联合应用软骨再生支架与突变型HIF-1α修饰BMSCs分泌的外泌体对晚期软骨缺损修复的促进作用
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摘要
目的:探讨突变型低氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)修饰骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)分泌的外泌体对软骨细胞的保护作用,阐明其联合软骨再生支架促进晚期软骨缺损修复的可能机制。方法:采用超速离心法从野生型HIF-1α和突变型HIF-1α修饰的BMSCs中分别提取外泌体(BMSCs-ExoWT与BMSCs-ExoMU),同时对其进行鉴定。在体外,采用白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)诱导软骨细胞发生炎症反应,分别将等量PBS、BMSCs-ExoWT(80mg·L-1)和BMSCs-ExoMU(80mg·L-1)分别与炎症反应下的软骨细胞共培养,实验分为空白组、炎症组、BMSCs-ExoWT组和BMSCs-ExoMU组,利用Hoechst33342染色检测各组软骨细胞凋亡小体数目;应用Western blotting法检测各组软骨细胞中AKT/p-AKT、ERK/p-ERK和p38/p-p38表达水平。12只新西兰兔随机分为4组,建立兔膝关节软骨缺损模型,分别将等量的生理盐水、支架+生理盐水、支架+BMSCs-ExoWT和支架+BMSCs-ExoMU作用于4组兔软骨缺损处。术后6周取材,通过大体观察、苏木素-伊红(HE)染色和蕃红O-固绿染色观察和比较各组软骨缺损的修复效果。结果:成功提取并鉴定BMSCs-ExoWT与BMSCs-ExoMU,电镜观察外泌体形态为近圆形,直径为40~100nm;Western blotting法显示两者分别表达特异性蛋白CD63和CD81。在体外实验中,炎症环境下BMSCs-ExoMU组软骨细胞凋亡小体数目低于炎症组和BMSCs-ExoWT组(P<0.01);Western blotting法,BMSCs-ExoMU组和BMSCs-ExoWT组软骨细胞中p-ERK1和p-ERK2水平低于炎症组(P<0.05),p-AKT和p-p38水平高于炎症组(P<0.05);且BMSCs-ExoMU的作用强于BMSCs-ExoWT(P<0.05)。在兔膝关节晚期软骨缺损模型中,支架+BMSCs-ExoMU组缺损处修复效果优于空白组、支架组和支架+BMSCs-ExoWT组。结论:软骨支架与BMSCs-ExoMU共同作用于软骨缺损处可促进缺损修复。
Objective:To explore the protective effect of exosomes secreted from bone mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)modified by hypoxia inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α)on the chondrocytes,and to elucidate the possible mechanism of its combination with cartilage regenerated scaffolds in promoting the repair of advanced cartilage defects.Methods:The exosomes(BMSCs-ExoWT and BMSCs-ExoMU)were extracted from the BMSCs modified by wild type of HIF-1αand mutant type of HIF-1αby ultracentrifugation method and identified in the meantime.In vitro the inflammatory response of chondrocytes were induced by interleukin-1β(IL-1β),the same amount of PBS,BMSCs-ExoWT(80μg· mL-1),BMSCs-ExoMU(80μg· mL-1) were respectively cultivated with the chondrocytes under the inflammatory reaction and blank group,inflammation group,BMSCs-ExoWT group and BMSCs-ExoMUgroup were set up;Hoechst33342 staining was used to detect the number of apoptotic bodies of chondrocytes in various groups.The Western blotting method was used to detect the expression levels of AKT/p-AKT,ERK/p-ERK and p38/p-p38 in the chondrocytes in various groups.Twelve New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups and the models of rabbit knee cartilage defects were consructed;the equal volume of physiological saline,scaffold +physiological saline,scaffold +BMSCs-ExoWTand scaffold +BMSCsExoMU were respectively injected into the cartilage defects of rabbits.Six weeks after operation,gross conference,HE and safranin O staining were used to observe and compare the repair effects of cartilage defects in each group.Results:BMSCs-ExoWT and BMSCs-ExoMU were successfully extracted and identified,and the exosomes were observed to be nearly circular with diameter of about 40-100 nm;the Western blotting results showed that they expressed special proteins CD63 and CD81,respectively.In vitro,the number of apoptotic bodies of chondrocytes in BMSCs-ExoMUgroup was lower than those in inflammation group and BMSCs-ExoWT group(P<0.01).The Western blotting results revealed that the expression levels of p-ERK1/2 in BMSCs-ExoMU and BMSCs-ExoWT groups were lower than that in inflammation group(P<0.05);the expression levels of p-AKT and p-p38 were higher(P<0.05);the effect in BMSCs-ExoMU group was stronger than BMSCs-ExoWT group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).In the advanced cartilage defect models of rabbit knee joint,the repair effect in scaffold+ BMSCs-ExoMU group was better than those in blank group,scaffold group and scaffold+BMSCs-ExoWT group.Conclusion:Cartilage scaffold combined with BMSCs-ExoMU can promote the repair of cartilage defects.
