁颖,张维玲,等.有机肥对农产品产量和品质及土壤环境质量的影响[J].浙江农业科学,2016,57(2):278-279,283.
[15]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[16]卫生部食品卫生监督检验所,河北省唐山市卫生防疫站.食品安全国家标准:食品中蛋白质的测定:GB/T50095-2010[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2010.
[17]中华人民共和国卫生部.GB/T 5009.159-2003食品中总砷及无机砷的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2004.
[18]李合生.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003.
[19]高俊凤.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005:144-148.
[20]王学奎.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006:122-123.
[21]中华人民共和国卫生部.GB18406.1-2001,农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜安全要求[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2001.
[22]中华人民共和国卫生部.GB15199-94,食品中铜限量卫生标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1994.
[23]中华人民共和国卫生部.GB13106-1991,食品中锌限量卫生标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1992.
[24]陈双臣,刘爱荣,贺超兴,等.有机土栽培和土壤栽培番茄根际基质微生物和酶活性的比较[J].土壤通报,2012,41(4):815-818.
[25]黄立华,刘颖,周米平.氮磷钾肥配施对大白菜产量和品质的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(10):51-56.
[26]沈其荣,余玲,刘兆普,等.有机无机肥料配合施用对滨海盐土土壤生物量态氮及土壤供氮特征的影响[J].土壤学报,1994,31(3):287-294.
[27]Martinini E A,Buyer J S,Bryant D C,et al.Yield increases during the organic transition:Improving soil quality or increasing experience[J].Field Crops Research,2004,86:255-256.
[28]Berner A,Hildermann I,Filessbach A,et al.Crop yield and soil fertility response to reduced tillage under organic management[J].Soil and Research,2008,101:89-96.
[29]倪吾钟,何念祖,林荣新.钾肥对大白菜产量形成和叶球品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1996,2(2):162-168.
[30]周保,杨翠芹,秦耀国.不同类型有机肥在矮生菜豆上的应用效果[J].中国蔬菜,2007(1):25-26.
[31]李淑仪,邓许发,陈发,等.有机无机肥配施对蔬菜产量和品质及土壤重金属含量的影响[J].生态环境,2007,16(4):1125-1134.
[32]王鸿磊,王红艳,崔丛光,等.黄瓜专用生物有机肥对设施黄瓜生长及品质的影响[J].北方园艺,2013(1):29-31.
[33]张占军.不同有机肥对大棚白皮黄瓜产量和品质效应的影响[J].热带农业科学,2014(4):22-24.
[34]张占军.不同有机肥对大棚番茄产量和品质效应的影响[J].甘肃科技,2014,30(7):147-148.
[35]舒海波,贺超兴,张志斌.富有机质土壤栽培方式对大白菜产量及品质的影响[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(20):196-200.
[36]王晶.蔬菜中硝酸盐的危害和标准管理[J].中国蔬菜,2003(2):1-3.
[37]陈杰,杨祥龙,樊琦.不同肥源对空心菜硝酸盐含量的影响[J].农机化研究,2005(6):181-185.
[38]何天秀.作物钾素营养与诊断[M].成都:成都科技大学出版社,1994:45-70.
[39]丁华萍,陈斌,张和兰,等.氮钾肥施用量对秋季大白菜产量和品质的影响[J].土壤通报,2006,37(3):533-536.
[40]王凤婷,艾希珍,刘金亮,等.钾对日光温室黄瓜糖、维生素C、硝酸盐及其相关酶活性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(5):682-687.
[41]李静,赵秀兰,魏世强,等.无公害蔬菜无土栽培基质理化特性研究[J].西南农业大学学报,2000,22(2):112-115.
[42]于占东,何启伟,王翠花,等.大白菜产量与营养品质性状的遗传相关分析[J].山东农业科学,2003(6):12-14.