Objective:To explore the protective effect of exosomes secreted from bone mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)modified by hypoxia inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α)on the chondrocytes,and to elucidate the possible mechanism of its combination with cartilage regenerated scaffolds in promoting the repair of advanced cartilage defects.Methods:The exosomes(BMSCs-ExoWT and BMSCs-ExoMU)were extracted from the BMSCs modified by wild type of HIF-1αand mutant type of HIF-1αby ultracentrifugation method and identified in the meantime.In vitro the inflammatory response of chondrocytes were induced by interleukin-1β(IL-1β),the same amount of PBS,BMSCs-ExoWT(80μg· mL-1),BMSCs-ExoMU(80μg· mL-1) were respectively cultivated with the chondrocytes under the inflammatory reaction and blank group,inflammation group,BMSCs-ExoWT group and BMSCs-ExoMUgroup were set up;Hoechst33342 staining was used to detect the number of apoptotic bodies of chondrocytes in various groups.The Western blotting method was used to detect the expression levels of AKT/p-AKT,ERK/p-ERK and p38/p-p38 in the chondrocytes in various groups.Twelve New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups and the models of rabbit knee cartilage defects were consructed;the equal volume of physiological saline,scaffold +physiological saline,scaffold +BMSCs-ExoWTand scaffold +BMSCsExoMU were respectively injected into the cartilage defects of rabbits.Six weeks after operation,gross conference,HE and safranin O staining were used to observe and compare the repair effects of cartilage defects in each group.Results:BMSCs-ExoWT and BMSCs-ExoMU were successfully extracted and identified,and the exosomes were observed to be nearly circular with diameter of about 40-100 nm;the Western blotting results showed that they expressed special proteins CD63 and CD81,respectively.In vitro,the number of apoptotic bodies of chondrocytes in BMSCs-ExoMUgroup was lower than those in inflammation group and BMSCs-ExoWT group(P<0.01).The Western blotting results revealed that the expression levels of p-ERK1/2 in BMSCs-ExoMU and BMSCs-ExoWT groups were lower than that in inflammation group(P<0.05);the expression levels of p-AKT and p-p38 were higher(P<0.05);the effect in BMSCs-ExoMU group was stronger than BMSCs-ExoWT group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).In the advanced cartilage defect models of rabbit knee joint,the repair effect in scaffold+ BMSCs-ExoMU group was better than those in blank group,scaffold group and scaffold+BMSCs-ExoWT group.Conclusion:Cartilage scaffold combined with BMSCs-ExoMU can promote the repair of cartilage defects.
引文
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[14]Min J,Li X,Huang K,et al.Phloretin induces apoptosis of non-small cell lung carcinoma A549cells via JNK1/2and p38MAPK pathways[J].Oncol Rep,2015,34(6):2871-2879.
[15]Patraca I,Martínez N,Busquets O,et al.Antiinflammatory role of Leptin in glial cells through p38 MAPK pathway inhibition[J].Pharmacol Rep,2017,69(3):409-418.
[16]Chen Y,Ba L,Huang W,et al.Role of carvacrol in cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats through activation of MAPK/ERK and Akt/eNOS signaling pathways[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2017,796:90-100.
[17]Martinez-Lopez N,Singh R.ATGs:Scaffolds for MAPK/ERK signaling[J].Autophagy,2014,10(3):535-537.
[18]Wang J,Hendrix A,Hernot S,et al.Bone marrow stromal cell-derived exosomes as communicators in drug resistance in multiple myeloma cells[J].Blood,2014,124(4):555-566.
[19]Van Vulpen LF,Schutgens RE,Coeleveld K,et al.IL-1β,in contrast to TNFα,is pivotal in blood-induced cartilage damage and is a potential target for therapy[J].Blood,2015,126(19):2239-2246.
[20]Jiang Y,Hu C,Yu S,et al.Cartilage stem/progenitor cells are activated in osteoarthritis via interleukin-1β/nerve growth factor signaling[J].Arthritis Res Ther,2015,17(11):1478-1487.
[2]Liu-Bryan R,Terkeltaub R.The growing array of innate inflammatory ignition switches in osteoarthritis[J].Arthritis Rheum,2012,7(7):2055-2058.
[3]范宏斌,胡蕴玉,李旭升,等.明胶-硫酸软骨素-透明质酸钠作为组织工程软骨支架的实验研究[J].中国修复重建外科杂志,2005,19(6):473-477.
[4]Casado JG,Blázqutz R,Vela FJ,et al.Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes:immunomodulatory evaluation in an intigen-induced synovitis porcine model[J].Front Vet Sci,2017,4:39.
[5]Pfander D,Gramer T,Schipani E,et al.HIF-1alpha controls extracellular matrix synthesis by epiphyseal chondrocytes[J].J Cell Sci,2003,116(Pt9):1819-1826.
[6]Chen WP,Wu LD.Chlorogenic acid suppresses interleukin-1β-induced inflammatory mediators in human chondrocytes[J].Int J Clin Exp Pathol,2014,7(12):8797-8801.
[7]Ti D,Hao H,Fu X,et al.Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomal microRNAs contribute to wound inflammation[J].Sci China Life Sci,2016,59(2):1305-1312.
[8]Toh WS,Lai RC,Hui JHP,et al.MSC exosome as a cellfree MSC therapy for cartilage regeneration:implications for osteoarthritis treatment[J].Semin Cell Dev Biol,2017,67:56-64.
[9]Aro E,Khatri R,Gerard-riley R,et al.Hypoxiainducible factor-1(HIF-1)but not HIF-2is essential for hypoxic induction of collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylases in primary newborn mouse epiphyseal growth platechondrocytes[J].J Biol Chem,2012,287(44):37134-37144.
[10]Maes C,Araldi E,Haiqh K,et al.VEGF-independent cellautonomous functions of HIF-1αregulating oxygen consumption in fetal cartilage are critical for chondrocyte survival[J].J Bone Miner Res,2012,27(3):596-609.
[11]Huang Y,Wu D,Fan W.Protection of ginsenoside Rg1on chondrocyte from IL-1β-induced mitochondria-activated apoptosis through PI3K/Akt signaling[J].Mol Cell Biochem,2014,392(1/2):249-257.
[12]Xu CQ,Liu BJ,Wu JF,et al.Icariin attenuates LPSinduced acute inflammatory responses:involvement of PI3K/Akt and NF-kappaB signaling pathway[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2010,642(1-3):146-153.
[13]赵青,万毅刚,王朝俊,等.慢性肾脏病肾组织炎症信号通路p38MAPK的调节机制及中药的干预作用[J].中国中药杂志,2012,37(12):1700-1704.
[14]Min J,Li X,Huang K,et al.Phloretin induces apoptosis of non-small cell lung carcinoma A549cells via JNK1/2and p38MAPK pathways[J].Oncol Rep,2015,34(6):2871-2879.
[15]Patraca I,Martínez N,Busquets O,et al.Antiinflammatory role of Leptin in glial cells through p38 MAPK pathway inhibition[J].Pharmacol Rep,2017,69(3):409-418.
[16]Chen Y,Ba L,Huang W,et al.Role of carvacrol in cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats through activation of MAPK/ERK and Akt/eNOS signaling pathways[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2017,796:90-100.
[17]Martinez-Lopez N,Singh R.ATGs:Scaffolds for MAPK/ERK signaling[J].Autophagy,2014,10(3):535-537.
[18]Wang J,Hendrix A,Hernot S,et al.Bone marrow stromal cell-derived exosomes as communicators in drug resistance in multiple myeloma cells[J].Blood,2014,124(4):555-566.
[19]Van Vulpen LF,Schutgens RE,Coeleveld K,et al.IL-1β,in contrast to TNFα,is pivotal in blood-induced cartilage damage and is a potential target for therapy[J].Blood,2015,126(19):2239-2246.
[20]Jiang Y,Hu C,Yu S,et al.Cartilage stem/progenitor cells are activated in osteoarthritis via interleukin-1β/nerve growth factor signaling[J].Arthritis Res Ther,2015,17(11):1478-1487.